METHODOLOGY AND ASSUMPTIONS

To a r r i v e a t w o r l d e s t i m a t e s o f consumption o f water i n t h e energy s e c t o r , i t was necessary t o a s s i g n average v a l u e s o f u n i t consumptive use t o e s t i m a t e s o f energy p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e v a r i o u s f u e l s and processes t h a t make up t h e energy s e c t o r . The d a t a on energy processes a r e l a r g e l y taken f r o m r e p o r t s o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s (1981), t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r Economic C o - o p e r a t i o n and Development (OECD, 1982a), and t h e World Bank (1980). I n k e e p i n g w i t h U n i t e d N a t i o n s and OECD p r a c t i c e , energy o u t p u t s and consumption a r e expressed i n m i l l i o n s o f m e t r i c t o n s o i l e q u i v a l e n t (Mtoe) and f o r e l e c t r i c a l o u t p u t i n g i g a w a t t h o u r s (GWh). Consumptive use e s t i m a t e s a r e expressed i n l i t e r s per t o n o i l e q u i v a l e n t ( l i t o e ) t o a v o i d u n w i e l d y q u a n t i t i e s , and t o t a l w a t e r consumption i d expressed i n c u b i c meters (m ) p e r y e a r . Water consumptive use a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e l e c t r i c a l p r o d u c t i o n i s expressed i n l i t e r s p e r k i l o w a t t h o u r s (l/kWh). A t a b l e o f c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r s i s i n c l u d e d as Appendix B t o p e r m i t ready c o n v e r s i o n t o o t h e r u n i t s .

Unit-consumptive-use e s t i m a t e s were d e r i v e d f r o m a number o f sources, c h i e f l y r e p o r t s i s s u e d b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and Canadian governments. Where sources d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y on u n i t consumptive use, a v a l u e f o r e x t r a p o l a t i o n was adopted on t h e b a s i s o f t h e r a t i o n a l e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n . Unit-consumptive-use e s t i m a t e s were t h e n a p p l i e d t o energy-output d a t a t o a r r i v e a t w o r l d consumption i n v a r i o u s elements o f t h e energy s e c t o r . No s p e c i a l e f f o r t was made t o segregate s a l i n e - w a t e r use f r o m f r e s h - w a t e r use f o r two reasons.

F i r s t , t h e o n l y d e t a i l e d r e p o r t i n g a v a i l a b l e was f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , and second, t h e d a t a a r e f l a w e d because t h e b a s i s f o r r e p o r t i n g i s s a l i n i t y . E s t u a r i n e waters, which a r e t h e supply f o r many o f t h e l a r g e s t r e f i n e r i e s and e l e c t r i c power p l a n t s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , a r e i n an ambiguous p o s i t i o n ; some such s u p p l i e s a r e r e p o r t e d as s a l i n e and some as f r e s h . W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e consumption o f these i n d u s t r i e s , as c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h o t h e r uses f o r f r e s h w a t e r s u p p l i e s , i t makes l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e whether t h e w a t e r i s s a l i n e o r f r e s h , because b y t h e t i m e t h e water reaches t h e e s t u a r y i t g e n e r a l l y i s o f l i t t l e v a l u e f o r most o t h e r uses.

Because most o f t h e w o r l d ' s l a r g e o i l r e f i n e r i e s a r e l o c a t e d a t m a r i n e t e r m i n a l s on t h e seacoast o r on e s t u a r i e s , t h e i r w a t e r consumption does n o t compete f o r f r e s h w a t e r s u p p l i e s . The U.S. Department o f Energy e s t i m a t e s (1981a) t h a t o f the' w o r l d ' s t o t a l p e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t i o n , a l i t t l e more t h a n h a l f was t r a n s p o r t e d b y marine t a n k e r s i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e . I t would be r e a s o n a b l e t o assume t h a t a l l t h i s o i l i s r e f i n e d i n p l a n t s a t m a r i t i m e s i t e s . O n l y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , Canada, and t h e USSR i s a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e w o r l d r e f i n i n g c a p a c i t y s i t u a t e d f a r f r o m t h e sea t o serve i n l a n d markets f r o m i n l a n d c r u d e - o i l s u p p l i e s . Even i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , which has many i n l a n d r e f i n e r i e s , some o n e - t h i r d o f t h e c a p a c i t y i s s u p p l i e d w i t h s a l i n e w a t e r a t c o a s t a l l o c a t i o n s .

