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Modèle conceptuel des Cluster Supply Chain Agiles (CSCA)

Un modèle conceptuel est un modèle qui représente les construits ou les variables étudiées ainsi que les relations hypothétiques qui les relient. Notre modèle illustre les relations entre les différents concepts, identifiés à partir de la littérature, et que nous avons jugés pertinents pour l’analyse des chaînes logistiques se situant dans des clusters industriels. Notre modèle est basé sur 4 construits ; la chaîne logistique agile, le Cluster Industriel, les capacités agiles, l’avantage concurrentiel et la performance de la chaine logistique. La figure ci-dessous représente le modèle conceptuel de « la supply chain agile basée sur le concept de Cluster Industriel » (CSC) présenté sous forme de 5 boites. Les relations de cause à effet entre les construits sont indiquées par les flèches depuis et à destination des boites.

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Figure 9 Modèle conceptuel : Agile Cluster Supply Chain

Le changement et l’incertitude, même s’ils ne sont pas explicitement abordés dans notre modèle, sont les principaux catalyseurs de l’agilité (Agility Drivers). En effet, un environnement turbulent marqué par la complexité de l’offre, l’instabilité de la demande et l’incertitude peut exercer un impact négatif sur l’atteinte des objectifs de performance de la chaîne. Cet impact négatif éventuel poussent les membres de la chaîne à coopérer, à valoriser les ressources (humaines et technologiques), à intégrer les processus et l’information et à développer la sensibilité au client pour développer l’agilité de la chaîne logistique (Agility drivers) (Dove, 1996; Yusuf et al., 2004; Zhang and Sharifi, 2007). La première boite présente les attributs de la chaîne logistique agile. Il s’agit de l’enrichissement du consommateur, la coopération, la valorisation des compétences et la maitrise du changement et de l’incertitude. La deuxième boite présente les avantages de qu’offrent un Cluster Idustriel. Il s’agit de la spécialisation sur le cœur du métier, la collaboration entre les membres du CI, la réduction des coûts de transactions, la mise en commun des compétences, la diffusion du savoir-faire et l’innovation. Dauda (2008) ainsi que Patti (2006) démontrent que faire partie d’un Cluster Industriel pourrait avoir un impact positif sur l’agilité de la chaîne logistique. Ainsi la première relation est confirmée d’où :

Proposition 1 : faire partie d’un cluster industriel permet à la chaîne logistique de développer les attributs de l’agilité (l’enrichissement du consommateur, la coopération entre les membres de la chaîne, la valorisation des compétences et la maitrise du changement et de l’incertitude).

L’agilité de la chaîne logistique se traduit par certaines capacités dynamiques qu’elle déploie dans un environnement dynamique et turbulent (boite 3). Il s’agit de la flexibilité, la capacité de réponse, l’efficacité, la capacité d’alerte, l’accessibilité, la capacité de décider et la rapidité (Lenort and Wicher, 2012 ; Gligor (2013) d’où :

Proposition 2 : La Cluster Supply Chain agile permet de développer des capacités agiles Agile Cluster Supply Chain

Attributs d’une Chaîne logistique agile

Caractéristiques d’un Cluster industriel

Capacités agiles

• Flexibilité

• Capacité de réponse

• Efficacité

• Capacité d’alerte

• Accessibilité

• Capacité de décision

• Rapidité

Avantage

compétitif Performance

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Ces capacités permettent à la chaîne logistique de se constituer un avantage concurrentiel (Lee, 2003 ; ChengCheng and li, 2011; Kaurić and al, 2014; Sarkis, 2001) se traduisant par la réduction des coûts de production, une amélioration de la qualité de produit et par une tendance à l’innovation.

D’où :

Proposition 2 a: Les capacités dynamiques agiles permettent à la chaîne logistique de se constituer un avantage concurrentiel durable.

Proposition 2 b : Un avantage concurrentiel durable permet à la chaîne logistique d’être plus performante

Conclusion

À travers cet article, nous avons essayé d’explorer la piste d’intégration des concepts de cluster industriel et de chaîne logistique en tant que moyen permettant à la chaîne logistique d’être plus agile. Ainsi, à travers le modèle conceptuel que nous avons proposé, nous avons tenté d’expliquer le lien entre le fait d’être située dans un cluster industriel, le développement de capacités agiles et la constitution d’un avantage concurrentiel durable garant de performance. En espérant que notre travail soit un moyen pour sensibiliser les acteurs économiques et institutionnels de la nécessité d’accélérer la mise en place des clusters marocains qui peinent à décoller et surtout celui de l’automobile.

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