Solutions to Exercises in Chapter 5 - Chapter 7: Learning SW

Solution to Exercise 5.1 (p. 24) Solution to Exercise 5.2 (p. 24)B Solution to Exercise 5.3 (p. 24)D Solution to Exercise 5.4 (p. 24)A Solution to Exercise 5.5 (p. 25)C

Prosocial modeling can prompt others to engage in helpful and healthy behaviors, while antisocial modeling can prompt others to engage in violent, aggressive, and unhealthy behaviors.

Solution to Exercise 5.6 (p. 25)

Cara is more likely to drink at the party because she has observed her parents drinking regularly. Children tend to follow what a parent does rather than what they say.

GLOSSARY 27

Glossary

A

acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

C

classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

E

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

F

xed interval reinforcement schedule behavior is rewarded after a set amount of

time

xed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

H

habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

L

latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

law of eect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

M

^model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

N

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior negative reinforcement

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28 GLOSSARY taking away an undesirable stimulus to

increase a behavior neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

O

observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the

stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

P

partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

R

^reex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

S

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

ability to respond dierently to similar stimuli

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the

conditioned stimulus

U

unconditioned response (UCR) natural (unlearned) behavior to a given

stimulus

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reexive response

V

variable interval reinforcement schedule behavior is rewarded after unpredictable

amounts of time have passed

variable ratio reinforcement schedule number of responses dier before a

behavior is rewarded vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

INDEX 29

Index of Keywords and Terms

Keywords are listed by the section with that keyword (page numbers are in parentheses). Keywords do not necessarily appear in the text of the page. They are merely associated with that section. Ex.

apples, 1.1 (1) Terms are referenced by the page they appear on. Ex. apples, 1

A

acquisition, 1(1), 3(9), 10 antisocial, 1(1), 5(23)

associative learning, 1(1), 2(5), 5

B

Bandura, 1(1), 5(23), 23

behavior modication, 1(1), 4(15)

C

classical conditioning, 1(1), 3(9), 9 cognitive map, 1(1), 4(15)

conditioned response, 1(1), 3(9) conditioned response (CR), 10 conditioned stimulus, 1(1), 3(9) conditioned stimulus (CS), 10 conditioning, 1(1), 3(9), 9

continuous reinforcement, 1(1), 4(15), 19

E

extinction, 1(1), 3(9), 4(15)

F

xed interval reinforcement schedule, 19 xed interval schedule, 1(1), 4(15) xed ratio reinforcement schedule, 20 xed ratio schedule, 1(1), 4(15)

H

higher-order conditioning, 1(1), 3(9)

I

imitation, 1(1), 5(23), 23

N

negative punishment, 1(1), 4(15), 17 negative reinforcement, 1(1), 4(15), 17 neutral stimulus, 1(1), 3(9)

neutral stimulus (NS), 9

O

observational learning, 1(1), 5(23), 23 operant conditioning, 1(1), 4(15), 15

P

partial reinforcement, 1(1), 4(15), 19 Pavlov, 1(1), 3(9), 9

positive punishment, 1(1), 4(15), 17 positive reinforcement, 1(1), 4(15), 17 primary reinforcer, 1(1), 4(15) prosocial, 1(1), 5(23)

punishment, 1(1), 4(15), 17

R

reex, 1(1), 2(5) Reexes, 5

reinforcement, 1(1), 4(15)

S

second-order conditioning, 1(1), 3(9) secondary reinforcer, 1(1), 4(15) shaping, 1(1), 4(15), 18

Skinner, 1(1), 4(15), 15

spontaneous recovery, 1(1), 3(9), 10 stimulus discrimination, 1(1), 3(9), 11 stimulus generalization, 1(1), 3(9), 11

T

taste aversion, 1(1), 3(9) Thorndike, 4(15), 15 Tolman, 4(15)

U

unconditioned response, 1(1), 3(9) unconditioned response (UCR), 9 unconditioned stimulus, 1(1), 3(9) unconditioned stimulus (UCS), 9

V

variable interval reinforcement schedule, 19 variable interval schedule, 1(1), 4(15) variable ratio reinforcement schedule, 20 variable ratio schedule, 1(1), 4(15) vicarious punishment, 1(1), 5(23) vicarious reinforcement, 1(1), 5(23)

W

Watson, 1(1), 3(9), 11

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30 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "7.0 Introduction to Learning SW"

Used here as: "7.0 Introduction to Learning"

By: Stephen E. Wisecarver

Module: "7.1 What Is Learning? SW"

Used here as: "7.1 What Is Learning?"

By: Stephen E. Wisecarver

Used here as: "7.2 Classical Conditioning"

By: Stephen E. Wisecarver

Used here as: "7.3 Operant Conditioning"

By: Stephen E. Wisecarver

ATTRIBUTIONS 31 Module: "7.4 Observational Learning (Modeling)"

By: Stephen E. Wisecarver

URL: http://cnx.org/content/m55794/1.2/

Pages: 23-26

License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Based on: Observational Learning (Modeling) By: OpenStax College

URL: http://cnx.org/content/m49050/1.5/

Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col11817/1.1>

Chapter 7: Learning SW

What is learning, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning.

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