Os dados obtidos permitem as seguintes conclusões:
O consumo contínuo de álcool seguido de sua retirada a curto e longo prazo, favoreceu o aumento da densidade de células imunomarcadas para a 5-HT na DRL e subdivisões da DRV;
O aumento na densidade de células imunomarcadas na DRV no grupo consumo contínuo pode estar relacionado com efeitos de reforço positivo que contribuem para o quadro de dependência em indivíduos alcoólatras;
O aumento na densidade de células imunomarcadas para a 5-HT, tanto na DRL como na DRV poderia ser atribuído a alterações neuroadaptativas nos sistemas GABAérgicos, glutamatérgicos e vias do estresse em nível de DRN, após exposição contínua ao álcool;
Embora o presente estudo tenha contribuído para o entendimento da neurobiologia do comportamento do tipo ansioso observado em animais após a retirada de álcool, mais investigações envolvendo os receptores aqui citados devem se realizadas, tanto nas áreas de síntese de 5-HT como nas áreas de projeções que medeiam o comportamento do tipo defensivo em animais.
REFERÊNCIAS
ABRAMS, J. K. et al. Anatomic and functional topography of the dorsal raphe nucleus. New York Academy of Sciences, v. 1018, p. 46-57, 2004.
ABREU-VILLAÇA, Y. et al. Combined exposure to nicotine and etanol in adolescente mice differentially affects anxiety levels during exposure, short-term and long-term withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology, v. 33, n. 3, p. 599-610, 2008.
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. Manual diagnóstico e estatístico de transtornos mentais. 5. Ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2014. 948p.
ALBINO, M. C. Avaliação dos efeitos do uso crônico e da retirada do álcool sobre células imunomarcadas para serotonina no núcleo dorsal da rafe em ratas. 2019. 63f.
Dissertação (mestrado em biologia estrutural e funcional), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 2019. BALLENGER, J. C. et al. Alcohol and Central Serotonin Metabolism in Man. Archives of General Psychiatry, v. 36, n. 2, p. 224, 1979.
BANKI, C. M. Factors influencing monoamine metabolites and tryptophan in patients with alcohol dependence. Journal of Neural Transmission, v. 50, p. 89-101, 1981.
BRANDÃO, M. L.; AGUIAR, J. C.; GRAEFF, F. G. GABA mediation on the anti-aversive action of minor tranquilizers. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, v. 16, p. 397-402, 1982.
BENDOTTI, C. et al. Increased tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA in raphe serotonergic neurons spared by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Mol Brain Res. v. 8, p. 343-348, 1990. BOCKSTAELE, E. J. V.; BISWAS, A; PICKEL, V. M. Topography of serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that send axon collaterals to the rat prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Brain Research, v. 624, p. 188-198, 1993.
BOADLE-BIBER, M. C. Regulation of serotonin synthesis. Prog. Biophys. Molec. Biol., v. 60, p. 1-15, 1993.
BRUNNER, D.; HEN, R. Insights into the neurobiology of impulsive behavior from serotonin receptor knockout mice. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. v. 836, p. 81-105, 1997.
BADAWY, A. A. B. Alcohol, aggression and serotonin: Metabolic aspects. Alcohol and Alcoholism, v. 33, n. 1, p. 66-72, 1998.
BARE, D. J.; McKINZIE, J. H.; McBRIDE, W. J. Development of rapid tolerance to ethanol-stimilated serotonin release in the ventral hippocampus. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 1998.
BAILEY, C. P. et al. Prolonged changis in neurochemistry of dopamine neurons after chonic ethanol consumption. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, v. 66, p. 153-161, 2000.
BAGO, M. MARSON, L.; DEAN, C. Serotonergic projections to the rostroventrolateral medulla from midbrain and raphe nuclei. Brain Res. v. 945, p. 249-258, 2002.
BUTT, Christopher, M. et al. A polymorphism in the α4 nicotinic receptor function by ethanol. Alcoholism: clinical and experimental research, v. 27, n. 5, 2003.
BECKER, H. C.; LOPEZ, M.F.; DOREMUS-FITZWATER, T. L. Effects of stress on alcohol drinking: a review of animal studies. Psychopharmacology, v. 218, p. 131-156, 2011.
BRUTON, Laurence L. As bases farmacológicas da terapêutica de Goodman & Gilman. 12. Ed. Porto Alegre: AMGH, 2012. 2080p.
