Current evidence from animal and human studies suggests that diets rich in soy and phytoestrogens have beneficial effects on many aspects of diabetes and obesity. In animal studies, soy and phy-toestrogens are effective at reducing adipose tissue and improving glucose uptake. However, available data from human studies do not offer clear support, and further research is required before a firm conclusion can be made about the benefits of soy and
phytoestro-Table 10
Animal studies performed using dietary supplementation with soy proteins (isoflavone-free)
Species Duration
(days)
Dose (%) Number of
animals
Weight Fat mass Glycemia Circulating
insulin
Reference
ICR 28 23.7 (-conglycinin) 10 (10) Decreased No effect Decreased Decreased Moriyama et al. (2004)
ICR 28 21.9 (glycinin) 10 (10) Decreased No effect No effect No effect Moriyama et al. (2004)
yellow KK-Ay 28 23.7 (-conglycinin) 10 (10) Decreased No effect No effect Decreased Moriyama et al. (2004)
yellow KK-Ay 28 21.9 (glycinin) 10 (10) Decreased No effect No effect No effect Moriyama et al. (2004)
Obese C57BL/6 91 Black soy protein 9 (9) Decreased No effect ND ND Jang et al. (2008)
For clarity sakes, data on serum lipid profiles are not presented. Food intake was not measured in these studies. In the following studies, serum glucose and insulin were not analyzed. For control groups, the number of individuals (n) is shown in parentheses.
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40 C.R. Cederroth, S. Nef / Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 304 (2009) 30–42
gens in the context of adiposity control and glucose metabolism.
The specific soy protein components that may lead to metabolic improvements have yet to be determined. Phytoestrogens appear to have beneficial actions both on glucose and lipid metabolism but additional micronutriments such as saponins, phytosterols, trypsin inhibitors, as well as amino acid and protein composi-tion, may have additive or synergistic effects. Additional studies both in humans and animals will be required to identify precisely which components and constituents have beneficial roles. Unfortu-nately, comparisons between different animal or clinical studies are hampered by the lack of standardization of soy nomenclature, the different formulations, doses, routes of exposure, time and duration of exposure as well as by major differences in the subsequent analy-ses performed to evaluate the effects and elucidate the mechanisms by which phytoestrogens and soy potentially improve glucose and lipid metabolism. All of these variables make it difficult to compare and evaluate the putative beneficial effects of soy and phytoestro-gens on metabolism. Clearly more standardized studies, involving both basic research and clinical trials, are needed. Given the rapidly increasing prevalence and societal impact of metabolic disorders, such studies should have high priority.
Acknowledgments
We thank Prof. J.-D. Vassalli for critical comments on the manuscript. Authors were funded by grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, Foundation Gertrude von Meissner, Fondation Ernst & Lucie Schmidheiny, the Sir Jules Thorn Charitable Over-seas Trust Reg., Schaan and the Cloëtta foundation. Serge Nef is a founder of Amazentis S.A. and a member of its scientific advisory board.
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