"* 1 _ a
GIN 0 ? 3 I T T L 3 I S
G G S3 Z R ; T 0 T A 4
REGIONAL
DESTINATION
GOJJAK
GOHBER
TOTAL
IHead of
! house :holds
; 2501
! 2501
IDependsnt !
! 2S5! i
i \
! 2351 ! Total
5352
-5352
Head of house
HQi.CS
1764
1764
Dependent!
1
|
3=3?:
i
3599 ;
-5353
i Head of
! house iholds
! 2501
; 1764
; 4265
i i
;Dependent!
! 1
; i
i 2351 j
: i
3599 !
: i
i I
: 6450 ! Total
5352
5363
10715
Source
3 3
^e followed the gc»-er?irnertf-; ov r?v -^rv o* formatt 1; " ■;--■■'^-.-s of "■easant':c;ncL:iri_:rfe. Tits foe haci a rvqst'V? efi^ct on the tiesir© cr £-.e ^sfcttl^!": ;.., roiitt-i^;" ■;v^r nw» iVciv "" :;!■'. "' >: i.'.-uIe:
easily ceseen m \he Gi^eren?-iecrees ofvtork vomrmtfr.er.t of re-^'JtUtsra on*Tr- Spirit:! .3c'. wi r^-idel and thosi: on tl^ EviecIunv-'UGst Type, in Or.-; x-tier whe:'s pmat^ c\'V,~^:^-ip prc^aifei rRtjriicfs arc;
reported to have worked with more commitment than in the former where everything was nut !ind«r CO-Q DO f£'-Jv£'S.
thai ?*ad bee^- alrwidv setfceo r:on"i«oa a";J i>tban vas^'anto vour.rt ri. an;k;;,-t n; ai-.pt •■ ir. : :Orj;.ib discipi'^c ryqutfed by =hei; ^evv ;.H.;de of Uid (aliage).
■*L Late 2^v&:3 u> spare p;~d;? and fuel for tractor. This 'iic-Mptei ^he v/^oi6 p %"^;r"r^ in mar,v Sites wne>"5 u>.-.?n 'Iig not trrive diie to irypisFiasomias1? sod ctni-' J;s^^3^b sno ^'ac -.-'v■':'='>";■ t.U^
settlers were eitftt,-? of norraciic. of lumpen origin.
5. Unfatrilfef' s;£SS of ^83sfrs!em§rEt farms; Ethiopian pesssnts ;':ad b^n us^i t individuany on smai! ^!cts with smail perscnE; imp^enie^ts. ^r.e hpw -^I^r-^-Nl fa"'-:. ':
worked by cGG u";S£7ice^. ^sr.chscj a t:i^uKanc hectares. Grgen&ing &■*, -. ranavjnu ucfat s!;>
force and farm proved o'ftficuit ^or p-r asarris ave'n r.rnoer The cr.'Id^nC'V ■■:-* tiXi&nsicr- ^q?>--$*.
6. Dsserlio?1! ■at s^KS&rs/resev^srs; Qn& sfeci at tiit v3.E;.-;:uc. pinLienic -rvofVov, in Ute programme was the he-;vy desertion :t the ss-fte^ h'.' -he- re^e'Me'-rs. -'''rrfon^ the e-x-farfners- those l-vho wereiied to befoie !'■-:«ettfe'^.e-nt 5:X* the-:-*? w!vo dki ^o; ''=sv. t: .-.-.; no:-]' k'r vvith ;:t^m rr-sc.sf.v .^-; -rftec*.
Besides me dtiT^er^.a !-i ciirftatt-v. vf.t/c^i^'.. d^-«e:-;;^ Ivpty -■-. i; '.'■■ >v c--v-v.--Lio--rf. ■ - '■ -■< '.^■:
sites ware picked wiinout pHu: studies ur.a preparations: ::.anv i.^;v^ii iiiocnv^-rlftn; '.;:.,• htirvian settlement.
7. Low-.svH ot prodfjctivit;'" ^nd ;n.«r*liity vf the rs/&stt?sr«to ■.-^co.^s ;-a^ -^ur^c^hi. 7^spite the fact that marry ci :he sites were cveatea ?■_*. c^rty a& ",376 no^s ^f ihwr«i became setf-?'#i>:ient by July 1GG2. tvtanv ot the oitss nad vsiiv !iTt;e rains and the soi!s wet":1 ir«pp^>pri;"it>s :>ji fa:'n":Jr\g. Some of the sites were crtiEtyd al;?--;1 to -.&'-■'.-^.-r;-> ■- po^;^ ,fj i-i:i<^.v--. r.^c doctors. Th^ end resets of ail the above probierns became very low ievel ■:-? Dfodurtivity of rv-sny of li^ yit^F a.s oo: iivamd to that of other farmers.
6.5.2. Thfe Mew R^etliements
The greatest number of popuiallof. ^!>vsn\'-:rr- for resfcv^^rr---nt. - :.^o-;ni- Ethiopian hi^rry took p'&ce under the- WPE between November '^K4 and fvljrch 13&,> asxi again between and oi Dec^snct^r 1937 and
■=nd of May 19BS.