S t e a m - e l e c t r i c p l a n t s a r e g e n e r a l l y s i t e d n e a r l o a d c e n t e r s t o m i n i m i z e t r a n s m i s s i o n losses. Because seacoast c i t i e s r e p r e s e n t major l o a d c e n t e r s i n most c o u n t r i e s , a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n o f s t e a m - e l e c t r i c p l a n t s depend o n m a r i n e o r e s t u a r i n e w a t e r s f o r s u p p l i e s . As n o t e d e a r l i e r , r e p o r t i n g o f w a t e r s u p p l i e s i n t h i s process s u f f e r s f r o m t h e f l a w t h a t a sharp d i s t i n c t i o n i s made between f r e s h and s a l i n e w a t e r s , but mixed e s t u a r i n e w a t e r s a r e n o t d i s t i n g u i s h e d . I n m a r i t i m e n a t i o n s , such as Japan, t h e U n i t e d Kingdom, and t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , t h e bulk o f t h e water used i n r e f i n e r i e s and power p l a n t s i s marine o r e s t u a r i n e , w h i l e c o n t k n e n t a l n a t i o n s use l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f f r e s h water. I n l a n d - l o c k e d c o u n t r i e s , such as A u s t r i a and S w i t z e r l a n d , consumptive use o f w a t e r n e c e s s a r i l y i s e n t i r e l y f r e s h water.

59

Water and energy--Gemads and effects

Present water use and consumption i n t h e energy s e c t o r

ldater

and

energy--Demands

and

effects

62

Present w a t e r use and consumption i n t h e energy s e c t o r

64

Present water use

and

conswnption i n t h e energy s e c t o r

I I I I I

4 -

2 -

Once-through cooling

't _L

_{I I I I I}

_I

5 10 15 20 25

WET-BULB TEMPERATURE, C

F i g u r e 3.1.6. R e l a t i o n s h i p between wet-bulb temperature and u n i t consumptive use by e v a p o r a t i o n , b y t y p e o f c o o l i n g system. ( M o d i f i e d f r o m P r o b s t e i n and Gold, 1978.)

A number o f sources were c o n s u l t e d f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . One o f t h e most e x t e n s i v e s t u d i e s o f e v a p o r a t i o n f r o m s t e a m - e l e c t r i c power-plant c o o l i n g systems was t h a t o f Hu, Pavlenco, and Englesson (1978) done on b e h a l f o f t h e U.S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency. Average e v a p o r a t i o n f r o m c o o l i n g towers, c o o l i n g ponds, and once-through systems was computed f o r 37 c i t i e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , under d i f f e r e n t e v a p o r a t i o n models and d e s i g n assumptions.

Consumptive-use v a l u e s f o r c o o l i n g - t o w e r systems ranged f r o m 1.2 l/kWh a t Bangor, Maine, a c o o l m a r i t i m e l o c a t i o n , t o 3.0 l/kWh a t Albuquerque, New Mexico, a warn a r i d l o c a t i o n . The l o w e s t v a l u e was f o r a p l a n t w i t h c o o l i n g towers, w i t h o u t a makeup pond and w i t h t h e blowdown r e t u r n e d t o t h e source, a p p l y i n g t h e Brady e v a p o r a t i o n model. The h i g h e s t v a l u e was f o r a p l a n t w i t h c o o l i n g towers, w i t h a makeup pond and w i t h blowdown r e t a i n e d , a p p l y i n g t h e Harbeck e v a p o r a t i o n model. A v a l u e t h a t seemed more t y p i c a l o f t h e major l o a d c e n t e r s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and n o r t h e r n Europe was t h a t o f a h y p o t h e t i c a l power p l a n t a t Columbus, Ohio, USA, u s i n g c o o l i n g towers, w i t h a m i x i n g pond and w i t h blowdown r e t a i n e d . The c a l c u l a t e d e v a p o r a t i o n u s i n g t h e Harbeck e v a p o r a t i o n model under these c o n d i t i o n s was 2.3 l / t o e .