BEVERAGGI, A. D. L’alcoolisme feminine: d’une meilleure connaissance de la maladie alcoolique pour une prise en charge plus efficace. Fédération Regionale Addictologie Réunion, 2012.
BELMER, Arnauld et al. Serotonergic neuroplasticity in alcohol addiction. Brain Plasticity, v. 1, p. 177-206, 2016.
CARMONI, E. et al. Differential inhibitory effects of a 5-HT3 antagonist on drug-induced
stimulation of dopamine release. European Journal of Pharmacology, v. 164, n. 3, p. 515- 519, 1989.
COLOMBO, G.; GRANT, K. A. NMDA receptor complex antagonists have etanol-like discriminative stimulus effcts. Annals new York academy of sciences, 1992.
CORSO, T. D. et al. Brain neuronal degeneration caused by episodic alcohol intoxication in rats: effects of nimodipine, 6,7-dinstra-quinoxalina-2,3-dione, and MK-801.
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, v. 22, n. 1, 1998.
CREWS, F. T. et al. Binger ethanol consumption causes differential brain damage in young adolescent rats compared with adult rats. Alcoholism: clinical and experimental research, v. 24. N. 11, 2000.
______. et al. Alcohol-induced neurodegeneration: when, where and whay? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, v. 28, n. 2, p. 350-364, 2004.
______. et al. BHT Blocks NF-Kb activation and athanol-induced brain damage. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, v. 30, n. 11, 2006.
COMMONS, K.; VALENTINO, R. J. Cellular basis for the effects of substance P in the periaqueductal gray and dorsal raphe nucleus. Journal C. Neural, v. 447, p 82-97, 2002. ______; BECK, S. G.; BEY, V. W. Two populations of glutamatergic axons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus defined by the vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2. Eur. Journal Neurosci, v. 21, n. 6, p. 1577-1588, 2005.
CORAZZA, P. R. Alcoolismo e cormobidades na população feminina: uma revisão de literatura. UNIFESP, 2008.
COLLINS, M. A.; NEAFSEY, E. J. Neuroinflammatory pathways in binge alcohol-
induced neural degeneration: oxidative stress cascade involving aquaporin, brain edema, and phospholipase A2 activation. Neurotox Res., v. 21, p. 70-78, 2012.
CENTRO DE INFORMAÇÕES SOBRE SAÚDE E ÁLCOOL – CISA. Efeitos do álcool. Disponível em: www.cisa.org.br, acesso: 21 de abr. 2019a.
______. Álcool e mulheres: cenário atual. Disponível em: www.cisa.org.br, acesso: 24 de jun. 2019b.
DEVAUD, L. L. et al. Chonic ethanol consumption differentially alters the expression of y-aminobutyric acidA receptor gene expression by ethanol in the rat hippocampus versus
cerebral cortex. Journal of Neurochemistry, 1998.
DESCARRIES, Laurent et al. The serotonin neurons in nucleus raphe dorsalis of adult rat: a light and electro microscope radioautographic study. The Journal of Comparative
Neurology, v. 207, p. 239-259, 1982.
DEAKING, J. F. W.; GRAEFF, F. G. 5-HT and mechanisms of defence. Journal of Psychopharmacology, v. 5, n. 4, p. 305-315, 1991.
DECKETT, S.; MARSDEN, C. A. The effect of central and systemic injection of the 5- HT1A receptor agonist 8-OHDPAT and the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist wayloo635 on
periaqueductal grey-induced defence behavior. Journal of Psychopharmacology, v. 11, n. 1, p. 35-40, 1997.
DOREMUS-FITZWATER, T. L.; SPEAR, L.P. Developmental differences in acute ethanol withdrawal in adolescent and adult rats. Alchol Clin. Exp. Res., v. 31, n. 9, p. 1516-1527, 2007.
ELISON, G.; DANIEL, F.; ZORASTER, R. Delayed increases in alcohol consumption occur in rat lonies but not in isolated rats after injections of monoamine neurotoxins. Exp. Neurol., v. 65, p. 608-615, 1979.
EARLEYWINE, Mitchell. Personality risk for alcoholism covaries with hangover symptoms. Addctive behaviorns, v. 18, pp. 415-420, 1993.
