Research and Knowledge Transfer - Conservation agriculture and climate change

6FLHQWLILFUHVHDUFKLVWKHPDLQGULYHURILQQRYDWLRQFUHDWLQJQHZNQRZOHGJHDQG WHFKQRORJ\WKDWFDQEHWUDQVIHUUHGDQGDGDSWHGWRGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQV7KLVYLHZ LVXVXDOO\GHVFULEHGDVWKH³OLQHDU´RU³WUDQVIHURIWHFKQRORJ\´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

WUDQVIHUV\VWHPIRUHQKDQFLQJWKHHIIHFWRI&$LQUHODWLRQWRFOLPDWHFKDQJHDVLQ RWKHUDUHDVLVVWURQJO\OLQNHGWRWKHTXDQWLW\DQGTXDOLW\RIDYDLODEOHGDWD,QWKH FRQWHPSRUDU\DJULFXOWXUDOVHFWRUFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVGHSHQGVRQFROODERUDWLRQIRULQ QRYDWLRQ,QFUHDVLQJO\³LQQRYDWLRQV\VWHPV´DUHYLHZHGDVDQHWZRUNRINQRZOHGJH IORZVZLWKFRQVLGHUDEOHWZRZD\IORZVRILQIRUPDWLRQXSVWUHDPDQGGRZQVWUHDP

DQGNQRZOHGJHVSLOORYHUDPRQJSDUWLFLSDQWVWKDWDUHFRQQHFWHGLQIRUPDODQGLQ IRUPDOZD\V7KLVPRUHV\VWHPLFDSSURDFKVXJJHVWVWKDWLQQRYDWLRQSROLF\JRHV IDUEH\RQGUHVHDUFKH[SHQGLWXUHDQGLQYROYHVDZLGHUDQJHRILQVWLWXWLRQVWKDWFDQ DIIHFWLQFHQWLYHVNQRZOHGJHVKDULQJDQGWKHSURFHVVHVXVHGIRUFRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ 7KHHVWLPDWHGEHQHILWVRIDJULFXOWXUDOUHVHDUFKJHQHUDOO\IDUH[FHHGLWVFRVWVZLWK WKHOLWHUDWXUHUHSRUWLQJDQQXDOLQWHUQDOUDWHVRIUHWXUQWKDWUDQJHEHWZHHQDQG 80 %$OVWRQ2010.

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

The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

HIIHFWLYHLQQRYDWLRQV\VWHP7UDLQLQJDFWLRQVFUHDWLQJWKHSRVVLELOLW\IRU³IDVWWUDFN´

DSSOLFDWLRQVDQGHYDOXDWLRQVXQGHUGLIIHUHQWVSHFLILFFRQGLWLRQVFRXOGEHFRQVLG HUHGWKRXJKDUHPRUHFRPPRQIRUVWXGHQWVDQGOHVVFRPPRQIRUIDUPHUVDQGPRUH SRSXODUDPRQJUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGH[WHQVLRQRIILFHVZKHUHWKH\H[LVW7KH VSUHDGRI&$ZRUOGZLGHKDVEHHQDFKLHYHGZKHUHIDUPHUVKDYHEHHQLQIRUPHG RIWKHV\VWHPDQGFRQYLQFHGRILWVEHQHILWVE\H[SHULHQFHWUDLQLQJDQGWHFKQLFDO VXSSRUWWRHDUO\DGRSWHUVKDYHEHHQSURYLGHGDQGDGHTXDWHVXSSRUWSROLFLHVH[

LVWHJIXQGLQJWKURXJKFDUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQFRQWUDFWVZLWKIDUPHUV

22.7 Conclusions

7KLV FKDSWHU UHYLHZV WKH PDLQ LQWHUDFWLRQV RI &$ V\VWHPV ZLWK FOLPDWH FKDQJH HVSHFLDOO\RQVHFWRUVOLNHDJULFXOWXUHZKHUHWKHOLIHF\FOHRIFURSVLVPDLQO\GHWHU PLQHGE\FOLPDWHFRQGLWLRQV$WQDWLRQDODQGVWDWHOHYHOVWKHDGRSWLRQRI&$SROL FLHVLVRIWHQFRQJUXHQWDQGVXSSRUWLYHRIRWKHUSROLFLHVUHODWHGWRWKHHQYLURQPHQW QDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVHQHUJ\HIILFLHQFLHVDQGPRUHUHFHQWO\FOLPDWHFKDQJH

7KHDGRSWLRQRI&$FDQVLJQLILFDQWO\DIIHFWWKHHPLVVLRQRI*+*DQG1+₃HVSH FLDOO\LIJRRGDJULFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHVPDLQO\UHODWHGWRWKHHIILFLHQWXVHRIIHUWLOL]HUV DUHREVHUYHG5HGXFHGRU17OHDGVWRGLUHFWGURSVLQ1₂2HPLVVLRQV&+₄ and CO₂ VLQNVZKLOHWKHLQFRUSRUDWLRQRIFURSUHVLGXHVFDXVHVDJHQHUDOLQFUHDVHLQ1₂O and

&+₄DQGDSRWHQWLDOUHGXFWLRQLQ1+₃ and NO

−,PSURYHG18(FDQJUHDWO\UHGXFH WKHHPLVVLRQRI1UHDFWLYHIRUPVDV1₂21+₃DQGNO

−WRZDUGVWKHDWPRVSKHUH DQGJURXQGZDWHU,QUHODWLRQWRLQFUHDVLQJWHPSHUDWXUHVWKHHPLVVLRQVRI1₂O and 1+₃DUHGLUHFWO\FRUUHODWHGZKLOH&+₄LVQHJDWLYHO\FRUUHODWHGWRDLUDQGVRLOtem SHUDWXUHV7KHFKDQJHVLQSUHFLSLWDWLRQIUHTXHQF\DQGLQWHQVLW\LQVRPHDUHDVPD\

QRWLFHDEO\DIIHFWWKHUHOHDVHRIWKHVHSROOXWDQWVEHFDXVHWKH\DUHGLUHFWO\FRUUHODWHG to NO

−OHDFKLQJDQGWKHHPLVVLRQRI1₂2DQG&+₄PDLQO\GXHWRFRQGLWLRQVRI VRLODHUDWLRQ,QWKLVUHJDUG&$WHFKQLTXHVZKLFKJUHDWO\LPSURYHVRLOSRURVLW\DQG UHGXFHVRLOWHPSHUDWXUHDUHDGYDQWDJHRXVSUDFWLFHVWRPLWLJDWHWKHVHUHOHDVHVLQWR the environment.

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²DERYHDQGEH ORZJURXQGOHYHO²LQFURSSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPVWRLPSURYHHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHVIRU EHWWHUSURGXFWLYLW\DQGDKHDOWKLHUHQYLURQPHQW3LVDQWHHWDO2012. Investments LQNQRZOHGJH²HVSHFLDOO\LQWKHIRUPRIVFLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\²KDYHIHDWXUHG SURPLQHQWO\DQGFRQVLVWHQWO\LQPRVWVWUDWHJLHVWRSURPRWHVXVWDLQDEOHDQGHTXL WDEOHDJULFXOWXUDOGHYHORSPHQWDWWKHQDWLRQDOOHYHO

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¶

RSLQLRQZHOOPDQDJHGH[SHULPHQWVLQGLFDWHJUHDWHUUHVLVWDQFHDQGUHVLOLHQFHRI&$

V\VWHPVWRFOLPDWHFKDQJHVDQGWKDWWKHPRVWFULWLFDOSRLQWFRXOGEHWKHFRQWURORI JDVHRXVHPLVVLRQVRI1₂2DQGWKDWWKLVLVDVSHFLILFUHTXLUHPHQW

$QH[DPSOHRIHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHVRSHUDWLQJLQGLIIHUHQWSDUWVRIWKHZRUOGDQG LQFOXGLQJDFDUERQRIIVHWVFKHPHIRUDJULFXOWXUDOODQGXVHLVLQ$OEHUWDCanada.

