Perspectives

Ainsi les récepteurs GluCls pourraient intervenir dans de nombreuses fonctions. Il serait intéressant d’évaluer leur participation dans les processus visuels ou tactiles. Avant de commencer ce travail de thèse, j’avais participé aux expériences des effets sub-létaux du

fipronil sur l’apprentissage tactile chez l’abeille, et notamment sur la latéralisation de l’information apprise. L’effet du fipronil aboutissait à une baisse de l’acquisition et une baisse sous-jacente des performances de rappel, mais n’affectait pas le transfert bilatéral du stimulus renforcé. Ceci avait permis de souligner le rôle des réseaux inhibiteurs dans ces processus d’apprentissage et de mémoire, auxquels participent les récepteurs GluCls, et qui sont ciblés par le fipronil. Ces travaux ont fait l’objet d’un article publié dans

Journal of Insect Physiology (Bernadou et al. 2009). Une utilisation d’outils plus

spécifiques, comme les siRNA dirigés contre l’un ou l’autre variants GluCls, permettrait peut-être de révéler un effet sur le transfert bilatéral de l’information apprise.

Si cela s’avère être le cas, alors il devient probable que les récepteurs GluCls participent à d’autres modalités sensorielles. Il serait tout à fait possible d’évaluer la participation des variants GluCls dans la vision et la locomotion au moyen de tests de phototaxie, déjà utilisés dans notre équipe pour évaluer l’effet d’exposition au thymol (Bergougnoux et al. 2012). Le corps central étant impliqué dans les comportements locomoteurs et d’orientation (Strauss 2002, Homberg 2008, Homberg et al. 2011) et connaissant la localisation anatomique des variants GluCls dans le corps central, notamment la division inférieure, il serait judicieux d’observer l’effet d’un traitement siRNA sur les capacités de vol et d’orientation de l’abeille, dans des expériences de libre-vol.

Au niveau cellulaire, une des perspectives les plus intéressantes que je n’ai pas eu le temps d’approfondir est la caractérisation du profil électrophysiologique de chaque variant. J’ai pu effectuer quelques enregistrements de cellules de Kenyon en patch-clamp (figure annexe A4), sans pouvoir aller plus loin. Cela aurait permis de corroborer l’observation de Guillaume Barbara sur l’existence des deux courants véhiculés par les canaux GluCls au niveau des cellules de lobe antennaire (Barbara et al. 2005), et d’essayer de chaque courant à un variant. Dans cette optique, un enjeu technique de taille aurait été la localisation spécifique de chaque variant sur des cellules en culture, et l’enregistrement en patch-clamp par la suite. La mise au point de cultures secondaires pures en cellules gliales permettrait d’avoir un bon modèle pour étudier l’expression et les propriétés des sous-unités Amel_GluCl natives. J’ai bon espoir, si l’avenir me le permet, de me remettre à travailler sur ces expériences. Il faudra probablement passer par la mise au point d’une technique de détection de variant plus efficace et qui n’affecte pas l’intégrité cellulaire. Une alternative envisageable est l’expression hétérologue dans

l’ovocyte de xénope, technique largement utilisée pour la caractérisation de profil électrophysiologique de différents récepteurs, GluCl y compris (Cully et al. 1994, Cully et al. 1996, Vassilatis et al. 1997, Forrester et al. 2003).

Enfin, un des aspects que j’aimerais expérimenter par la suite, et dont j’ai déjà exposé quelques pistes dans les ouvertures, serait la caractérisation de l’expression des récepteurs GluCls au cours du développement de l’abeille, en fonction de l’âge des abeilles adultes, mais également en fonction de la saison. Bien que l’abeille soit considérée comme « modèle-animal de laboratoire », elle n’en reste pas moins sous l’influence de l’environnement extérieur et de ses paramètres. Les premiers travaux de l’équipe consistaient à évaluer l’effet de pesticides sur le comportement de l’abeille, en se basant sur des études de terrain et en essayant d’évaluer l’effet en condition de laboratoire. En partant de cet aspect de recherche appliquée, nous sommes remontés petit-à-petit vers un aspect plus fondamental de la recherche ; dans mon cas, la caractérisation fonctionnelle de deux variants d’un récepteur dans un processus biologique fondamental, la mémoire. Essayer d’évaluer la dynamique d’expression des GluCls « sur le terrain » permettrait, en quelque sorte, de boucler la boucle : améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes d’action de certains pesticides et apporter un éclairage supplémentaire sur certains aspects de la physiologie de l’abeille.

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