EHRENREICH, H. et al. Endocrine and hemadynamic effects of stress versus systemic CRF in alcoholics during early and medium term abstinence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, v. 21, p. 1285-1293, 1997.
EVANS, A. K.; HEERKES, J. L. T.; LOWRY. Acoustic stimulation in vivo and
corticotropin-releasing factor in vivo increase tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the rat caudal dorsal raphe nucleus. Neurosci Leh, v. 455, p. 36-41, 2009.
FREZZA, Mario et al. The role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1990.
FADDA, F. et al. MDL 72222, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, suppresses
voluntary ethanol consumption in alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Alcohol, v. 26, p. 107- 110.
FULGINITI, S. VIGLIECCA, N. S. MINETTI, S. A. Acute ethanol intoxication during pregnancy: postnatal effects on the behavioral response to serotonin agents. Alcohol, v. 9, n. 6, p. 523-527, 1992.
FREDMAN, L. J.; SHI, C. Monoaminergic innervation of the macaque extended amygdala. Neuroscience, 2001.
GOMBERG, E. S. L. Women and alcohol: use and abuse. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, v. 181, n. 4, 1993.
GROBIN A. C. et al. The role GABAA receptors in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol. Psychopharmacol. n. 139, p. 2-19, 1998.
GILPIN, N. W.; KOOB, G. F. Neurobiology of alcohol dependence: focus on motivation mechanisms. Alcohol Res. Health, v. 31, p. 185-195, 2008.
HO, A. K. et al. Increased in alcohol preference by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine and brain acetylcholine. Psychopharmacologia, v. 40, p. 101-107, 1974.
HARPER, C. G.; SMITH, N. A.; KRIL, J. J. The effects of alcohol on the female brain: a neuropathological study. Alcohol & alcoholism, v. 25, n. 5, p. 445-448, 1990.
HARDING, A. J. et al. Chronic alcohol consumption does not cause hippocampal neuron loss in humans. Hippocampus, v. 7, p. 78-87, 1997.
HAMMOUMI, Saloua et al. Does the short variant of the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region constitute a marker of alcohol dependence? Alcohol, v. 17, n. 2, pp. 107-112, 1999.
HEINZ, Andreas et al. Reduced cemtral serotonin transporters in alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry, 1998.
______. et al. A relationship between serotonin transporter genotype and in vivo protein expression and alcohol neurotoxicity. Biol Psychiatry, v. 47, p. 643-649, 2000.
______. et al. Serotonergic dysfunction, negative mood states, and response to alcohol. Alcoholism: clinical and experimental research, v. 25, n. 4, 2001.
______. et al. Serotonin transporter availability correlates with alcohol intake in non- human primates. Molecular Psychiatry, v. 8, p. 231-234, 2003.
HOFMANN, C. E.; PATYK, I. A. WEINBERG, J. Prenatal ethanol exposure: sex differences in anxiety and anxiolytic response to a 5-HT1A agonist. Pharmacol Biochem
Behav. v. 82, n. 3, p. 549-58, 2005.
HASEGAWA, H.; ICHIYAMA, A. Distinctive iron requirement of trypthophan 5-
monooxygenase: TPH1 requires dissociable ferrous iron. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, v. 338, p. 277-284, 2005.
HECKMANN, W.; SILVEIRA, C. M. Dependência do álcool: aspectos clínicos e
diagnósticos. In: Andrade A. G.; Anthony, J. C. (eds.). O álcool e suas consequências, uma abordagem multiconceitual, Barueri: Minha Editora, p. 67-87, 2009.
HU, Jian et al. Serotonin 1B receptor imaging in alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry, v. 67, p. 800-803, 2010.
HASEGAWA, H.; NAKAMURA, K. Trypotophan hydroxylase and serotonin synthesis regulation. In: Muller, C, Jacobs, B. (eds). Handbook of behavioral neurobiology of serotonin. Amsterdam: Elsevier B. V, pp. 183-202, 2010.
HORNUNG, J. P. The neuronatomy of the serotonergic system. In: MULLER, C.; JACOBS (eds.). Handbook of the behavioral neurobiology of serotonin, p. 51-64, 2010.
JOSLYN, Geoff et al. Chromosome 15q25.1 genetic markers associated with level of response to alcohol in humans. PNAS, v. 105, n. 51, 2008.
KORBO, L. Glial cell loss in the hippocampus of alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, v. 23, n. 1, 1999.