7KHSURYLQFHRI$OEHUWDZKLFKKDVDVWURQJDJULFXOWXUHEDVHGHFRQRP\DQGDOVRWKH KLJKHVW*+*HPLVVLRQVLQWKHFRXQWU\GXHWRRLODQGJDVSURGXFWLRQILUVWDGRSWHG DFOLPDWHFKDQJHDFWLRQSODQLQ6LQFHWKLVKDVLQFOXGHGWKHLPSOHPHQWD WLRQRID&$V\VWHPSURWRFRORQDJULFXOWXUDOODQGVDVDQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUGLUHFWDQG LQGLUHFWUHGXFWLRQVRI*+*HPLVVLRQVWKURXJKFDUERQRIIVHWWUDGLQJZLWKLQGXVWU\

*RGGDUGHWDO20097KHVHLPSRUWDQWOHVVRQVOHDUQWIURPDURXQGWKHZRUOGUHJDUG LQJWKHKLJKSRWHQWLDOIRUFDUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQZLWK&$V\VWHPVDQGWKHDVVRFLDWHG RSSRUWXQLW\IRUFDUERQWUDGLQJDQGUHGXFWLRQLQ*+*VHPLVVLRQVVKRXOGEHWDNHQ LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQLQDQ\FOLPDWHFKDQJHPLWLJDWLRQDQGVXVWDLQDEOHFURSSURGXFWLRQ VWUDWHJ\IRUWKHIXWXUH

References

$FWRQ6'%DJJV(0,QWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQ1DSSOLFDWLRQUDWH&+₄R[LGDWLRQDQG1₂O SURGXFWLRQLQVRLO%LRJHRFKHPLVWU\±

$FXWLV0'XFFR**ULJQDQL&6WRFKDVWLFXVHRIWKH/($&+1PRGHOWRIRUHFDVWQLWUDWH OHDFKLQJLQGLIIHUHQWPDL]HFURSSLQJV\VWHPV(XU-$JURQ±

$LQVZRUWK($/RQJ63:KDWKDYHZHOHDUQHGIURP\HDUVRIIUHHDLU&2₂ enrichment )$&("$PHWDDQDO\WLFUHYLHZRIWKHUHVSRQVHVRISKRWRV\QWKHVLVFDQRS\SURSHUWLHVDQG SODQWSURGXFWLRQWRULVLQJ&2₂1HZ3K\WRO±

$NERODW'(YUHQGLOHN)&RVNDQ$(NLQFL.4XDQWLI\LQJVRLOUHVSLUDWLRQLQUHVSRQVHWR VKRUWWHUPWLOODJHSUDFWLFHVDFDVHVWXG\LQVRXWKHUQ7XUNH\$FWD$JULF6FDQG6HFW%3ODQW 6RLO6FL±

$OH[DQGHU/9=KDQJ;3HWHUVRQ7&&DHVDU-*OHDVRQ%.OHLQ7DQN$0**OREDORE VHUYHGFKDQJHVLQGDLO\FOLPDWHH[WUHPHVRIWHPSHUDWXUHDQGSUHFLSLWDWLRQ±-*HR SK\V5HV$WPRV'

$O.DLVL0,PSDFWRIWLOODJHDQGFURSURWDWLRQV\VWHPVRQVRLOFDUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQ,RZD 6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\,RZD

$OVWRQ-7KHEHQHILWVIURPDJULFXOWXUDOUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQWLQQRYDWLRQDQGSUR GXFWLYLW\JURZWK2(&')RRGDJULFXOWXUHDQGILVKHULHVZRUNLQJSDSHUV1R2(&'3XEO 3DULV)UDQFH

$OYHDU05RVDV$5RXDQHW-/%RULH)(IIHFWVRIWKUHHVRLOWLOODJHV\VWHPVRQVRPHELR ORJLFDODFWLYLWLHVLQDQ8OWLVROIURPVRXWKHUQ&KLOH6RLO7LOO5HV±

$OYHV$&6HWWHU7/5HVSRQVHRIFDVVDYDOHDIDUHDH[SDQVLRQWRZDWHUGHILFLWFHOOSUROLI HUDWLRQFHOOH[SDQVLRQDQGGHOD\HGGHYHORSPHQW$QQ%RW±

$OYHV%-5=RWDUHOOL/%RGGH\508UTXLDJD66R\EHDQEHQHILWWRDVXEVHTXHQWZKHDW FURSSLQJV\VWHPXQGHU]HURWL,,DJH,Q1XFOHDUWHFKQLTXHVLQLQWHJUDWHGSODQWQXWULHQWZDWHU DQGVRLOPDQDJHPHQWSURFHHGLQJVRID6\PSRVLXPKHOGLQ9LHQQD±2FWREHU9L HQQD,$($SS±

$OYHV%-5%RGGH\508UTXLDJD67KHVXFFHVVRI%1)LQVR\EHDQLQ%UD]LO3ODQW6RLO

$OYHV %-5 =RWDUHOOL / )HUQDQGHV )0 +HFNOHU -& 0DFHGR 5$7 %RGGH\ 50 -DQWDOLD &3± 8UTXLDJD6%LRORJLFDOQLWURJHQIL[DWLRQDQGQLWURJHQIHUWLOL]HURQWKHQLWURJHQEDODQFH RIVR\EHDQPDL]HDQGFRWWRQ3HVT$JURS%UDV±

$PDGR7-& &RVWD &1 6RORV VRE VLVWHPD 3ODQWLR 'LUHWR QR %UDVLO SRGHP DWXDU FRPR LPSRUWDQWHWDPSmRDPELHQWDO-RUQDO'LUHWRQR&HUUDGR±

$PDGR7-&0LHOQLF]XFN-)HUQDQGHV6%9%D\HU&&XOWXUDVGHFREHUWXUDDF~PXORGH QLWURJHQLRWRWDOQRVRORHSURGXWLYLGDGHGHPLOKR5HY%UDV&LrQFLD6ROR±

$PDGR7-&%D\HU&(OW])/)%UXP$&3RWHQFLDOGHFXOWXUDVGHFREHUWXUDHPDFXPXODU FDUERQRHQLWURJHQLRQRVRORQRSODQWLRGLUHWRHDPHOKRULDGDTXDOLGDGHDPELHQWDO5HY%UDV

&LrQFLD6ROR±

$PEXV3-HQVHQ(65REHUWVRQ*31LWURXVR[LGHDQG1OHDFKLQJORVVHVIURPDJULFXO WXUDOVRLOLQIOXHQFHRIFURSUHVLGXHSDUWLFOHVL]HTXDOLW\DQGSODFHPHQW3K\WRQ$QQ5(,%RW

$QGHUVHQ$3ODQWSURWHFWLRQLQVSULQJFHUHDOSURGXFWLRQZLWKUHGXFHGWLOODJH,,3HVWVDQG± EHQHILFLDOLQVHFWV&URS3URW±

%DOO%&6FRWW$3DUNHU-3)LHOG1₂2&2₂DQG&+₄IOX[HVLQUHODWLRQWRWLOODJHFRPSDF WLRQDQGVRLOTXDOLW\LQ6FRWODQG6RLO7LOO5HV±

%LQGL02OHVHQ-(7KHUHVSRQVHVRIDJULFXOWXUHLQ(XURSHWRFOLPDWHFKDQJH5HJ(QYLURQ

&KDQJH6±

%LQGL0)LEEL/*R]]LQL%2UODQGLQL60LJOLHWWD)0RGHOLQJWKHLPSDFWRIIXWXUHFOL PDWHVFHQDULRVRQ\LHOGDQG\LHOGYDULDELOLW\RIJUDSHYLQH&OLP5HV±

%ODFN+,-2NZDNRO0-1$JULFXOWXUDOLQWHQVLILFDWLRQVRLOELRGLYHUVLW\DQGDJURHFRV\VWHP IXQFWLRQLQWKHWURSLFVWKHUROHRIWHUPLWHV$SSO6RLO(FRO±

%ODFN$/7DQDND'/$FRQVHUYDWLRQWLOODJHFURSSLQJV\VWHPVVWXG\LQWKH1RUWKHUQ*UHDW 3ODLQVRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV,Q3DXO($HWDOHGV6RLORUJDQLFPDWWHULQWHPSHUDWHDJURHFRV\V WHPV²/RQJWHUPH[SHULPHQWVLQ1RUWK$PHULFD&5&1HZ<RUN±

%ODQFKDUW($OEUHFKW$%URZQ*'HFDHQV7'XERLVVHW$/DYHOOH30DULDQL/5RRVH(

(IIHFWVRIWURSLFDOHQGRJHLFHDUWKZRUPVRQVRLOHURVLRQ$JULF(FRV\VW(QYLURQ±

%OHYLQV5/7KRPDV*:&RUQHOLXV3/,QIOXHQFHRIQRWLOODJHDQGQLWURJHQIHUWLOL]DWLRQRQ FHUWDLQVRLOSURSHUWLHVDIWHU\HDUVRIFRQWLQXRXVFRUQ$JURQ-±

%OHYLQV5//DO5'RUDQ-:/DQJGDOH*:)U\H::&RQVHUYDWLRQWLOODJHIRUHURVLRQ FRQWURODQGVRLOTXDOLW\,Q3LHUFH)-)U\H::HGV$GYDQFHVLQVRLODQGZDWHUFRQVHUYDWLRQ

$QQ$UERU3UHVV0LFKLJDQSS±

%¡FNPDQ2&KU2+:)HUWLOL]HUVDJURQRP\DQG1₂21XWU&\FO$JURHFRV\VW±

%RGGH\ 50 GH 0RUDHV 6-& GH$OYHV 0 8UTXLDJD %-5 7KH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI ELRORJL FDO QLWURJHQ IL[DWLRQ IRU VXVWDLQDEOH DJULFXOWXUDO V\VWHPV LQ WKH WURSLFV 6RLO %LRO %LRFKHP

%RGGH\ 50$OYHV %-5 6RDUHV /+ GH% -DQWDOLD &3 8UTXLDJD 6 %LRORJLFDO QLWURJHQ± IL[DWLRQ DQG PLWLJDWLRQ RI JUHHQKRXVH JDV HPLVVLRQV ,Q (PHULFK ': .ULVKQDQ +% HGV