The U. S. Department o f Energy E n v i r o n m e n t a l I n f o r m a t i o n Handbook (1980) p r e s e n t s a method f o r c a l c u l a t i n g w a t e r l o s s e s f r o m t y p i c a l power-plant c o o l i n g towers i n t h e e a s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s t h a t i s based on t h e assumptions t h a t 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e h e a t r e l e a s e d f r o m c o a l combustion i s d i s s i p a t e d t o t h e c i r c u l a t i n g w a t e r system and t h a t t h e water h e a t o f v a p o r i z a t i o n i s 1,050 Btu/pound o f w a t e r evaporated. Under these assumptions, t h e c a l c u l a t e d e v a p o r a t i v e l o s s i s 2.4 l/kWh. However, i f a v a l u e o f 1,390 Btu/pound i s used f o r t h e w a t e r h e a t o f e v a p o r a t i o n f o r t h e e a s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s , as recommended b y P r o b s t e i n and Gold (1978, p. 511, and a more p r e c i s e v a l u e o f 54 per c e n t (assuming 36 p e r c e n t t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y and 85 p e r cent o f waste h e a t d i s s i p a t e d t o t h e c o o l i n g system) i s used f o r energy d i s c h a r g e d b y t h e c o o l i n g system, t h e r e c a l c u l a t e d e v a p o r a t i o n l o s s i s 2.2 l/kWh.

E x a m i n a t i o n o f F i g u r e 3.1.6 suggests t h a t a t average annual wet-bulb temperatures i n t h e range o f 5°-100C, which would embrace most o f t h e i n d u s t r i a l areas o f N o r t h America and n o r t h e r n Europe, t h e e v a p o r a t i o n l o s s e s from c o o l i n g towers would average about 2.3 l/kWh.

E v a p o r a t i o n f r o m c o o l i n g ponds and once-through systems i s more s e n s i t i v e t o changes i n t h e wet-bulb temperature i n t h e 5 -10 C range, but i f 7.5OC i s s e l e c t e d as a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e v a l u e ,

i t can be seen t h a t t h e l o s s f r o m once-through c o o l i n g would be about 1.5 l/kWh, and f r o m a l a r g e c o o l i n g pond would be about 2.8 l/kWh, 65 p e r c e n t and 120 p e r c e n t o f c o o l i n g - t o w e r l o s s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

C o a l - f i r e d power p l a n t s g e n e r a l l y have o t h e r consumptive uses o f w a t e r i n a d d i t i o n t o c o o l i n g - - f o r ash quenching and d i s p o s a l and f o r s u l f u r - d i o x i d e c o n t r o l where used--which add about 0.5 l/kWh t o t h e e v a p o r a t i v e r e q u i r e m e n t . I n a d d i t i o n , a l l p l a n t s w i t h c l o s e d c o o l i n g systems have a need f o r c o o l i n g - s y s t e m blowdown, g e n e r a l l y assumed t o be 10 p e r c e n t o f t h e e v a p o r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t ; however

,

because t h i s i s d i s c h a r g e d t o s u r f ace streams i n temperate c l i m a t e s , i t i s n o t counted as consumptive use.

O 0

65

Water and energy--Demands and effects

Present w a t e r use and consumption i n t h e energy s e c t o r

Water and energy--Demands and effects

i n c l u d i n g d i s p o s i n g o f r e t o r t e d s h a l e a t a much lower water c o n t e n t than was assumed i n t h e U.S. Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r study, c a l c u l a t e d a .unit consumptive use f o r s h a l e m i n i n g and p r o c e s s i n g o f 2,500 l / t o e . More r e c e n t l y , P r o b s t e i n and Gold (1978) e s t i m a t e d u n i t consumptive use i n o i l - s h a l e processes a t 2,700 l / t o e f o r d i r e c t r e t o r t i n g and 4,700 l / t o e f o r i n d i r e c t r e t o r t i n g .

Water r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r m o d i f i e d i n - s i t u c o n v e r s i o n a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n f o r f u l l s u r f a c e p r o c e s s i n g , because o n l y o n e - f i f t h as much o r e i s removed as i n f u l l s u r f a c e p r o c e s s i n g , and d i s p o s a l o f processed s h a l e , a c c o r d i n g l y , consumes much l e s s w a t e r p e r u n i t o f p r o d u c t i o n . The d e t a i l e d development p l a n f o r F e d e r a l l e a s e C-a i n Colorado, USA, f o r exampie,

gt

a p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l o f 3.8 m i l l i o n t o e p e r y e a r , i n d i c a t e s consumption o f about 5.5 x 10 m p e r y e a r of water, o r a u n i t consumptive use o f 1,400 l / t o e . ( G u l f O i l C o r p o r a t i o n / S t a n d a r d O i l Company, 1977).