KIRBY, L.G.; RICE, K.C.; VALENTINO, R. J. Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on neuronal activity in the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology, v. 22, n. 2, 2000.
KOOB, G. F.; VOLKOW, N. D. Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, n. 35, p. 217-238, 2010.
KASPER, J. et al. The serotonin receptor modulator, (-)-trans-PAT, decreases voluntary ethanol consumption in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol, v. 718, p. 98-104, 2013.
LEVITT, P.; MOORE, R. Y. Developmental organization of raphe serotonin neuron groups in the rat. Anatomy and Embryology, v. 154, p. 241-251, 1978.
LAPPALAINEN, J. et al. Linkage of antisocial alcoholism to the serotonin 5-HT1B
receptor gene in 2 populations. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, v. 55, p. 989-994, 1998.
LJUBIC-THIBAL, V. et al. Origin of the serotonergic innervation to the rat dorsolateral hypothalamus: retrograde transport of cholera toxin and upregulation of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA expression following selective nerve terminals lesion. Synapse, v. 32, n. 3, p. 177-186, 1999.
LARANJEIRA, R. et al. Consenso sobre a síndrome de abstinência do álcool (SAA) e o seu tratamento. Ver. Bras. Psiquiatr., v.22, n. 2, p. 62-71, 2000.
LANGEN, B.; DIETZE, S.; FINK, H. Acute effect of ethanol on anxiety and 5-HT in the prefrontal cortex of rats. Alcohol, v. 27, n. 2, p. 135-141, 2002.
LOWRY, C. A. et al. Topographic organization and chemoarchitecture of the dorsal raphe nucleus and the median raphe nucleus. In: Serotonin and Sleep: Molecular, Functional and Clinical Aspects. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, p. 25–67, 2008.
LAUCHT, Manfred et al. Impact of psychosocial adversity on alcohol intake in young adults: moderation by the LL genotype of the serotonin transporter polymorphism. Biol Psychiatry, v. 66, p. 102-109, 2009.
LOWERY-GIONTA, E. G.; MARCINKIEWCZ, C. A.; KASH, T. L. Functional alterations in the dorsal raphe nucleus fallowing acute and chronic ethanol exposure.
Neuropychopharmacology, 2014.
McCREEY, M. J.; HUNT, W. A. Physico-chemical correlates of alcohol intoxication. Neuropharmacology, v. 17, pp. 451-461, 1997.
MAHER, J. J. Exploring alcohol’s effects on liver function. Alcohol Health e Research World, v. 21, n. 1, 1997.
MATTHEWS, D. B. et al. Differential regulation of GABAA receptor gene expression by
ethanol in the rat hippocampus versus cerebral cortex. Journal of neurochemistry, 1998. McBRIDE, W. J. Serotonin, dopamine and GABA involvement in alcohol drinking of selectively bred rats. Alcohol, v. 7, pp. 199-205, 1990.
______. et al. Regional CNS densities of monoamine receptors in alcohol-neive alcohol- preferring P and -nonpreferring NP rats. Alcohol, n. 14, n. 2, p. 141-148, 1997.
______. Central nucleus of the amygdala and the effects of alcohol and alcohol-drinking behavior in rodents. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, v. 71, n. 3, p. 509-515, 2002.
MANN, K. et al. Neuroimaging of gender differences in alcohol dependence: are women more vulnerable? Alcoholism: Clinical and experimental research, n. 5, v. 29, 2005.
MATTEO, V. D. et al. Serotonin modulation of the basal ganglia circuitry: therapeutic implication for Parkinson’s disease and other motor disorders. Prog Brain Res. v. 172, p. 423-463, 2008.
MAXIMINO, C. 2012a. Nodal structures in anxiety-like and panic-like responses. In: Serotonin and anxiety (Book), chapter 3, p. 37-78, 2012.
______. 2012b. The deakin-graeff hypothesis. In: Serotonin and anxiety (Book), chapter 4, p. 79-85, 2012.
______. 2012c. Topographic organization of DRN. In: In: Serotonin and anxiety (Book), chapter 5, p. 87-103, 2012.
MARCINKIEWCZ, C. A. Serotonergic systems in the pathophysiology of ethanol dependence: relevance to clinical alcoholism. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 2015.