$JURQRP\0RQRJUDSK1LWURJHQ)L[DWLRQLQ&URS3URGXFWLRQ$P6RF$JURQ&URS6FL6RF

$PDQG6RLO6FL6RF$P0DGLVRQ:LVFRQVLQSS±

%RO5.DQGHOHU($PHOXQJ:*ODVHU%0DU[0&3UHHG\1/RUHQ].6KRUWWHUPHI IHFWVRIGDLU\VOXUU\DPHQGPHQWRQFDUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQDQGHQ]\PHDFWLYLWLHVLQDWHPSHUDWH JUDVVODQG6RLO%LRO%LRFKHP±

%RRQH)56ODJHU60LHGHPD5(OHYHOG56RPHLQIOXHQFHVRI]HURWLOODJHRQWKHVWUXF WXUHDQGVWDELOLW\RIILQHWH[WXUHGULYHUOHYHHVRLO1HWK-$JULF6FL±

%RUQ0'RUU+/HYLQ-0HWKDQHFRQVXPSWLRQLQDHUDWHGVRLOVRIWKHWHPSHUDWH]RQH 7HOOXV%±

%RXZPDQ$)/HH'6$VPDQ$+'HQWHQHU(-9DQ'HU+RH.:2OLYLHU-*-$JOREDO KLJKUHVROXWLRQHPLVVLRQLQYHQWRU\IRUDPPRQLD*OREDO%LRJHRFKHP&\FOHV±

%UDGIRUG-03HWHUVRQ*$&RQVHUYDWLRQWLOODJH,Q6XPPHU0(HG+DQGERRNRIVRLO VFLHQFH&5&%RFD5DWRQSS*±

%URQVRQ.)1HXH+86LQJK8$EDR(%-U$XWRPDWHGFKDPEHUPHDVXUHPHQWVRIPHWK DQHDQGQLWURXVR[LGHIOX[LQDIORRGHGULFHVRLO,5HVLGXHQLWURJHQDQGZDWHUPDQDJHPHQW 6RLO6FL6RF$P-±

%XWWHUEDFK%DKO.'DQQHQPDQQ0'HQLWULILFDWLRQDQGDVVRFLDWHGVRLO1₂O emissions due WRDJULFXOWXUDODFWLYLWLHVLQDFKDQJLQJFOLPDWH&XUU2SLQ(QYLURQ6XVWDLQ±

%XWWHUEDFK%DKO.3DSHQ+5HQQHQEHUJ+,PSDFWRIJDVWUDQVSRUWWKURXJKULFHFXOWLYDUV RQPHWKDQHHPLVVLRQIURPULFHSDGG\ILHOGV3ODQW&HOO(QYLURQ±

%X\DQRYVN\*$:DJQHU*+&DUERQF\FOLQJLQFXOWLYDWHGODQGDQGLWVJOREDOVLJQLILFDQFH

*OREDO&KDQJH%LRO±

&DUWHU056WHHG*57KHHIIHFWVRIGLUHFWGULOOLQJDQGVWXEEOHUHWHQWLRQRQK\GUDXOLF SURSHUWLHVDWWKHVXUIDFHRIGXSOH[VRLOVLQ1RUWK(DVWHUQ9LFWRULD$XVW-6RLO5HV±

&DL=&;LQJ*;<DQ;<;X+7VXUXWD+<DJL.0LQDPL.0HWKDQHDQGQLWURXVR[LGH HPLVVLRQVIURPULFHSDGG\ILHOGVDVDIIHFWHGE\QLWURJHQIHUWLOL]HUVDQGZDWHUPDQDJHPHQW 3ODQW6RLO±

&DPSEHOO&$0F&RQNH\%*=HQWQHU53'\FN)%6HOOHV)&XUWLQ'D/RQJWHUPHI IHFWVRIWLOODJHDQGFURSURWDWLRQVRQVRLORUJDQLF&DQGWRWDO1LQDFOD\VRLOLQVRXWKZHVWHUQ 6DVNDWFKHZDQ&DQ-6RLO6FL±

&DPSEHOO&$0F&RQNH\%*=HQWQHU536HOOHV)&XUWLQ'E7LOODJHDQGFURSURWDWLRQ HIIHFWVRQVRLORUJDQLF&DQG1LQDFRDUVHWH[WXUHG7\SLF+DSORERUROOLQVRXWKZHVWHUQ6DV NDWFKHZDQ6RLO7LOO5HV±

&DPSEHOO&$/DIRQG*30RXOLQ$37RZQOH\6PLWK/=HQWQHU53&URSSURGXFWLRQ DQGVRLORUJDQLFPDWWHULQORQJWHUPFURSURWDWLRQVLQWKHVXEKXPLGQRUWKHUQ*UHDW3ODLQVRI

&DQDGD,Q3DXO($HWDOHGV6RLORUJDQLFPDWWHULQWHPSHUDWHDJURHFRV\VWHPV/RQJWHUP H[SHULPHQWVLQ1RUWK$PHULFD&5&1HZ<RUN±

&DQWHUR0DUWLQH]&*DELQD'$UUXH-/(YDOXDWLRQRIFRQVHUYDWLRQDJULFXOWXUHWHFKQRO RJ\ LQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ DJULFXOWXUH V\VWHPV ,Q )DUHV 6%$VIDU\$ %HOORXP$ 6WHLQHU . )ULHGULFK7HGV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO:RUNVKRSRQ&RQVHUYDWLRQ$JULFXOWXUHIRU 6XVWDLQDEOH/DQG0DQDJHPHQWWR,PSURYHWKH/LYHOLKRRGRI3HRSOHLQ'U\$UHDV0D\

±'DPDVFXV6\ULD$&6$'DQG*7=S±

&DUR]]L0/RXEHW%$FXWLV05DQD*)HUUDUD50D,QYHUVHGLVSHUVLRQPRGHOOLQJKLJK OLJKWVWKHHIILFLHQF\RIVOXUU\LQMHFWLRQWRUHGXFHDPPRQLDORVVHVE\DJULFXOWXUHLQWKH3R9DOOH\

,WDO\$JULF)RUHVW0HWHRURO±

&DUR]]L0)HUUDUD505DQD*$FXWLV0E(YDOXDWLRQRIPLWLJDWLRQVWUDWHJLHVWRUHGXFH DPPRQLDORVVHVIURPVOXUU\IHUWLOLVDWLRQRQDUDEOHODQGV6FL7RWDO(QYLURQ±

&KDGZLFN '5 YDQ GHU:HHUGHQ7 0DUWLQH] - 3DLQ %) 1LWURJHQ WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV DQG ORVVHVIROORZLQJSLJVOXUU\DSSOLFDWLRQVWRDQDWXUDOVRLOILOWHUV\VWHP6ROHSXUSURFHVVLQ%UL WDQ\)UDQFH-$JU(QJ5HV±

&KDQ.<&RQVHTXHQFHVRIFKDQJHVLQSDUWLFXODWHRUJDQLFFDUERQLQYHUWLVROVXQGHUSDVWXUH DQGFURSSLQJ6RLO6FL6RF$P-±

&KDQ.<$QRYHUYLHZRIVRPHWLOODJHLPSDFWVRQHDUWKZRUPSRSXODWLRQDEXQGDQFHDQG GLYHUVLW\²LPSOLFDWLRQVIRUIXQFWLRQLQJLQVRLOV6RLO7LOO5HV±

&KDQ.<+HHQDQ'36XUIDFHK\GUDXOLFSURSHUWLHVRIDUHGHDUWKXQGHUFRQWLQXRXVFURS SLQJZLWKGLIIHUHQWPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHV$XVW-6RLO5HV±

&KDQ.<%RZPDQ$2DWHV$2[LGL]LEOHRUJDQLFFDUERQIUDFWLRQVDQGVRLOTXDOLW\FKDQJHV LQDQR[LFSDOHXVWDOIXQGHUGLIIHUHQWSDVWXUHOH\V6RLO6FL±

&KDQ.<+HHQDQ'32DWHV$6RLOFDUERQIUDFWLRQVDQGUHODWLRQVKLSWRVRLOTXDOLW\XQGHU GLIIHUHQWWLOODJHDQGVWXEEOHPDQDJHPHQW6RLO7LOO5HV±

&KDQWLJQ\0+5RFKHWWH3$QJHUV'$6KRUWWHUP&DQG1G\QDPLFVLQDVRLODPHQGHG ZLWKSLJVOXUU\DQGEDUOH\VWUDZDILHOGH[SHULPHQW&DQ-6RLO6FL±

&KHQ<7%RUNHQ:6WDQJH&)0DW]QHU((IIHFWVRIGHFUHDVLQJZDWHUSRWHQWLDORQJURVV DPPRQLILFDWLRQDQGQLWULILFDWLRQLQDQDFLGFRQLIHURXVIRUHVWVRLO6RLO%LRO%LRFKHP±

&KULVWHQVHQ%0RQWJRPHU\-0)DZFHWW567LHUQH\'%HVWPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVIRU ZDWHUTXDOLW\&RQVHUYDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\,QIRUPDWLRQ&HQWHU:HVW/DID\HWWHSS±

&LFHURQH5-'HOZLFKH&&7\OHU6&=LPPHUPDQ350HWKDQHHPLVVLRQVIURP&DOLIRUQLD ULFHSDGGLHVZLWKYDULHGWUHDWPHQWV*OREDO%LRJHRFKHP&\FOHV±

