Dans ce chapitre, nous avons tout d'abord passé en revue les principaux travaux traitant des dispersions colloïdales de nanoparticules magnétiques. La première partie de ce chapitre se compose d'une étude bibliographique décrivant les généralités sur NPM et les méthodes de stabilisation des ferrofluides (stérique et électrostatique). Le deuxième volet de ce chapitre, nous a permis de réviser les principaux travaux sur les transitions de phase induites par le champ magnétique et sur la cinétique d'agrégation des particules magnétiques en échelles différentes. La dernière partie de ce chapitre révise la séparation magnétique à deux échelles différentes ainsi que les séparateurs magnétiques.
De ces études bibliographiques, il en ressort plusieurs questions ouvertes dans le domaine de la séparation magnétique. Premièrement, il n’est pas claire comment l’agrégation de nanoparticules induite par le champ et la cinétique de cette agrégation influent la séparation magnétique. Deuxièmement, le rôle de plusieurs paramètres (tels que le paramètre de couplage dipolaire , la concentration de particules, l’orientation du champ magnétique par rapport à l’écoulement) sur la séparation magnétique de nanoparticules reste très peu connu. Finalement, les effets de recouvrement de la surface de nanoparticules (conduisant à un changement des interactions magnétiques et colloïdales) sur leur agrégation sous champ et leur séparation magnétique restent très peu étudiés. Ces questions sont importantes à la fois pour la recherche fondamentale (meilleure compréhension de la séparation magnétique de NPM) et pour les applications de NPM dans des systèmes de microfiltration magnétique.
Pour faire ces études nous avons besoin de NPM superparamagnétiques de taille intermédiaire (environ entre 20 et 100 nm). L’une des façons d’avoir les particules superparamagnétiques de cette taille est de synthétiser des nanoclusters composés de plusieurs NPM de taille environ 10 nm au lieu de synthétiser des nanoparticules isolées de
32
taille 20-100 nm, car ces dernières seront sans doute ferro- ou ferrimagnétiques avec cette taille.
Les problèmes ouverts cités ci-dessus seront abordés dans ce travail et ils nous permettent de formuler les objectifs suivants de la thèse :
1. La synthèse de nanoclusters superparamagnétiques de taille intermédiaire (20-100 nm) par la méthode de coprécipitation de sels de fer et la caractérisation par différentes techniques.
2. Etablir les lois de comportement de la cinétique d'agrégation de nanoclusters synthétisés sous l'effet d'un champ magnétique appliqué. Plus concrètement l'évolution de taille et de la forme des agrégats composés des nanoclusters en fonction du temps, de l'intensité du champ magnétique et de la concentration de nanoclusters sera étudiée par la visualisation par la microscopie optique, ces résultats seront comparés à la théorie élaborée en collaboration avec professeur A. Zubarev en tenant compte de la coalescence des agrégats de nanoclusters.
3. Etablir les lois de comportement de la filtration des nanoclusters magnétiques de taille intermédiaire (20-100 nm) à travers un réseau ordonné de microplots de nickel. Plus concrètement l’évolution de la taille de dépôts de nanoclusters captés par des microplots en fonction du temps, de la vitesse et du champ magnétique sera étudiée pour les deux réseaux de géométries différentes.
4. Etablir l'effet de recouvrement de la surface de nanoclusters sur les interactions magnétiques et colloïdales entre eux et sur le processus de filtration magnétique. Nous allons réaliser les expériences de filtration sur un plot isolé dans un canal microfluidique et nous allons comparer les performances des nanoclusters fonctionnalisés par des surfactants/polymères différents.
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