MARTINEZ, A.; ALLODI, S.; UZIEL, D. Neuroanatomia essencial. 1. Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2014.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM – NIAA. Drinking levels defined. Disponível em: www.niaaa.nih.gov, acesso: 03 de jun. 2019. OLIVE, M. F. et al. Stimulation of endorphin neurotransmission in the nucleus
accumbens by ethanol, cocaine, and amphetamine. The Journal of Neuroscience, v. 21, 2001.
OVERSTREET, D. H. et al. Similar anxiety-like responses in male and female rats exposed to repeated withdrawals from ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav., v. 78, n.3, p. 459-464, 2004.
______. et al. Reducion in repeated ethanol-withdrawal induced anxiety-like behavior by site-selective injections of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C ligands. Psychopharmacology, v. p. 1-12,
2006.
ORGANIZAÇÃO PANAMERICANA De SAÚDE (OPAS). Regional status report on alcohol and health in the americans. Wasshington, 2015.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (OMS). Global status report on alcohol and heath. 2018. PIETRASZEK, M. H. et al. Alcohol-induced depression: involvement of serotonin. Alcohol e Alcoholodm, v.26, n.2, pp. 155-159, 1991.
PFEFFERBAUM, Adolf et al. Brain gray and White matter volume loss accelerates with aging in chronic alcoholics: a quantitative MRI study. Alcoholism: Clinical and
experimental Research, v. 16, n. 6, p. 1078-1089, 1992.
PAPADEAS, S.; GROPIN, A. C.; MOROW, A. L. Chronic ethanol consumption
differentially alters GABAA receptor α1 and α4 subunit peptide expression and GABAA
receptor-mediated 36C- uptake in mesocorticolimbic regions of rat brain. Alcoholism:
Clinical and Experimental Research, v. 25, n. 9, 2001.
PATKAR A., A. et al. Changes in plasma noradrenaline and serotonin levels and craving during alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol and Alcoholism, v. 38, n. 3, p. 224-231, 2003.
______; MARSDEN, C. A.; NAIK, P. C. Differences in peripheral noradrenergic function among actively drinking and abstinent alcohol-dependent individuals. American Journal on addictions, v. 13, p. 225-235, 2004.
PRAT, G.; ADAN, A; SÁNCHEZ-TURET, M. Alcohol hangover: a critical review of explanatory factors. Human Psychopharmacology, v. 24, p. 259-267, 2009.
PIERUCCI, Massimo et al. 2014. Role of central serotonina receptors in nicotine addiction. In: LESTER, R. A. J. (Ed.), Nicotinic receptors, chaper 14, 2014.
PAUL, E. D. et al. The Deaking/Graeff hypothesis: focus on serotonergic inhibition of panic. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 2014.
PEHRSON, A. L.; JEYARAJAH, T.; SANCHEZ, C. Regional distribution of serotonergic receptors: a systems neuroscience perspective on the downstream effects of the
multimodal-acting antidepressant vortioxetine on excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. CNS Spectrums, v. 21, p. 162-183, 2015.
QIN, L.; CREWS, F. T. Focal thalamic degeneration from ethanol and thiamine deficiency is associated with neuroimmune gene induction, microglial activation, and lack of monocarboxylic acid transportes. Alcoholism: Clinical and experimental research, v. 38, n. 3, 2014.
RANCE, N. E.; USWANDI, S. V.; MCMULLEN, N. T. Neuronal hypertrophy in the hypothalamus of older men. Neurobiology of Aging, v. 14, p. 337-342, 1983.
RASMUSSEN, D. D. el al. Chronic dally ethanol and withdrawal: 1. Long-term changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental
Research, v. 24, p. 1836-1849, 2000.
RODD-HENRICKS, Z. A. et al. Effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists on daily alcohol
intake under acquisition, maintenance, and relapse conditions in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol, v.21, p. 73-85.
ROTHMAN, R. B.; BLOUGH, B. E.; BAUMANN, M. H. Dual dopamine/serotonin releasers as potential medications for stimulante and alcohol addictions. The AAPS Journal, v. 9, n. 1, 2007.
SVENSSON, Stefan et al. Activities of human alhol dehydrogenases in the metabolic pathways of ethanol and serotonin. Eur. J. Biochem, v. 262, p. 324-329, 1999.
SPAN, S. A.; EARLEYWINE, M. Familial risk for alcoholism and hangover symptoms. Addictive Behaviors, v. 24, n.1, pp. 121-125, 1999.