&ODXVHQ-&-RNHOD:(3RWWHU),:LOOLDPV-:3DLUHGZDWHUVKHGFRPSDULVRQRIWLOODJH HIIHFWVRQUXQRIIVHGLPHQWDQGSHVWLFLGHORVVHV-(QYLURQ4XDO±

&OHODQG((&KXLQH,0HQ]HO$0RRQH\+$6FKZDUW]0'6KLIWLQJSODQWSKHQRORJ\LQ UHVSRQVHWRJOREDOFKDQJH7UHQGV(FRO(YRO±

&RFKUDQ9/6SDUURZ6'6SDUURZ(%5HVLGXHHIIHFWRQVRLOPLFURDQGPDFURRUJDQLVPV ,Q8QJHU3:HG0DQDJLQJDJULFXOWXUDOUHVLGXHV&5&%RFD5DWRQSS±

&RQIDORQLHUL5'RQDWHOOL%UHJDJOLR67XELHOOR)1)HUQDQGHV($JURHFRORJLFDO]RQHV VLPXODWRU$FRPSRQHQWEDVHGRSHQDFFHVVWUDQVSDUHQWSODWIRUPIRUFOLPDWHFKDQJHFURS SURGXFWLYLW\LPSDFWDVVHVVPHQWLQ/DWLQ$PHULFDL(06VWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQJUHVV/HLS]LJ

±-XO\

&RUVL6)ULHGULFK7.DVVDP$3LVDQWH06j-GH06RLORUJDQLFFDUERQDFFXPXODWLRQ DQG JUHHQKRXVH JDV HPLVVLRQ UHGXFWLRQV IURP FRQVHUYDWLRQ DJULFXOWXUH D OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ ,QWHJUDWHGFURSPDQDJHPHQWYRO3ODQW3URGXFWLRQDQG3URWHFWLRQ'LYLVLRQ)RRGDQG$J ULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV5RPH

'DL$)XQJ,<'HO*HQLR$'6XUIDFHREVHUYHGJOREDOODQGSUHFLSLWDWLRQYDULDWLRQVGXULQJ -&OLPDWH±

'DVV$6XGKLVKUL6/HQND1.3DWQDLN865XQRIIFDSWXUHWKURXJKYHJHWDWLYHEDUULHUV DQGSODQWLQJPHWKRGRORJLHVWRUHGXFHHURVLRQDQGLPSURYHVRLOPRLVWXUHIHUWLOLW\DQGFURS SURGXFWLYLW\LQVRXWKHUQ2ULVVD,QGLD1XWU&\FO$JURHFRV\VW±

'H$OED6/DFDVWD&%HQLWR*3HUH]*RQ]DOH]$,QIOXHQFHRIVRLOPDQDJHPHQWRQZD WHUHURVLRQLQD0HGLWHUUDQHDQVHPLDULGHQYLURQPHQWLQ&HQWUDO6SDLQ,Q*DUFÕD7RUUHV/

%HQLWHV - 0DUWÕQH]9LOHOD$ HGV &RQVHUYDWLRQ DJULFXOWXUH D ZRUOGZLGH FKDOOHQJH YRO (&$)DQG)$26SDLQ

'HOD5''LD]3HUHLUD(0D\RO)&]\]($'H[WHU$5'XPLWUX((QDFKH5)OHLJH++RUQ5 5DMND\.6LPRWD&6,'$66SURMHFW3DUW6RLOHURVLRQDVDIXQFWLRQRIVRLOW\SHDQG DJULFXOWXUDOPDQDJHPHQWLQ6HYLOODROLYHDUHD6RXWKHUQ6SDLQ6RLO7LOO5HV±

GH0DULD,&1QDEXGH3&GH&DVWUR20/RQJWHUPWLOODJHHIIHFWVRQVRLOFKHPLFDOSURSHU WLHVRID5KRGLF)HUUDOVROLQ6RXWKHUQ%UD]LO6RLO7LOO5HV±

'H06j-&0&HUUL&&'LFN:$/DO5)LOKR6393LFFROR0&)HLJO%(2UJDQLFPDWWHU G\QDPLFVDQGFDUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQUDWHVIRUDWLOODJHFKURQRVHTXHQFHLQD%UD]LOLDQ2[LVRO 6RLO6FL6RF$P-±

'HFDsQV7-LPHQH]--(DUWKZRUPFRPPXQLWLHVXQGHUDQDJULFXOWXUDOLQWHQVLILFDWLRQJUDGL HQWLQ&RORPELD3ODQW6RLO±

'HLEHUW(-8WWH5$6FKZHUW'37LOODJHV\VWHPLQIOXHQFHRQHDUWKZRUPV/XPEULFLGDH LQ1RUWK'DNRWD1'DN)DUP5HV±

'HO5tR6+HUUHUR/3LQWR*RPHV&3HQDV$6SDWLDODQDO\VLVRIPHDQWHPSHUDWXUHWUHQGV LQ6SDLQRYHUWKHSHULRG±*ORE3ODQHW&KDQJH±

'HQLHUYDQGHU*+$&1HXH+8,QIOXHQFHRIRUJDQLFPDWWHULQFRUSRUDWLRQRQWKHPHWKDQH HPLVVLRQIURPDZHWODQGULFHILHOG*ORE%LRJHRFKHP&\FOHV±

'HQQLV37KRPDV0%6RWKHUWRQ1:6WUXFWXUDOIHDWXUHVRIILHOGERXQGDULHVZKLFKLQIOX HQFHWKHRYHUZLQWHULQJGHQVLWLHVRIEHQHILFLDODUWKURSRGSUHGDWRUV-$SSO(FRO±

'HUSVFK5)UDQ]OXHEEHUV$-'XLNHU6:5HLFRVN\'&.RHOOHU.)ULHGULFK76WXUQ\:*6D

-&0:HLVV.:K\GRZHQHHGWRVWDQGDUGL]HQRWLOODJHUHVHDUFK"/HWWHUWRWKH(GL WRU6RLO7LOO5HV±

'LHNRZ-0LHOQLF]XN-.QLFNHU+%D\HU&'LFN'3.RJHO.QDEQHU,6RLO&DQG1 VWRFNVDVDIIHFWHGE\FURSSLQJV\VWHPVDQGQLWURJHQIHUWLOLVDWLRQLQD6RXWKHUQ%UD]LO$FULVRO PDQDJHGXQGHUQRWLOODJHIRU\HDUV6RLO7LOO5HV±

'RUDQ-:3DUNLQ7%'HILQLQJDQGDVVHVVLQJVRLOTXDOLW\,Q'RUDQ-:&ROHPDQ'&%H]

GLFHN')6WHZDUW%$HGV'HILQLQJVRLOTXDOLW\IRUDVXVWDLQDEOHHQYLURQPHQW666$VSHFLDO SXEOLFDWLRQQR0DGLVRQSS±

'RUDQ-:/LHELJ0$6DQWDQD'36RLOKHDOWKDQGJOREDOVXVWDLQDELOLW\,Q7UDQVDFWLRQVRI WKHWK:RUOG&RQJUHVVRI6RLO6FLHQFH0RQWHSHOOLHU±$XJXVW)UDQFH

'ULMEHU5$'RUDQ-:3DUNKXUVW$0/\RQ'-&KDQJHVLQVRLOPLFURELDOFRPPXQLW\VWUXF WXUHZLWKWLOODJHXQGHUORQJWHUPZKHDWIDOORZPDQDJHPHQW6RLO%LRO%LRFKHP±

'ULQNZDWHU/(:DJRQHU36DUUDQWRQLR0/HJXPHEDVHGFURSSLQJV\VWHPVKDYHUHGXFHG FDUERQDQGQLWURJHQORVVHV1DWXUH±

'X3UHH]&&6WH\Q-7.RW]H(/RQJWHUPHIIHFWVRIZKHDWUHVLGXHPDQDJHPHQWRQVRPH IHUWLOLW\LQGLFDWRUVRIDVHPLDULG3OLQWKRVRO6RLO7LOO5HV±

'XLNHU6:%HHJOH'%6RLOIHUWLOLW\GLVWULEXWLRQVLQORQJWHUPQRWLOOFKLVHOGLVNDQGPROG ERDUGSORZGLVNV\VWHPV6RLO7LOO5HV±

(DJOH$-+HQU\/52ODQGHU/3+DXJHQ.R]\UD.+0LOODU15REHUWVRQ*3*UHHQ KRXVHJDVPLWLJDWLRQSRWHQWLDORIDJULFXOWXUDOODQGPDQDJHPHQWLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDV\QWKH VLVRIWKHOLWHUDWXUH^ndHGQ1LFKRODV,QVWLWXWHIRU(QYLURQPHQWDO3ROLF\6ROXWLRQV'XUKDP 1RUWK&DUROLQD

(DVWHUOLQJ:$SSV0$VVHVVLQJWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIFOLPDWHFKDQJHIRUIRRGDQGIRUHVW UHVRXUFHVDYLHZIURPWKH,3&&&OLP&KDQJH±

(GZDUGV&$%RKOHQ3-%LRORJ\DQGHFRORJ\RIHDUWKZRUPV&KDSPDQDQG+DOO/RQGRQ (GZDUGV-+:RRG&:7KXUORZ'/5XI0(7LOODJHDQGFURSURWDWLRQHIIHFWVRQIHUWLOLW\