Like the t'-receriiny sstfierrient/^sottlerr^nT endeavours cf the lale 1970s snd ^sr\\' "lf?8'.^;.! the spontaneous camrxjlnr; ot rnc WP!£ v^rts fought with a. host of problems- W-r? f.ave :-ntGrr^i soi.;rces of Infofmatlcn scr this, an evaiisatio;; work uridertrmen by a team cf otfici&is and ^ersovsnel frcrn tne MO.A, ENi, Ministry ot Construction and the RnC bv order of th& Council of Ministers. The team chose to focus attention on more technical problems which could have I'-^n foreseen if prior studies on the suitability cf the sites for crop production. !a*v* use, stc. had butti made and if the implefmentation of the programme did not lake a spontaneous and eamoaign character. The team had viiSed almost ait the tv'es before issuing its report,
"his study pin pointed L^at;
- The resetilers did not get faros sufficient for their tarms. grazing, a;'.o !;Ftu^G axpat^bris;
- !i- ■eri!'i arid sEopliv"- i^sds ^efe a'oc-c-1:^ "0:1 a;m^;
39
- No study on suitable types of crop and fertilizer applications had been made for the different sites; data on the amount and distribution of rainfall did not exist;
- Malaria, high temperatures and humidity as well as other contagious diseases existed in most sites;
- Settler distribution did not take into account the proportion of the labour force and dependents - in some places more old people, women, disabled persons, etc. existed than men capable of productive work;
- Forced formation of co-operatives (collectivization) of farms on the settlement sites leading to disinterest in the work, and the rise of "moon-light private farms" (garden plots) which have become more productive;
- Split up of family members on different sites due to the forced resettlement campaign suddenly launched;
- The settlers had not been given correct and frank information of their resettlement sites and the supports they would get from the government before resettling, etc.
These and similar problems, according to the team, adversely affected the productivity of the sites and the viability of many of them.
6.6. CONCLUSION
Settlement and Resettlement has been going on in Ethiopia for a long time-- both as a spontaneous movement of peoples and as a conscious government induced measure. It has been more extensively undertaken under the present government for both economic and political purposes.
As a rural development programme settlement/resettlement has been employed to provide land to the unemployed, the landless or those with in-sufficient land, the victim of natural disasters, to those whose land is expropriated, etc. It has also been attempted to use it also as a means to settle nomads, and to contain the rebellious, to make "idle" lands productive, etc. As a political measure it has been used to contain and depopulate rebellious groups (Afars, Tegrai), to defend troublesome borders, to dilute homogeneous national groups, to face-save political failures or in capacities of the government, etc.
The efficacy of settlement/resettlement as rural development, economic strategy is controversial in the Ethiopian context. Aside from its unbearably costly, it cannot be a lasting solution to the problems arising from population explosion or misuse of land. Nor is it really effective, at least in the short run, as a means to make the so-called "vast fertile" or "idle" land productive (given the existing level of technology, the absence or shortage of water and rain, the prevalence of disease there, etc.). The Ethiopian experience in the last decade and a half seems to illustrate the futility of the exercise.
But settlement/resettlement cannot be completely discarded as a rural development strategy. As a measure to compensate displaced persons, to settle nomads, to depopulate slopping lands, to treat completely degraded areas, etc. on a limited scale may be unavoidable. But it needs to be supplemented by other measures: control of population growth, increasing the social division of labour, serious development of technology, improving the interrelationships of social groups; prudent use, rehabilitation and conservation of natural resources.
4Q
-Distribution of irivate hol^lin-Ts listed in wer^dsi tax tr^ct as T.easurin'' 3 pashas or r^ore totals for 7 provinces
Si36—class
of 3 .;jashas in each size
or lore class
5 on re e; MJini^tr;" of Land Reform. Sr. Administration,
100. 0
Some of the lando'-mers were a'bnentee whereas others lived on their lands.
In the ten southern private land regions it was found that 2*:.' of the land owners, holding 36-"' of the land privately, were absentee.
Tho concentration of land in few hands naturally dispossessed the majority of the copulation thereby converting them into tenants, day labourers, factor"1 workers, prostitutes, be^5ars, etc. The rural tenant population alone numbered over 7,000,000 just "before the Revolution.
41
-IF A. SERVICE CO-OPERATIVES IN RURAL ETHIOPIA
YEAR
5OUSCE: AMUAL REPORTS 0? THE C?D,KOA.
42 -COMPARISON OF DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRIAL GOODS 3Y DIFFERENT GROUPS,
VALUi :$ 3.3IRX 197M221
YEAR UDAs ASCs IGOVH'T ORGAH. Art. PCs [PRIVATE DEALERS OTHERS
(S.C.)
SCU7.CZ: a'-'CTZD F5.0S! iDDC IN 7HH COOPS PKC3SOTIGS DFRT'S AHl'AL REPC3.TS.
* SIRS 292 M.WCRTH O? GOODS DISTRIBUTED IJi & mGUE A.A. NOT IKCLUDSD.
t( 474 ASCs C3.52] OIDN'T PARTICIPATE IU THIS TEAR'S DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS,
43 -Progress of Villagization in Ethiopia (1986 - 1989}
Period
Source: Office of NVCC, HOA, A.A, Sept.
Notes: a) Includes Bale and Karargie and peforiance of preceeding period.
b) Ethiopian administrative tiers were, in descending order,
- till Sept 1989: 14 regions, 101 awrajas, 591 woredas, and a rarying member of PAs
1986: 20,455; 1987: 20565; 1988:20114);
- after Sept 1939: 5 autonomous and 25 administrative regions; 354 awrajas; and in 1989
17015 PAs (in non coffee-producing areas).* itf-'l