Southern Africa
3.3 National and subregional responses to water scarcity and climate change
SADC has recently issued its strategic response to the impacts of climate change on water resources.
These responses are outlined in the document on Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in SADC: a Strategy for the Water Sector. The main objective of the SADC strategy is to improve climate resil-ience in Southern Africa through integrated and adapted water resources management at regional, river basin and local levels. In addition, the strategy is aimed at promoting further the application of integrated water resources management as a priority tool to reduce climate vulnerability and to ensure that water management systems are well adapted to cope with increased climate variability (SADC, 2011).
This is not the first time that SADC is responding to issues in the water sector. In the early 1990s, the SADC Secretariat coordinated the preparation of the SADC Regional Strategic Action Plan for Inte-grated Water Resources Development and Management in the SADC Countries (RSAP I, 1999-2004).
In line with this overall framework, the SADC Regional Water Supply and Sanitation Programme was developed in 2004 as a collaborative regional framework for effective planning and management of water supply and sanitation in order to enable member States to improve and accelerate the provision of water and sanitation services effectively at country level in order to achieve the MDGs and the Southern Africa Water Vision (SADC, 2005).
The two regional frameworks were aimed at addressing, among other issues, institutional weaknesses including legal and regulatory frameworks at national and regional levels, improving national and transboundary river-basin management, planning and coordination, promoting public participation and addressing infrastructure inadequacies to meet growing demand for service.
SADC is leading efforts in adaptation and mitigation to climate change. In the water sector, mitigation and adaptation measures include harmonization of water governance and water-management sys-tems in the subregion, which consist of the political, social and administrative syssys-tems to develop and manage water at different levels of society. SADC is also providing leadership by supporting countries to develop infrastructure for stocking and distributing water.
The system would require development, financing and implementing structures for irrigation, drain-age, water supply and sanitation, hydropower generation, flood management and early-warning sys-tems for droughts and floods.
Apart from SADC-led activities and programmes on water and climate change, there are a number of intergovernmental interventions on various aspects of climate change in the subregion. These include the SADC Drought Monitoring Centre (DMC), whose main mandate is to carry out climate monitor-ing and prediction for early warnmonitor-ing and mitigation of adverse impacts of extreme climatic events on agricultural production, food security, water resources, energy, and health, among other socioeco-nomic sectors. SADC also implemented the Groundwater and Drought Management project with funding from the World Bank. The project was aimed at assisting SADC member States to develop co-operatively “a strategic regional approach to support and enhance the capacity of its Member States in the definition of drought-management policies, specifically in relation to the role, availability (magnitude and recharge) and supply potential of groundwater resources.”5 Most countries included water adaptation aspects in the process of formulating and implementing National Adaptation Pro-grammes of Action (NAPAs).
The NAPAs are an initiative agreed under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN-FCCC) at its Conference of Parties in 2001, which provide a process for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to identify priority activities that respond to their urgent and immediate needs to adapt to climate change – those for which further delay would increase vulnerability and/or costs at a later stage (UNFCCC, 2013).
The NAPAs serve the purpose of communicating urgent and immediate adaptation linkages, includ-ing to long-term strategy frameworks such as Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), Water Acts, etc (UNESCO, 2009).
The NAPA for Mozambique for example, is cited as one that clearly links the physical and social processes behind the country’s vulnerabilities to short- and long-term impacts of climate change.
The Zambian NAPA, on the other hand, identifies rain-fed agriculture, water and energy as some of the vulnerable sectors, but fails to link to the Zambezi River Authority in its proposed strategies for addressing vulnerability in the water sector. It only identifies reducing human-wildlife conflict as a reason for communities to maintain water infrastructure. Hence, a major concern is that many countries have not developed or adopted any formal plans for the water-resources sector which can act as responses to climate-related impacts and extremes, such as droughts and floods. Most water policies respond to access issues and hence focus on increasing water abstraction and use, and also on demand management through pricing.
5 quoted from the SADC website, http://www.sadc-groundwater.org/
The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), held in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002, issued the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI), which included Integrated Water Re-source Management (IWRM) as one of the key mechanisms for achieving sustainable development.
The concept of IWRM had originated from a 1992 International Conference on Water and the Envi-ronment (ICWE) in Dublin, Ireland. The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development (also known as the “Dublin Principles”) outlined IWRM as covering these points: (i) freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment; (ii) water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, plan-ners and policymakers at all levels; (iii) women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water; and (iv) that water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.
Although the JPOI called for all countries to: “Develop integrated water resources management and water efficiency plans by 2005, with support to developing countries”, very few countries in the sub-region have adopted IWRM to date (Table 4). There is thus a need for countries to follow up on their commitments, as agreed during the WSSD.
Table 5: Evidence of adoption and use of the Integrated Water Resource Management approach
Country National policies and frameworks
Angola IWRM & Water Efficiency Roadmap - Ministry of Water & Energy (draft 2007)
Botswana IWRM Strategy and Action Plan - Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources (2006) Malawi National Water Policy - Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development (2005)
Water Resources Act No. 15 of 1969 with later amendments. Government of Malawi
Integrated Water Resources Management/Water Efficiency (IWRM/WE) Plan for Malawi - Ministry of Ir-rigation and Water Development (draft 2007)
Mozambique Government of Mozambique - Water Act, Lei de Aguas, 16/91 3 August (1991)
IWRM Plan - Direccao Nacional de Aguas, Ministry of Public Works and Housing (draft 2007) Seychelles Water Regulations - Public Utilities Corporation (1988)
Water Supply Development Plan - Public Utilities Corporation (2005) Water Policy - Public Utilities Corporation
Tanzania Act no. 42 of 1974 - Government of Tanzania (draft 2007)
National Water Sector Development Programme 2006-2025 - Ministry of Water (2006) IWRM Strategy and Action Plan - Ministry of Water (2004)
National Water Policy - Ministry of Water (2002)
National Water Law based on revised Water Act No. 42 of 1974 - Government of Tanzania (draft 2007) Lesotho Roadmap to completing integrated water resources management and water efficiency planning in Lesotho
Ministry of Natural Resources, Water Commission (April 2007) Namibia National Water Policy White Paper - Government of Namibia (2000)
Water Resources Management Act - Government of Namibia (2004)
Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy and Action Plan - Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development (2006)
Swaziland Water Policy - Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy (draft 2007) IWRM and Water Efficiency Plan - Water Resources Branch (draft 2007) Water Act (2003) - Government of Swaziland
Source: UNWater, 2008
Water-resource management will be complicated by emerging challenges, including the impacts of climate change. Although water-stress scenarios are dynamic and might not materialize at a subre-gional scale, the localized impacts of water stress and water scarcity are already being felt by a num-ber of countries including South Africa, the leading economy in the subregion.
Sanitation is also a key developmental issue for most countries in the subregion. Rapid population increases, urbanization and competition for resources will continue hampering progress, particularly if countries do not include implementing resource-management and sanitation strategies in their in-tegrated national development plans as priorities.
A number of countries are implementing integrated water-resource management approaches in order to adapt and mitigate the impacts of climate change. SADC is also taking the lead in harmonizing
na-tional strategies in climate-change adaptation and mitigation. However, there is a need for countries to fulfill their commitments, particularly with regard to internationally agreed targets and milestones.
The future of freshwater resource management in the subregion will depend on countries meeting their national targets in terms of providing improved water and sanitation and also on international cooperation in the utilization of shared water resources. A major component of cooperation is the implementation of integrated water-management strategies at the regional level.