VWDWXVRIDKDSOXGXOWVRLO6RLO6FL6RF$P-±

(QWU\,$0LWFKHOO&&%DFNPDQ&%,QIOXHQFHRIPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVRQVRLORUJDQLF PDWWHUPLFURELDOELRPDVVDQGFRWWRQ\LHOGLQ$ODEDPD¶V³2OG5RWDWLRQ´%LRO)HUWLO6RLOV (UHQVWHLQ2&URSUHVLGXHPXOFKLQJLQWURSLFDODQGVHPLWURSLFDOFRXQWULHVDQHYDOXDWLRQRI±

UHVLGXHDYDLODELOLW\DQGRWKHUWHFKQRORJLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQV6RLO7LOO5HV±

(YDQV56RLOHURVLRQDQGLWVLPSDFWVLQ(QJODQGDQG:DOHV)ULHQGVRIWKH(DUWK/RQGRQ )$2:RUOG6RLO5HVRXUFHV5HSRUWV6RLOFDUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQIRULPSURYHGODQGPDQS

DJHPHQW)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV5RPH,WDO\

)$27KHFDVHIRULPSURYLQJVRLOKHDOWK,Q3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO7HFKQLFDO :RUNVKRSRQ,QYHVWLQJLQ6XVWDLQDEOH&URS,QWHQVLILFDWLRQ±-XO\,QWHJUDWHG&URS0DQ DJHPHQWYRO)$25RPH

)$2)RRGVHFXULW\DQGDJULFXOWXUDOPLWLJDWLRQLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVRSWLRQVIRUFDSWXU LQJV\QHUJLHV)RRGDQG$JULFXOWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV5RPH,WDO\

)$2:KDWLVFRQVHUYDWLRQDJULFXOWXUH")$2FRQVHUYDWLRQDJULFXOWXUHZHEVLWHKWWSZZZ IDRRUJDJFDDKWPO

)$26RLORUJDQLFFDUERQDFFXPXODWLRQDQGJUHHQKRXVHJDVHPLVVLRQUHGXFWLRQVIURPFRQ VHUYDWLRQDJULFXOWXUHDOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ,QWHJU&URS0DQDJ

)$2)$267$7GDWDEDVH)$25RPH,WDO\KWWSZZZIDRRUJIDRVWDW$FFHVVHG)HE )DUUDU-)6LQNVLQWHJUDOSDUWVRIDZKROHSODQW-([S%RW±

)HUJXVRQ+-0F3KHUVRQ50$EXQGDQFHDQGGLYHUVLW\RIDGXOWFDUDELGDHLQVR\EHDQ FURSSLQJV\VWHPVLQ9LUJLQLD-(QWRPRO6FL±

)HUUHUDV/$&RVWD-/*DUFtD)23HFRUDUL&(IIHFWRIQRWLOODJHRQVRPHVRLOSK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHVRIDVWUXFWXUDOGHJUDGHG3HWURFDOFLF3DOHXGROORIWKHVRXWKHUQ³3DPSD´RI$UJHQWLQD 6RLO7LOO5HV±

)LOKR&&/RXUHQFR$*XLPDUDHV0'))RQVHFD,&%$JJUHJDWHVWDELOLW\XQGHUGLIIHUHQW VRLOPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPVLQDUHGODWRVROLQWKHVWDWHRI3DUDQD%UD]LO6RLO7LOO5HV±

)OHVVD+%HHVH)/DERUDWRU\HVWLPDWHVRIWUDFHJDVHPLVVLRQVIROORZLQJVXUIDFHDSSOLFD WLRQDQGLQMHFWLRQRIFDWWOHVOXUU\-(QYLURQ4XDO±

)ROJDUDLW3-$QWELRGLYHUVLW\DQGLWVUHODWLRQVKLSWRHFRV\VWHPIXQFWLRQLQJDUHYLHZ%LR GLYHUV&RQVHUY±

)RQWDLQH66WDELOLW\RIRUJDQLFFDUERQLQGHHSVRLOOD\HUVFRQWUROOHGE\IUHVKFDUERQVXSSO\

1DWXUH±

)RQWDLQH6%DUGRX[*$EEDGLH/0DULRWWL$&DUERQLQSXWWRVRLOPD\GHFUHDVHVRLOFDU ERQFRQWHQW(FRO/HWW±

)UDQFLV*6.QLJKW7//RQJWHUPHIIHFWVRIFRQYHQWLRQDODQGQRWLOODJHRQVHOHFWHGVRLO SURSHUWLHVDQGFURS\LHOGVLQ&DQWHUEXU\1HZ=HDODQG6RLO7LOO5HV±

)UDQ]DULQJ-+|J\3)DQJPHLHU$(IIHFWVRIIUHHDLU&2₂HQULFKPHQWRQWKHJURZWKRI VXPPHURLOVHHGUDSH%UDVVLFDQDSXVFY&DPSLQR$JULF(FRV\VW(QYLURQ±

)UDQ]OXHEEHUV$-+RQV)06RLOSURILOHGLVWULEXWLRQRISULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\SODQWDYDLO DEOHQXWULHQWVXQGHUFRQYHQWLRQDODQGQRWLOODJH6RLO7LOO5HV±

)UDQ]OXHEEHUV$-+RQV)0=XEHUHU'$D7LOODJHDQGFURSHIIHFWVRQVHDVRQDOVRLOFDUERQ DQGQLWURJHQG\QDPLFV6RLO6FL6RF$P-±

)UDQ]OXHEEHUV.:HDYHU5:-XR$65)UDQ]OXHEEHUV$-E0LQHUDOL]DWLRQRIFDUERQDQG QLWURJHQIURPFRZSHDOHDYHVGHFRPSRVLQJLQVRLOVZLWKGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRIPLFURELDOELRPDVV

%LRO)HUWLO6RLOV±

)UDQ]OXHEEHUV$-+DQH\5/+RQV)0=XEHUHU'$$VVHVVLQJELRORJLFDOVRLOTXDOLW\ZLWK FKORURIRUPIXPLJDWLRQLQFXEDWLRQZK\VXEWUDFWDFRQWURO"&DQ-6RLO6FL±

)UH\6'(OOLRWW(73DXVWLDQ.%DFWHULDODQGIXQJDODEXQGDQFHDQGELRPDVVLQFRQYHQWLRQ DODQGQRWLOODJHDJURHFRV\VWHPVDORQJWZRFOLPDWLFJUDGLHQWV6RLO%LRO%LRFKHP±

)ULHEH%+HQNH:%RGHQWLHUHXQGGHUHQ6WURKDEEDXOHLVWXQJHQEHLUHGX]LHUWHU%RGHQEHDU EHLWXQJ=I.XOWXUWHFKQLNXQG/DQGHQWZLFNOXQJ±

)ULHOLQJKDXV06RLOHURVLRQDQGSHVWLFLGHWUDQVORFDWLRQFRQWURO,Q3LPHQWDO'HG(QF\

FORSHGLDRISHVWPDQDJHPHQW&5&1HZ<RUNSS±

*iO$9\Q7-0LFKpOL(.ODGLYNR(-0FIHH::6RLOFDUERQDQGQLWURJHQDFFXPXOD WLRQZLWKORQJWHUPQRWLOOYHUVXVPROGERDUGSORZLQJRYHUHVWLPDWHGZLWKWLOOHG]RQHVDPSOLQJ GHSWKV6RLO7LOO5HV±

*DOORZD\-17RZQVHQG$5(ULVPDQ-:%HNXQGD0&DL=&)UHQH\-50DUWLQHOOL/$6HLW]

LQJHU636XWWRQ0$7UDQVIRUPDWLRQRIWKHQLWURJHQF\FOHUHFHQWWUHQGVTXHVWLRQVDQG SRWHQWLDOVROXWLRQV6FLHQFH±

*HUDUG%0+D\5.07KHHIIHFWRQHDUWKZRUPVRISORZLQJWLQHGFXOWLYDWLRQGLUHFWGULOO LQJDQGQLWURJHQLQDEDUOH\PRQRFXOWXUHV\VWHP-$JU6FL±

*LDQQDNRSRXORV&/H6DJHU3%LQGL00RULRQGR0.RVWRSRXORX$*RRGHVV&0&OL PDWLFFKDQJHVDQGDVVRFLDWHGLPSDFWVLQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQUHVXOWLQJIURPD&JOREDOZDUP LQJ*ORE3ODQHW&KDQJH±

*LFKHUX37(IIHFWVRIUHVLGXHPXOFKDQGWLOODJHRQVRLOPRLVWXUHFRQVHUYDWLRQ6RLO7HFK

*RGGDUG7+DXJHQ.R]\UD.5LGJH$&RQVHUYDWLRQDJULFXOWXUHSURWRFROVIRUJUHHQKRXVHQRO±

JDVRIIVHWVLQDZRUNLQJFDUERQPDUNHW3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH,9:RUOG&RQJUHVVRQ&RQVHU YDWLRQ$JULFXOWXUH±)HEUXDU\1HZ'HOKL,QGLD