SCHUCKIT, M. C. et al. Seletive genotyping for the role of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and GABAα 6
receptors and the serotonin transporter in the level of response to alcohol: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry, v. 45, p. 647-651, 1999.
SEIBEL, S. D. Dependência de drogas. 2. Ed. São Paulo: Editora Atheneu, 2010.
SANTOS, R. O. Avaliação dos efeitos da retirada do etanol em curto e longo prazo sobre respostas comportamentais relacionadas à ansiedade e sobre células imunorreativas para a serotonina no núcleo dorsal da rafe em ratas. 2014. 83f. Dissertação (mestrado em ciências biológicas) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 2014.
TAVARE, M. A.; PAULA-BARBOSA, M.M. Alcohol-indiced granule cell loss in the cerebelar córtex of the adult rat. Experimental Neurology, v. 78, p. 574-582, 1982. TOLLEFSON, G.D. Anxiety and alcoholism: A serotonina link. British Journal of Psychiatry, v. 159, n. 12, p. 34-39, 1991.
TOMKINS, D. M.; SELLERS, E. M.; FLETCHER, P. J. Median and dorsal raphe injections of the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, and the GABAA agonist, muscimol,
increase voluntary ethanol intake in Wistar rats. Neuropharmacology, v. 33, p. 349-358, 1994.
TOMKINS, D. M. et al. An investigation of the role of 5-HT2C receptors in modifying
ethanol self-administration behavior. Pharmacol Biochem. Behav., v. 71, p. 735-744, 2002. TIRAPELLI, C. R. et al. Chronic ethanol intake modulates vascular levels of endothelin-1 receptor and enhances the pressor response to endothelin-1 in anaesthetized rats. Br J Pharmacol, v. 154, n. 5, p. 971-981, 2008.
UZBAY, I. T. et al. Dopaminergic and serotonergic alterations in the rat brain during ethanol withdrawal: association with behavioral signs. Drug and alcohol dependence, v. 53, p. 39-47, 1998.
UZBAY, İ. T.; USANMAZ, S. E.; AKARSU, E. S. Effects of Chronic Ethanol Administration on Serotonin Metabolism in the Various Regions of the Rat Brain. Neurochemical Research, v. 25, n. 2, p. 257–262, 2000.
VALENZUELA, C. F. Alcohol and neurotransmitter interactions. Alcohol Health e Research World, v. 21, n. 2, 1997.
VASCONCELOS, S. M. M. et al. Effects of chronic ethanol treatment on monoamine levels in rat hippocampus and striatum. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, v. 37, n. 12, p. 1839-1846, 2004.
VERSTER, J. C. The alcohol hangover – A puzzling phenomenon. Alcohol e alcoholism, v. 43, n. 2, pp. 124-126, 2008.
WALLIS, C. J. et al. Role of serotonin in ethanol abuse. Curr. Trend. Rev., v. 30, p. 178- 188, 1993.
WISE, R. Neurobiology of addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol, v. 6, p. 243-251, 1996.
WEISS, Friedbert et al. Ethanol self-administration restores withdrawal-associated deficiencies in accumbal dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine release in dependent rats. The journal of Neuroscience, v. 16, n. 10, p. 3474-3485, 1996.
WOODS, J. M.; DRUSE, M. J. Effects of Chronic Ethanol Consumption and Aging on Dopamine, Serotonin, and Metabolites. Journal of Neurochemistry, v. 66, n. 5, p. 2168- 2178, 1996.
WOOD, A. J. J. Drug therapy for alcohol dependence. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1999.
WASELUS, Maria et al. Collateralized dorsal raphe nucleus projections: a mechanism for the integration of diverse functions during stress. Journal of Neuroanatomy, v. 41, p. 266-280, 2011.
YOSHIMOTO, K. et al. Alcohol stimulates the release of dopamine and serotonina in the nucleus accumbens. Alcohol, v. 9, pp. 17-22, 1991.
______. et al. Possibility of 5-HT3 receptor involvement in alcohol dependence: a
microdialysis study of nucleus accumbens dopamine and serotonin release in rats with chonic alcohol comsumption. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, v. 20, n. 9, 1996.
ZALESKI, M. et al. Neuropharmacological aspects of chronic alcohol use and withdrawal syndrome. Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr., v. 26, n. 1, p. 40-42, 2004.