U n t i l t h e v a r i o u s processes reach commercial s c a l e , i t w i l l be d i f f i c u l t t o determine t h e t r u e water-consumption r a t e s . However, because t h e r e i s a t p r e s e n t l i t t l e commercial-scale' p r o d u c t i o n , t h i s does n o t a f f e c t c o m p u t a t i o n o f c u r r e n t water use i n t h e energy s e c t o r . i n e s t i m a t i n g f u t u r e w a t e r consumption, t h e u n c e r t a i n t i e s s u r r o u n d i n g unit-consumptive-use v a l u e s p r o b a b l y a r e no more s i g n i f i c a n t t h a n t h e o v e r a l l u n c e r t a i n t y o f p r o j e c t i n g energy p r o d u c t i o n .

A c c o r d i n g l y , a rough e s t i m a t e o f 3,500 l / t o e has been used, r e f l e c t i n g a compromise between t h e h i g h and l o w e s t i m a t e s f r o m v a r i o u s sources.

3.1.8. Tar-sands p r o c e s s i n g

As e x p l a i n e d i n S e c t i o n 2.1.4.2, t h e main consumption o f water i n tar-sands c o n v e r s i o n i s f o r d i s p o s a l o f t h e sludge t h a t r e s u l t s f r o m t h e washing o f t h e b i t u m i n o u s sand t o e x t r a c t t h e o r g a n i c m a t t e r . Water e n t r a i n e d i n t h i s sludge over t h e s h o r t term o f decades r e p r e s e n t s a consumptive use, which was e s t i m a t e d b y Camp (1976) a t 3,000 l i t e r s per t o n o f p r o d u c t . I n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d t o Unescg b 5 t h e I n l a n d Waters D i r e c t o r a t e

,

Environment Canada i n d i c a t e d w a t e r consumption o f 47 x 10 m p e r y e a r € o r o i l - s a n d s and h e a v y - o i l p r o d u c t i o n ; however, because t h e water consumption a t t r i b u t a b l e t o o i l - s a n d s p r o d u c t i o n was n o t i d e n t i f i e d , t h e u n i t consumptive use e s t i m a t e d b y Camp can n e i t h e r be c o n f i r m e d n o r denied. A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e 3,000 l / t o e e s t i m a t e d above i s c o n s i d e r d a p p r o p r i a t e f o r world-wide e x t r a p o l a t i o n .

Canadian tar-sands p r o d u c t i o n r e p r e s e n t s t h e o n l y commercial-scale s y n t h e t i c f u e l s p r o d u c t i o n f o r which s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e . T h e r e f o r e , ^{i t} i s shown as a separate e n t r y under s y n t h e t i c f u e l s i n t h e d a t a f o r Canada i n Tables 3.1 and 3.2B. Because t h e amounts o f energy p r o d u c t i o n and w a t e r consumption a r e w i t h i n the o r d e r o f r o u n d i n g o f t h e t o t a l s f o r t h e OECD c o u n t r i e s and t h e w o r l d , t h e s y n t h e t i c f u e l s e n t r y has n o t been c a r r i e d f o r w a r d as a s e p a r a t e e n t r y t o those l a r g e r e n t i t i e s .

3.1.9. C o a l - c o n v e r s i o n process

As n o t e d e a r l i e r , t h e r e i s a v a s t a r r a y o f c a n d i d a t e processes i n the f i e l d s o f c o a l g a s i f i c a t i o n , c o a l l i q u e f a c t i o n , and p r o d u c t i o n o f c l e a n s o l i d f u e l . Each has a d i f f e r e n t u n i t consumptive use, depending on t h e process employed, i t s o v e r a l l t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y , and assumptions r e g a r d i n g p r o p o r t i o n s o f waste h e a t t o be d i s s i p a t e d b y a i r c o o l i n g and w e t c o o l i n g , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The w o r l d ' s o n l y l a r g e - s c a l e o p e r a t i n g p r o j e c t i s i n South A f r i c a , and i n f o r m a t i o n on water use a t t h a t complex was n o t a v a i l a b l e . A good i n d e x t o r e l a t i v e water consumption i s o v e r a l l t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e process ( S e c t i o n 2.4.3); g e n e r a l l y , t h e more complex t h e c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s i n g , t h e l o w e r t h e t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y . P r o b s t e i n and Gold (1978) o f f e r p r o b a b l y t h e most comprehensive t r e a t m e n t o f water use i n s y n t h e t i c f u e l c o n v e r s i o n and p r e s e n t ranges o f e s t i m a t e s based on maximum, i n t e r m e d i a t e , and m i n i m u m l e v e l s o f wet c o o l i n g .