*yPH]-$*LUDOGH]-9)HUHUHV(:DWHUHURVLRQLQROLYHRUFKDUGVLQ$QGDOXVLD6RXWKHUQ 6SDLQDUHYLHZ*HRSK\V5HV$EVW

*RWZDOG:+7KHEHQHILFLDOHFRQRPLFUROHRIDQWV,Q9LQVRQ6%HG(FRQRPLFLPSDFW DQGFRQWURORIVRFLDOLQVHFWV3UDHJHU1HZ<RUNSS±

*RYDHUWV%6D\UH.'/LFKWHU.'HQGRRYHQ/'HFNHUV-,QIOXHQFHRISHUPDQHQWUDLVHG EHGSODQWLQJDQGUHVLGXHPDQDJHPHQWRQSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOVRLOTXDOLW\LQUDLQIHGPDL]H ZKHDWV\VWHPV3ODQW6RLO±

*UDQG\$65REHUWVRQ*37KHOHQ.''RSURGXFWLYLW\DQGHQYLURQPHQWDOWUDGHRIIVXVWLI\

SHULRGLFDOO\FXOWLYDWLQJQRWLOOFURSSLQJV\VWHPV"$JURQ-±

*UHE%:(IIHFWRIVXUIDFHDSSOLHGZKHDWVWUDZRQVRLOZDWHUORVVHVE\VRODUGLVWLOODWLRQ 6RLO6FL6RF$P3URF

*UHJRULFK(*'UXU&)%DOGRFN-$&KDQJHVLQVRLOFDUERQXQGHUORQJWHUPPDL]HLQ PRQRFXOWXUHDQGOHJXPHEDVHGURWDWLRQ&DQ-6RLO6FL±

*UHJRULFK(*5RFKHWWH39DQGHQ%\JDDUW$-$QJHUV'*UHHQKRXVHJDVFRQWULEXWLRQVRI DJULFXOWXUDOVRLOVDQGSRWHQWLDOPLWLJDWLRQSUDFWLFHVLQ(DVWHUQ&DQDGD6RLO7LOO5HV±

*XJJHQEHUJHU*)UH\6'6L[-3DXVWLDQ.(OOLRWW(7%DFWHULDODQGIXQJDOFHOOZDOOUHVL GXHVLQFRQYHQWLRQDODQGQRWLOODJHDJURHFRV\VWHPV6RLO6FL6RF$P-±

+DLQHV3-8UHQ1&(IIHFWVRIFRQVHUYDWLRQWLOODJHIDUPLQJRQVRLOPLFURELDOELRPDVVRU JDQLFPDWWHUDQGHDUWKZRUPSRSXODWLRQLQQRUWKHDVWHUQ9LFWRULD$XVW-([S$JULF±

+DQVHQ60DHKOXP-(%DNNHQ/51₂2DQG&+₄IOX[HVLQVRLOLQIOXHQFHGE\IHUWLOL]DWLRQ DQGWUDFWRUWUDIILF6RLO%LRO%LRFKHP±

+DQVHQ(00XQNKROP/-0HODQGHU%2OHVHQ-(&DQQRQLQYHUVLRQWLOODJHDQGVWUDZ UHWDLQPHQWUHGXFH1OHDFKLQJLQFHUHDOEDVHGFURSURWDWLRQV"6RLO7LOO5HV±

+DUSHU'(XWURSKLFDWLRQRIIUHVKZDWHUV&KDSPDQ +DOO6DIIRONS

+DUSHU/$$PPRQLDPHDVXUHPHQWLVVXHV,Q+DWILHOG-/%DNHU-09LQH\0.HGV 0LFURPHWHRURORJ\ LQ DJULFXOWXUDO V\VWHPV$JURQRP\ 0RQRJUDSK YRO $6$ 0DGLVRQ +DUULVRQ3$%XWWHUILHOG5'RZQLQJ7(&OLPDWHFKDQJHDQGDJULFXOWXUHLQ(XURSHDVSS±

VHVVPHQWRILPSDFWVDQGDGDSWDWLRQV5HVHDUFK5HSRUW1R(QYLURQPHQWDO&KDQJH8QLW 8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUGSS±

+DWILHOG-/6DXHU7-3UXHJHU-+0DQDJLQJVRLOVWRDFKLHYHJUHDWHUZDWHUXVHHIILFLHQF\

DUHYLHZ$JULF-±

+DYOLQ-/.LVVHO'(0DGGX[/'&ODDVVHQ00/RQJ-+&URSURWDWLRQDQGWLOODJHHI IHFWVRQVRLORUJDQLFFDUERQDQGQLWURJHQ6RLO6FL6RF$P-±

+HUQDQ]-//RSH]51DYDUUHWH/6DQFKH]*LURQ9/RQJWHUPHIIHFWVRIWLOODJHV\VWHPV DQGURWDWLRQVRQVRLOVWUXFWXUDOVWDELOLW\DQGRUJDQLFFDUERQVWUDWLILFDWLRQLQVHPLDULGFHQWUDO 6SDLQ6RLO7LOO5HV±

+HUQDQ]/6iQFKH]*LUyQ91DYDUUHWH/6RLOFDUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQDQGVWUDWLILFDWLRQLQD FHUHDOOHJXPLQRXVFURSURWDWLRQZLWKWKUHHWLOODJHV\VWHPVLQVHPLDULGFRQGLWLRQV$JULF(FR V\VW(QYLURQ±

+HUUHUR(90LWFKHOO-3/DQLQL:77HPSOH650L\DR(00RUVH5'&DPSLJOLD(6RLO SURSHUWLHVFKDQJHLQQRWLOOWRPDWRSURGXFWLRQ&DOLI$JULF±

+ROODQG-05H\QROGV&-07KHLPSDFWRIVRLOFXOWLYDWLRQRQDUWKURSRG&ROHRSWHUDDQG

$UDQHDHHPHUJHQFHRQDUDEOHODQG3HGRELRORJLD±

+ROW-$5REHUWVRQ/15DGIRUG%-(IIHFWVRIWLOODJHDQGVWXEEOHUHVLGXHWUHDWPHQWVRQ WHUPLWHDFWLYLW\LQFHQWUDO4XHHQVODQGYHUWRVROV$XVW-6RLO5HV±

+RUiþHN-/HGYLQD55DXV$7KHFRQWHQWRITXDOLW\RIRUJDQLFPDWWHULQFDPELVROLQD ORQJWHUPQRWLOODJHV\VWHP5RVWOLQQi9êURED±

+RXVH *- 6WLQQHU %5 $UWKURSRGV LQ QRWLOODJH VR\EHDQ DJURHFRV\VWHPV²FRPPXQLW\

FRPSRVLWLRQDQGHFRV\VWHPLQWHUDFWLRQV(QYLURQ0DQDJ±

+RXVH*-3DUPHOHH5:&RPSDULVRQRIVRLODUWKURSRGVDQGHDUWKZRUPVIURPFRQYHQWLRQDO DQGQRWLOODJHDJURHFRV\VWHPV6RLO7LOO5HV±

+X=+/LQJ+&KHQ676KHQ6+=KDQJ+6XQ<<6RLOUHVSLUDWLRQQLWULILFDWLRQDQG GHQLWULILFDWLRQLQDZKHDWIDUPODQGVRLOXQGHUGLIIHUHQWPDQDJHPHQWV&RPPXQ6RLO6FL3ODQW

$QDO±

+XLMVPDQV-)0+RO-0*9HUPHXOHQ*'(IIHFWRIDSSOLFDWLRQPHWKRGPDQXUHFKDUDFWHU LVWLFVZHDWKHUDQGILOHGFRQGLWLRQVRQDPPRQLDYRODWLOL]DWLRQIURPPDQXUHDSSOLHGWRDUDEOH ODQG$WPRV(QYLURQ±

+XOPH02VERUQ7--RKQV7&3UHFLSLWDWLRQVHQVLWLYLW\WRJOREDOZDUPLQJFRPSDULVRQV RIREVHUYDWLRQVZLWK+DG&0VLPXODWLRQV*HRSK\V5HV/HWW±

+XVVDLQ$0XOKROODQG%-%ODFN&57D\ORU,%5REHUWV-$D1RYHODSSURDFKHVIRUH[DP LQLQJWKHHIIHFWVRIGLIIHUHQWLDOVRLOFRPSDFWLRQRQ[\OHPVDS$%$FRQFHQWUDWLRQVWRPDWDOFRQ GXFWDQFHDQGJURZWKLQEDUOH\௘Hordeum vulgare/3ODQW&HOO(QYLURQ±

+XVVDLQ,2OVRQ.5(EHOKDU6$E/RQJWHUPWLOODJHHIIHFWVRQVRLOFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHV DQGRUJDQLFPDWWHUIUDFWLRQV6RLO6FL6RF$P-±

+WVFK%:7LOODJHDQGODQGXVHHIIHFWVRQPHWKDQHR[LGDWLRQUDWHVDQGWKHLUYHUWLFDOSUR ILOHVLQVRLO%LRO)HUWLO6RLOV±

+WVFK %: 0HWKDQH R[LGDWLRQ QLWULILFDWLRQ DQG FRXQWV RI PHWKDQRWURSKLF EDFWHULD LQ VRLOVIURPDORQJWHUPIHUWLOL]DWLRQH[SHULPHQWµµ(ZLJHU5RJJHQEDX¶¶DW+DOOH-3ODQW1XWU 6RLO6FL±

