Mod´elisation de l’´evolution des galaxies

donn´ees HI galactiques trait´ees (Parkes + ATCA, et DRAO), il sera possible de soustraire avec pr´ecision cette contribution d’avant plan.

Le suivi multi longueurs d’onde des sources FIRBACK a d´eja donn´e des r´esultats int´er´essants au JCMT ou `a l’IRAM. Il importe de continuer l’effort d’observation.

6.3 Mod´elisation de l’´evolution des galaxies

Avec les donn´ees provenant de relev´es profonds d’ISO `a 15 et 170 µm et de SCUBA `a 850µm, des relev´es locaux d’ISO et d’IRAS `a 60, et 90µm, et la connaissance du spectre du fond extragalactique infrarouge, il est maintenant possible de contraindre l’´evolution des galaxies infrarouges en utilisant cette information panchromatique.

J’ai d´evelopp´e un mod`ele qui ajuste tous les comptages profonds actuellement disponibles dans le domaine infrarouge et submillim´etrique. Il s’agit d’un mod`ele ph´enom´enologique dont les seules entr´ees sont une famille de spectres de galaxies starburst de diff´erentes luminosit´es, et la fonction de luminosit´e lo-cale observ´ee. Le seul param`etre libre est la mani`ere de faire ´evoluer la fonc-tion de luminosit´e des galaxies. Ce param`etre libre s’av`ere ˆetre fortement contraint grˆace aux nombreuses observations. Il ne s’agit pas d’imprimer une ´evolution classique en luminosit´e pure ou en densit´e pure. Il s’agit de concentrer l’´evolution de type luminosit´e seulement sur une partie de la po-pulation, les galaxies tr`es lumineuses en l’occurence, en respectant le budget ´energ´etique donn´e par le fond extragalactique infrarouge. Cette ´evolution, ob-serv´ee encore marginalement, est appuy´ee par la pr´esence importante et crois-sante des galaxies lumineuses dans les relev´es profonds.

Je montre ainsi que l’´evolution des galaxies est domin´ee par des galaxies tr`es lumineuses, de luminosit´e sup´erieure `a 1011L . Ces galaxies, des ULIRGs, sont essentiellement des galaxies starburst contenant beaucoup de poussi`ere.

J’effectue ´egalement des pr´edictions pour les distributions en redshift des ga-laxies, en accord avec les observations disponibles.

Outre l’affinement des ingr´edients du mod`ele (contribution des AGN, ´evolution des galaxies normales, param`etres cosmologiques), la perspective principale de ce travail est l’utilisation du mod`ele pour les pr´edictions des relev´es de SIRTF, Planck et FIRST, et d’autres instrumentations encore. Cette utilisation a d´eja commenc´e dans le cadre de la proposition pour le Legacy SIRTF pour la cosmologie, et pour les simulations Planck.

6.4 Perspectives

Les perspectives de ces travaux sont nombreuses, et principalement li´ees aux observations `a venir des satellites de nouvelle g´en´eration tels que SIRTF de la NASA, lanc´e mi-2002, ou FIRST et Planck de l’ESA lanc´es en 2007. Le groupe de cosmologie de l’IAS en g´en´eral et moi-mˆeme en particulier, sommes fortement impliqu´es dans la pr´eparation scientifique de ces missions majeures.

Concernant les techniques de traitement et d’analyse des donn´ees ainsi que l’expertise que nous avons acquise dans l’extraction et la compr´ehension des effets instrumentaux, notre travail sera appliqu´e et ´etendu aux relev´es profonds effectu´es `a 24, 70 et 160µm par MIPS sur SIRTF, qu’il s’agisse des programmes du temps garanti (GTO) ou des importants programmes publics (Legacy).

Les comptages profonds et les donn´ees FIRBACK, outre le fait qu’ils per-mettent d´eja de contraindre l’´evolution des galaxies, seront utilis´es comme r´ef´erence pour les relev´es profonds `a venir de SIRTF.

Les mod`eles pourront ˆetre test´es avec encore plus de contrainte, d’autant que la sensibilit´e augmentant il sera possible de sonder les populations de galaxies moins lumineuses et de quantifier leur ´evolution.

Enfin, les observations de suivi multi-longueur d’ondes seront l’une des clefs de la compr´ehension des galaxies dominant l’´evolution globale. En particulier des relev´es profonds dans le domaine visible et proche infrarouge, ainsi que radio et X sont d´eja en cours ou programm´es en compl´ement des relev´es de SIRTF.

Mon travail post-doctoral, dans l’´equipe de Marcia et George Rieke qui a conc¸u et fabriqu´e l’instrument MIPS pour SIRTF `a l’University of Arizona, se situe dans la continuit´e de mon travail doctoral avec ISO.

ISO a ouvert une nouvelle `ere en 1995 dans l’exploration de l’´evolution des galaxies qui nous permet pour la premi`ere fois d’en avoir une approche glo-bale et d’en donner des contraintes fortes. SIRTF, dont la strat´egie d’observa-tion est largement orient´ee pour effectuer des relev´es profonds de grande sur-face, en inaugurera une nouvelle d`es 2002, celle du sondage profond `a grande ´echelle de l’Univers infrarouge, en attendant FIRST et Planck. De nombreuses heures excitantes de d´ecouvertes passionnantes au programme !

Annexe A

Articles soumis `a Astronomy &

Astrophysics

Sommaire

FIRBACK : III. Catalog, Source Counts and Cosmological Im-plications of the 170 µm ISO Deep Survey . . . 167 FIRBACK : II. Data Processing and Calibration of the 170 µm

167 
  
 

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Dans le document L'Evolution des Galaxies Infrarouges.<br />Des observations cosmologiques avec ISO a une modelisation de l'infrarouge moyen au submillimetrique (Page 178-200)