I n v i e w o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e i s n e g l i g i b l e use o f water i n s y n t h e t i c - f u e l c o n v e r s i o n t o date, i t was c o n s i d e r e d reasonable f o r t h e purpose o f e s t i m a t i n g f u t u r e w a t e r use t o use a s i n g l e unit-consumptive-use v a l u e f o r each b a s i c form o f c o n v e r s i o n . T h i s was e s t i m a t e d as t h e median v a l u e i n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e range g i v e n b y P r o b s t e i n and Gold (1978, t. 9-12), as shown i n t h e t a b l e below:

Form o f c o n v e r s i o n Range, l / t o e Median, l / t o e Coal g a s i f i c a t i o n 1

,

800-4,300 3,000 Coal l i q u e f a c t i o n 1,600-3,000 2

,

100 S o l i d f u e l p r o d u c t i o n 700-2

,

200 1

,

200

Present w a t e r u s e ' a n d consumption i n t h e energy s e c t o r

3.2 ENERGY PRODUCTION, 1980

The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e s were compiled from the 1980 Yearbook o f World Energy S t a t i s t i c s ( U n i t e d N a t i o n s , 19821, Energy Balances o f t h e OECD C o u n t r i e s 1976-1980 (OECD, 1982a, and Energy i n t h e D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s (World Bank, 1980). The format g e n e r a l l y f o l l o w s t h a t o f t h e OECD r e p o r t , b u t many e n t r i e s t h a t would be o f no i n t e r e s t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h i s r e p o r t have been o m i t t e d .

E x p l a n a t o r y Notes

0 U n i t s . T h i s r e p o r t f o l l o w s OECD usage i n e x p r e s s i n g energy t o t a l s i n t o n s o f o i l e q u i v a l e n t ( t o e ) because i t i s an e a s i l y understood u n i t and because q u a n t i t i e s o f o i l a r g an i m p o r t a n t element i n p o l i c y d e c i s i o n s . A t o n o f o i l e q u i v a l e n t i s d e f i n e d a s ' 10 k c a l , a c o n v e n i e n t measure, a l t h o u g h i t i s somewhat lower t h a n t h e average h e a t c o n t e n t o f crude o i l . Throughout t h i s r e p o r t , 1 t o n means 1 m e t r i c t o n o f 1,000 k g u n l e s s i d e n t i f i e d o t h e r w i s e . E l e c t r i c a l g e n e r a t i o n i s shown i n t h e t a b l e as g i g a w a t t hours (GWh); 1 g i g a w a t t h o u r = 1 m i l l i o n k i l o w a t t h o u r s (kwh).

Column headings. " S o l i d f u e l s " i n c l u d e s a l l s o l i d f u e l s , b o t h p r i m a r y and d e r i v e d , coke-oven gas, b l a s t - f u r n a c e gas, and non-commercial f u e l s ( p e a t , wood, e t c . i n c e r t a i n c o u n t r i e s . (See OECD, 1982a, f o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l . ) " O i l and LNG" i n c l u d e s crude o i l and n a t u r a l - g a s l i q u i d s . "Gas" i s n a t u r a l gas e x c l u d i n g n a t u r a l - g a s l i q u i d s . I n t h e "Nuclear," Hydro," "Geothermal" columns, t h e f i g u r e s shown as i n d i g e n o u s p r o d u c t i o n r e p r e s e n t the o i l e q u i v a l e n t energy needed t o produce t h e e l e c t r i c a l g e n e r a t i o n shown, assuming a p l a n t e f f i c i e n c y o f 34.4 per cent. " R e f i n i n g " i s t h e o u t p u t o f r e f i n e r i e s , i n t o e . " E l e c t r i c g e n e r a t i o n " shows' GWh g e n e r a t e d b y each type.

" T o t a l e l e c t r i c " i s t h e sum o f i t e m s o f e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t i o n .

0 C o u n t r i e s by economic g r o u p i n g s . "OECD C o u n t r i e s " a r e : Canada, t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , Japan, A u s t r a l i a , New Zealand, A u s t r i a , Belgium, Denmark, F i n l a n d , France, t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f Germany, Greece, I c e l a n d , I r e l a n d , I t a l y , Luxembourg, t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , Norway, P o r t u g a l , Spain, Sweden, S w i t z e r l a n d , Turkey, and t h e U n i t e d Kingdom.