+WVFK%::HEVWHU&33RZOVRQ'6/RQJWHUPHIIHFWVRIQLWURJHQIHUWLOL]DWLRQRQPHWK DQHR[LGDWLRQLQVRLORIWKHEURDGEDONZKHDWH[SHULPHQW6RLO%LRO%LRFKHP±

,3&&&OLPDWH&KDQJH7KH6FLHQWLILF%DVLV,Q+RXJKWRQ-7'LQJ<*ULJJV'-1RJXHU0YDQGHU/LQGHQ3-'DL;0DVNHOO.-RKQVRQ&$HGV&RQWULEXWLRQRI:RUNLQJ

*URXS,WRWKH7KLUG$VVHVVPHQW5HSRUWRIWKH,QWHUJRYHUQPHQWDO3DQHORQ&OLPDWH&KDQJH

&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJHS

,3&&&OLPDWH&KDQJH7KH3K\VLFDO6FLHQFH%DVLV&RQWULEXWLRQRI:RUNLQJ*URXS ,WRWKH)RXUWK$VVHVVPHQW5HSRUWRIWKH,QWHUJRYHUQPHQWDO3DQHORQ&OLPDWH&KDQJH&DP EULGJH8QLYHUVLW\&DPEULGJHS

,3&&&OLPDWH&KDQJH7KH3K\VLFDO6FLHQFH%DVLV

-DJWDS9%KDUJDYD66WUHE3)HLHUDEHQG-&RPSDUDWLYHHIIHFWRIZDWHUKHDWDQGOLJKW VWUHVVHVRQSKRWRV\QWKHWLFUHDFWLRQVLQ6RUJKXPELFRORU/0RHQFK-([S%RW±

-DUHFNL0./DO5&URSPDQDJHPHQWIRUVRLOFDUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQ&ULW5HY3ODQW6FL -LDQJ<+XDQJ%'URXJKWDQGKHDWVWUHVVLQMXU\WRWZRFRROVHDVRQWXUIJUDVVHVLQUHODWLRQ±

WRDQWLR[LGDQWPHWDEROLVPDQGOLSLGSHUR[LGDWLRQ&URS6FL±

-RKQVRQ$0+R\W*'&KDQJHVWRWKHVRLOHQYLURQPHQWXQGHUFRQVHUYDWLRQWLOODJH+RUW 7HFKQRORJ\±

.DVVDP$)ULHGULFK76KD[VRQ)3UHWW\-7KHVSUHDGRIFRQVHUYDWLRQDJULFXOWXUHMXVWLIL FDWLRQVXVWDLQDELOLW\DQGXSWDNH,QW-$JULF6XVWDLQDELO±

.DVVDP$%DVFK*)ULHGULFK76KD[VRQ)*RGGDUG7$PDGR7&UDEWUHH%+RQJZHQ/0HOOR ,3LVDQWH00NRPZD66RLOPDQDJHPHQWLVPRUHWKDQZKDWDQGKRZFURSVDUHJURZQ ,Q /DO 5 6WHZDUW %$ HGV 3ULQFLSOHV RI VXVWDLQDEOH VRLO PDQDJHPHQW LQ DJURHFRV\VWHPV 6HULHVDGYDQFHVLQVRLOVFLHQFHV&5&%RFD5DWRQSS±,6%1±

.D\%'5DWHVRIFKDQJHRIVRLOVWUXFWXUHXQGHUGLIIHUHQWFURSSLQJV\VWHPV$GY6RLO6FL .LPEDOO%$.RED\DVKL.%LQGL05HVSRQVHVRIDJULFXOWXUDOFURSVWRIUHHDLU&2± ₂ enrich

PHQW$GYQ$JURQ±

.LUNE\0--RQHV5-$,UYLQH%*RELQ$*RYHUV*&HUGDQ29DQ5RPSDH\$--/H%LVVRQQDLV

<'DURXVVLQ-.LQJ'0RQWDQDUHOOD/*ULPP09LHLOOHIRQW93XLJGHIDEUHJDV-%RHU0 .RVPDV&<DVVRJORX17VDUD00DQWHO69DQ/\QGHQ*3DQ(XURSHDQVRLOHURVLRQ ULVNDVVHVVPHQWWKH3(6(5$0DS9HUVLRQ2FWREHU([SODQDWLRQRIVSHFLDOSXEOLFDWLRQ

,VSUD1R63,(XURSHDQ6RLO%XUHDX5HVHDUFK5HSRUW1R(85 SSDQG,PDSLQ,62%IRUPDW2IILFHIRU2IILFLDO3XEOLFDWLRQVRIWKH(XURSHDQ&RPPXQL WLHV/X[HPERXUJ

.ODGLYNR(-7LOODJHV\VWHPVDQGVRLOHFRORJ\6RLO7LOO5HV±

.ODGLYNR(-$NKRXUL10:HHVLHV*(DUWKZRUPSRSXODWLRQVDQGVSHFLHVGLVWULEXWLRQV XQGHUQRWLOODQGFRQYHQWLRQDOWLOODJHLQ,QGLDQDDQG,OOLQRLV6RLO%LRO%LRFKHP±

.OHLQ7+RO]NDPSHU$&DODQFD36HSSHOW5)XKUHU-$GDSWLQJDJULFXOWXUDOODQGPDQDJH PHQW WR FOLPDWH FKDQJH D UHJLRQDO PXOWLREMHFWLYH RSWLPL]DWLRQ DSSURDFK /DQGVFDSH (FRO .QRZOHV7$6LQJK%&DUERQVWRUDJHLQFRWWRQVRLOVRIQRUWKHUQ1HZ6RXWK:DOHV$XVW-±

6RLO5HV±

.X]\DNRY<)ULHGHO-.6WDKU.5HYLHZRIPHFKDQLVPVDQGTXDQWLILFDWLRQRISULPLQJHI IHFWV6RLO%LRO%LRFKHP±

/DIOHQ-05RRVH(-0HWKRGRORJLHVIRUDVVHVVPHQWRIVRLOGHJUDGDWLRQGXHWRZDWHUHUR VLRQ,Q/DOHWDOHGV0HWKRGVIRUDVVHVVPHQWRIVRLOGHJUDGDWLRQDGYDQFHVLQVRLOVFLHQFH

&5&%RFD5DWRQSS±

/DIRQG*3:DOOH\)6FKRHQDX-0D\:(+RO]DSIHO&%0F.HOO-+DOIRUG-/RQJWHUP YV VKRUWWHUP FRQVHUYDWLRQ WLOODJH ,Q 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK DQQXDO PHHWLQJ DQG FRQIHUHQFHRIWKH6DVNDWFKHZDQ6RLO&RQVHUYDWLRQ$VVRFLDWLRQ5HJLQD6DVNDWFKHZDQ±

)HEUXDU\

/DO5)ROOHWW5)6WHZDUW%$.LPEOH-06RLOFDUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQWRPLWLJDWHFOLPDWH FKDQJHDQGDGYDQFHIRRGVHFXULW\6RLO6FL±

/DPSXUODQpV-&DQWHUR0DUWÕQH]&+\GUDXOLFFRQGXFWLYLW\UHVLGXHFRYHUDQGVRLOVXUIDFH URXJKQHVVXQGHUGLIIHUHQWWLOODJHV\VWHPVLQVHPLDULGFRQGLWLRQV6RLO7LOO5HV±

/H0HU-5RJHU33URGXFWLRQR[LGDWLRQHPLVVLRQDQGFRQVXPSWLRQRIPHWKDQHE\VRLOV DUHYLHZ(XU-6RLO%LRO±

/HVVDUG55RFKHWWH37RSS*&3DWWH\('HVMDUGLQV5/0HWKDQHDQGFDUERQGLR[LGH IOX[HVIURPSRRUO\GUDLQHGDGMDFHQWFXOWLYDWHGDQGIRUHVWVLWHV&DQ-6RLO6FL±

/HY\3(%XUGHQ$&RRSHU0'$'LQVPRUH.-'UHZHU-(YDQV&)RZOHU'*DLDZ\Q-*UD\

$-RQHV6.-RQHV70F1DPDUD130LOOV52VWOH16KHSSDUG/-6NLED86RZHUE\$

:DUG6(=LHOLQVNOL30HWKDQHHPLVVLRQVIURPVRLOVV\QWKHVLVDQGDQDO\VLVRIDODUJH 8.GDWDVHW*ORE&KDQJH%LRO±

/L+:*DR+::X+'/L:<:DQJ;<+H-(IIHFWVRI\HDUVRIFRQVHUYDWLRQWLOO DJHRQVRLOVWUXFWXUHDQGSURGXFWLYLW\RIZKHDWFXOWLYDWLRQLQQRUWKHUQ&KLQD$XVW-6RLO5HV /LQQ'0'RUDQ-:$HURELFDQGDQDHURELFPLFURELDOSRSXODWLRQVLQQRWLOODQGSORZHG±

VRLOV6RLO6FL6RF$P-±

/REE' /LQGVWURP0- 7LOODJHWUDQVORFDWLRQDQGWLOODJHHURVLRQ3RVWHU 3UHVHQWDWLRQDW 0DQLWRED6RLO6FLHQFH6RFLHW\0HHWLQJ:LQQLSHJ0DQLWREDYROSS±±)HEUX /REE'.DFKDQRVNL5*0LOOHU0+7LOODJHWUDQVORFDWLRQDQGWLOODJHHURVLRQRQVKRXOGHUDU\

