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1 Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the dependent and the independent variables.
Note. REF=Reference category VariableDefinition Mean (SE) or FrequencyHousehold income (N=3177)Personal income (N=1901)
EXPTotal annual expenditure on sports participation€378.38 (17.06)€443.71 (21.49)LOG_INCOME_HHLogarithm of the labour and non-labour household income 7.89 (0.01)/
LOG_INCOME_PERSLogarithm of the labour personal income/7.50 (0.01)PRI_INC_PERSPersonal income is the prime source of the household income /Yes (26.40%) – No (73.60%, REF) PRI_INC_PERS*LOG_INCOME_PERS Interaction term/4.16 (0.09) SEXSexMan (50.27%) – Woman (49.73%; REF)Man (51.92%) – Women (48.08%; REF)AGEAge18-34 (21.53%; REF) – 35-54 (36.36) – 54-65 (18.38) – 65+ (23.73) 18-34 (29.51%; REF) – 35-54 (54.34) – 54-65 (15.41) – 65+ (0.74)PARTNRespondent has a life partnerYes (78.00%) – No (22.00%; REF)Yes (81.96%) – No (18.04%; REF)FAM_MEMNumber of family members2.67 (0.02)3.02 (0.03)EDUCLevel of educationStill a student (5.00%) – Primary School (9.38%; REF) – Secondary (49.51%) – Higher (36.10%) Still a student (0%) – Primary School(2.79%; REF) – Secondary (48.40%) – Higher (48.82%)JOBJob statusJob (55.87%; REF) – Retired (28.20%) – No paid job (15.93%)Job (100%)PERC_FTPercentage of a fulltime job50.70 (0.84)90.53 (0.84)HH_WORKHousehold tasks ranging from very little (1) till very much (8) 5.28 (0.03)5.31 (0.03)
LEIS_SUBJSubjective perception of the amount of available leisure time ranging from very little (1) to very much (7) 3.57 (0.03)3.05 (0.03) SP_MINNumber of minutes a year that someone participates in sports 7703.43 (225.94)6994.62 (245.72) SP_DIVNumber of sports activities that someone took part in during the past year 1.01 (0.02)1.14 (0.02) TVFrequency of TV-watchingLow (29.15%; REF) – Middle (42.71%) – High (28.14%)Low (35.14%; REF) – Middle (41.19%) – High (23.67%)CULTRespondent took part in a cultural activity (cultural heritage, art, museum) during the last 6 months Yes (54.74%) – No (45.26%; REF)Yes (58.76%) – No (41.24%; REF)
SC_ORGRespondent is a member of a socio-cultural organisation (culture, charity, etc.) No (44.57%; REF) – Active Member (37.83%) – Organising member (17.60%) No (43.14%; REF) – Active Member (38.03%) – Organising member (18.83%)BOOKSRespondent read books and/or strips during the past 6 months Yes (56.85%) ) No (43.15%; REF)Yes (62.34%) ) No (37.66%; REF) Page 26 of 28Sport, Business and Management: an International Journal
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Table 2. Tobit regression results for the determinants of expenditure on sports participation, with household (regression 1) and personal (regression 2) income as the dependent variables
Note. * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001 Regression 1
(N=3,177)
Coef. Regression 2 (N=1,898)
Coef.
LOG_INCOME_HH 372.0*** LOG_INCOME_PERS 306.5**
PRI_INC_PERS -1023.3 PRIMARY_PERS *
LOG_INCOME_PERS 125.5
SEX 195.9*** SEX 105.2
AGE_2 -69.7 AGE_2 -95.2
AGE_3 -326.5*** AGE_3 -336.4***
AGE_4 -486.3*** AGE_4 114.2
PARTN 36.8 PARTN 93.6
FAM_MEM -39.6 FAM_MEM -18.3
EDUC_1 422.5* EDUC_1 Omitted
EDUC_3 321.6** EDUC_3 328.0
EDUC_4 344.5** EDUC_4 299.3
JOB_2 -57.2 JOB_2 Omitted
JOB_3 79.4 JOB_3 Omitted
PERC_FT 0.1 PERC_FT -0.7
HH_WORK 2.2 HH_WORK 8.4
LEIS_SUBJ 3.7 LEIS_SUBJ 2.8
SP_MIN 0.03*** SP_MIN 0.03***
SP_DIV 667.0*** SP_DIV 609.5***
TV_2 21.5 TV_2 -126.8*
TV_3 16.2 TV_3 -26.7
CULT -82.4 CULT -161.1**
SC_ORG_2 317.9*** SC_ORG_2 330.6***
SC_ORG_3 227.3*** SC_ORG_3 337.1***
BOOKS 44.7 BOOKS 37.6
_cons -4452.2*** _cons -3480.9***
Sigma 1165.5 Sigma 1035.9
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Table Appendix. Log normal hurdle regression results for the determinants of expenditure on sports participation, with the chance of spending money (Y/N) and the amount that is spent (log(exp)) as the dependent variables
Note. * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001 Regression 1
(N=3,177)
Coef. Regression 2 (N=1,898)
Coef.
Y/N Log(exp) Y/N Log(exp)
LOG_INCOME_HH 0.2* 0.4*** LOG_INCOME_PERS 0.6** 0.3
PRI_INC_PERS 6.0** 0.2
PRIMARY_PERS *
LOG_INCOME_PERS -0.8**
0.2
SEX -0.0 0.3*** SEX -0.0 0.2
AGE_2 -0.3* -0.0 AGE_2 -0.3** -0.0
AGE_3 -0.6** -0.4** AGE_3 -0.7** -0.5***
AGE_4 -1.0** -0.2 AGE_4 0.3 0.4
PARTN -0.0 0.1 PARTN -0.0 0.2
FAM_MEM -0.0 -0.1* FAM_MEM -0.0 -0.1
EDUC_1 0.6* 0.3 EDUC_1 Omitted Omitted
EDUC_3 0.3* 0.3 EDUC_3 0.3 0.4
EDUC_4 0.5** 0.4 EDUC_4 0.5 0.4
JOB_2 -0.0 0.1 JOB_2 Omitted Omitted
JOB_3 -0.1 0.4 JOB_3 -0.0 Omitted
PERC_FT -0.0 0.0 PERC_FT -0.0 0.0
HH_WORK -0.0 -0.0 HH_WORK -0.0 -0.0
LEIS_SUBJ 0.0 -0.0 LEIS_SUBJ 0.0 -0.0
SP_MIN 0.0** 0.0*** SP_MIN 0.0 0.0***
SP_DIV 2.0*** 0.3*** SP_DIV 2.2*** 0.3***
TV_2 0.1 0.2* TV_2 0.1 0.0
TV_3 0.1 0.1 TV_3 0.0 0.0
CULT 0.0 -0.2** CULT -0.0 -0.2**
SC_ORG_2 0.6*** 0.5*** SC_ORG_2 0.6*** 0.5***
SC_ORG_3 0.4*** 0.3*** SC_ORG_3 0.4*** 0.0***
BOOKS -0.1 -0.0 BOOKS -0.0 0.0
_cons -3.3*** 1.0 _cons -6.1*** 2.8
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1