VORSHODQGVFDSHSRVLWLRQVPHDVXUHGXVLQJ&VDVDWUDFHU&DQ-6RLO6FL±

/REHOO'%)LHOG&%*OREDOVFDOHFOLPDWHFURS\LHOGUHODWLRQVKLSVDQGWKHLPSDFWVRIUH FHQWZDUPLQJ(QYLURQ5HV/HWW

/ySH]09$UUXH-/6RLOWLOODJHDQGZLQGHURVLRQLQIDOORZODQGVRI&HQWUDO$UDJDRQ 6SDLQDQRYHUYLHZ,Q)D]$2UWL]50HUPXW$5HGV6XVWDLQDEOHXVHPDQDJHPHQWRIVRLOV DULGVHPLDULGUHJLRQV$GYDQFHVLQ*HR(FRORJ\YRO&DWHQD5HLVNLUFKHQ±

/RSH]09*UDFLD5$UUXH-/$QHYDOXDWLRQRIZLQGHURVLRQKD]DUGVLQIDOORZODQGVRI VHPLDULG$UDJRQ1(6SDLQ-6RLO:DWHU&RQVHUY±

/ySH]%HOOLGR5-)RQWiQ-0/ySH]%HOOLGR)-/ySH]%HOOLGR/&DUERQVHTXHVWUDWLRQ E\WLOODJHURWDWLRQDQGQLWURJHQIHUWLOL]DWLRQLQDPHGLWHUUDQHDQYHUWLVRO$JURQ-±

/RSH])DQGR&3DUGR077KHLPSDFWRIWLOODJHV\VWHPVDQGFURSURWDWLRQVRQFDUERQ VHTXHVWUDWLRQLQFDOFLFOXYLVRORIFHQWUDO6SDLQ,:RUOG&RQJUHVVRQ&RQVHUYDWLRQ$JULFXOWXUH 0DGULG±2FWREHU

/ySH])DQGR&'RUDGR-3DUGR07(IIHFWVRI]RQHWLOODJHLQURWDWLRQZLWKQRWLOODJHRQ VRLOSURSHUWLHVDQGFURS\LHOGVLQDVHPLDULGVRLOIURPFHQWUDO6SDLQ6RLO7LOO5HV±

/XSZD\L1=0RQUHDO0$&OD\WRQ*:*UDQW&$-RKQVWRQ$05LFH:$6RLOPLFURELDO ELRPDVVDQGGLYHUVLW\UHVSRQGWRWLOODJHDQGVXOSKXUIHUWLOL]HUV&DQ-6RLO6FL±

0DJGRII):HLO556RLORUJDQLFPDWWHUPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJLHV,Q0DJGRII):HLO55 HGV6RLORUJDQLFPDWWHULQVXVWDLQDEOHDJULFXOWXUH&5&1HZ<RUNSS±

0DQGR$0LHGHPD57HUPLWHLQGXFHGFKDQJHLQVRLOVWUXFWXUHDIWHUPXOFKLQJGHJUDGHG FUXVWHGVRLOLQWKH6DKHO$SSO6RLO(FRO±

0DUDVDV0(6DUDQGRQ6-&LFFKLQR$&&KDQJHVLQVRLODUWKURSRGIXQFWLRQDOJURXSLQD ZKHDWFURSXQGHUFRQYHQWLRQDODQGQRWLOODJHV\VWHPVLQ$UJHQWLQD$SSO6RLO(FRO±

0HOH30&DUWHU05,PSDFWRIFURSPDQDJHPHQWIDFWRUVLQFRQVHUYDWLRQWLOODJHIDUPLQJ RQHDUWKZRUPGHQVLW\DJHVWUXFWXUHDQGVSHFLHVDEXQGDQFHLQVRXWKHDVWHUQ$XVWUDOLD6RLO7LOO 0LWFKHOO&&$UULDJD)-(QWU\-$1RYDN-/*RRGPDQ:55HHYHV':5XQJH0:7UD[OHU*-5HV±

7KH2OG5RWDWLRQ±<HDUVRI6XVWDLQDEOH&URSSLQJ5HVHDUFK$ODEDPD

$JULFXOWXUDO([SHULPHQW6WDWLRQ$XEXUQ$/]< 1

0L\D]DZD.7VXML+<DPDJDWD01DNDQR+1DNDPRWR77KHHIIHFWVRIFURSSLQJV\V WHPVDQGIDOORZPDQDJHPHQWVRQPLFURDUWKURSRGSRSXODWLRQV3ODQW3URG6FL±

0RMHUHPDQH:5HHV500HQFXFFLQL07KHHIIHFWVRIVLWHSUHSDUDWLRQSUDFWLFHVRQFDU ERQGLR[LGHPHWKDQHDQGQLWURXVR[LGHIOX[HVIURPDSHDW\JOH\VRLO)RUHVWU\±

0RQW]ND6$'OXJRNHQFN\(-%XWOHU-+1RQ&2₂ greenhouse gases and climate change.

1DWXUH±

0RUHQR ) 0XULOOR -0 3HOHJUtQ ) *LUyQ ,) /RQJWHUP LPSDFW RI FRQVHUYDWLRQ WLOODJH RQVWUDWLILFDWLRQUDWLRRIVRLORUJDQLFFDUERQDQGORVVRIWRWDODQGDFWLYH&D&2₃6RLO7LOO5HV 0RUHWWR$6'LVWHO5$'LGRQH1*'HFRPSRVLWLRQDQGQXWULHQWG\QDPLFRIOHDIOLWWHUDQG± URRWVIURPSDODWDEOHDQGXQSDODWDEOHJUDVVHVLQDVHPLDULGJUDVVODQG$SSO6RLO(FRO±

0RULRQGR0%LQGL0.XQG]HZLF]=:6]ZHG0&KRU\QVNL$0DWF]DN3HWDO,PSDFW DQGDGDSWDWLRQRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRU(XURSHDQDJULFXOWXUHLQUHVSRQVHWRFOLPDWLFFKDQJHDQGYDUL DELOLW\0LWLJ$GDSW6WUDWHJ*ORE&KDQJH±

0UDEHW51RWLOODJHV\VWHPVIRUVXVWDLQDEOHGU\ODQGDJULFXOWXUHLQ0RURFFR,QVWLWXW1D WLRQDOGHOD5HFKHUFKH$JURQRPLTXH7DQJLHU

0UDEHW56DEHU1(O%UDKOL$/DKORX6%HVVDP)7RWDOSDUWLFXODWHRUJDQLFPDWWHUDQG VWUXFWXUDOVWDELOLW\RIDFDOFL[HUROOVRLOXQGHUGLIIHUHQWZKHDWURWDWLRQVDQGWLOODJHV\VWHPVLQD VHPLDULGDUHDRI0RURFFR6RLO7LOO5HV±

0XGJH)$GJHU:10HWKDQHIOX[HVIURPDUWLILFLDOZHWODQGVDJOREDODSSUDLVDO(QYLURQ 0DQDJ±

0XSDQJZD:7ZRPORZ6:DONHU6+RYH/(IIHFWRIPLQLPXPWLOODJHDQGPXOFKLQJ RQPDL]H=HDPD\V/\LHOGDQGZDWHUFRQWHQWRIFOD\H\DQGVDQG\VRLOV3K\V&KHP(DUWK 1HVELW63%UHLWHQEHFN*$$ODERUDWRU\VWXG\RIIDFWRUVLQIOXHQFLQJPHWKDQHXSWDNHE\±

VRLOV$JULF(FRV\VW(QYLURQ±

1HXH+8)OX[HVRIPHWKDQHIURPULFHILHOGVDQGSRWHQWLDOIRUPLWLJDWLRQ6RLO8VH0DQDJ 1HZFRPEH&30DFGRQDOG''(IIHFWVRIVXVSHQGHGVHGLPHQWVRQDTXDWLFHFRV\VWHPV1±

$P-)LVKHULHV0DQDJ±

1LVEHW0&&RPPXQLFDWLQJFOLPDWHFKDQJHZK\IUDPHVPDWWHUIRUSXEOLFHQJDJHPHQW (QYLURQ6FL3ROLF\6XVWDLQ'HYHORS±

1NHP-1GH%UX\Q/$/*UDQW&'+XOXJDOOH157KHLPSDFWRIDQWELRWXUEDWLRQDQG IRUDJLQJDFWLYLWLHVRQVXUURXQGLQJVRLOSURSHUWLHV3HGRELRORJLD±

1RXFKL,+RVRQR7$RNL.0LQDPL.6HDVRQDOYDULDWLRQLQPHWKDQHIOX[IURPULFHSDG GLHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKPHWKDQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQVRLOZDWHUULFHELRPDVVDQGWHPSHUDWXUHDQGLWV PRGHOLQJ3ODQW6RLO±

1RYDN 60 )LRUHOOL -/ *UHHQKRXVH JDVHV DQG DPPRQLD HPLVVLRQ IURP RUJDQLF PL[HG

Dans le document Conservation agriculture and climate change (Page 26-43)