0 " C e n t r a l Planned Economies" a r e : t h e USSR, Poland, t h e German Democratic R e p u b l i c , Czechoslovakia, Hungary, B u l g a r i a , t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f China, Democratic P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f Korea, t h e S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c o f Vietnam, Lao P e o p l e ' s Democratic R e p u b l i c , Democratic Kampuchea, Y u g o s l a v i a

,

A l b a n i a , Mongolia, and Cuba. "Developing C o u n t r i e s "

f o l l o w s World Bank c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and i n c l u d e s a l l t h e c o u n t r i e s o f A s i a , A f r i c a , Europe, L a t i n America, and t h e P a c i f i c n o t i n c l u d e d i n "OECD" o r " C e n t r a l Planned Economies" except s e v e r a l s m a l l c o u n t r i e s t h a t a r e n o t members o f t h e W o r l d Bank.

"OECD, Europe" i n c l u d e s a l l members o f OECD e x c e p t Canada, t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , Japan, A u s t r a l i a , and New Zealand.

T a b l e 3.2. Energy p r o d u c t i o n , 1980.

Note: Q u a n t i t i e s a r e i n m i l l i o n s o f m e t r i c t o n s o i l e q u i v a l e n t (Mtoe) e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l g e n e r a t i o n , which i s i n g i g a w a t t h o u r s (GWh).

World

Category S o l i d O i l Si LNG Gas N u c l e a r Hydro Geo t h e rma 1

I nd i ge nous

p r o d u c t i o n 1,825.17 3,099.01 1,29 1 .99 57.87 150.54 1.13

R e f i n i n g 2,789

E l e c t r i c a l

T o t a l e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t i o n , GW

-

h^8,239,193 I

---

^{GWh 5}

,

^{802 661}

--___-_-_--_

^{I 672,957 1,750,425 13,150}

69

Water and energy--Demands and effects

Table 3.2. Energy p r o d u c t i o n , 1980--Continued.

OECD C o u n t r i e s

C a t e g o r y S o l i d O i l & LNG Gas N u c l e a r Hydro G eo th e rma 1 I n d i g e n o u s

p r o d u c t i o n 796.46 7 1 1.99 689.21 51.50 92.63 0.84

R e f i n i n g 1,753.34

E l e c t r i c a l

T o t a l e l e c t r i c

-

^5,286,973 GWh

g e n e r a t i o n , GWh 2,083,383 901,741 616,634 598

,

883 1,077,061 9,811

C e n t r a l Planned Economies

C a t e g o r y S o l i d O i l & LNG Gas N u c l e a r Hydro Geothermal

I n d i g e n o u s

R e f i n i n g 633.36

E l e c t r i c a 1

p r o d u c t i o n 956.20 727.98 416.03 7.01 24.51 O

g e n e r a t i o n , GWh I--- 1

,

693,120--- I 81,500 284,949 O T o t a l e l e c t r i c

-

^2,059,369 GWh

D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s

C a t e g o r y S o l i d O i l & LNG Gas N u c l e a r Hydro Geo t h e rma 1 I n d i g e n o u s

R e f i n i n g 403

E l e c t r i c a l

T o t a l e l e c t r i c

-

845,435 GWh

p r o d u c t i o n 89.54 1,666.14 1 5 1 .O8 1.34 31.97 0.29

g e n e r a t i o n , GWh I--- 454 783

___________

^{I 15,541 371,789 3}

^,

³⁸⁹

OECD, Europe

C a t e g o r y S o l i d O i l & LNG Gas N u c l e a r Hydro Geotherma 1

I n d i g e n o u s

R e f i n i n g 658.62

E l e c t r i c a l

p r o d u c t i o n 225.73 121.94 139.46 18.42 35.85 0.21

g e n e r a t i o n , GWh 633,512 352,026 121,604 214,209 416,872 2,385

T o t a l e l e c t r i c

-

^{1,742,178 GWh}

U n i t e d S t a t e s

C a t e g o r y S o l i d O i l & LNG Gas N u c l e a r Hydro Geothermal

I n d i g e n o u s

p r o d u c t i o n 471.11 484.22 455.22 22.89 24.28 0.44

R e f i n i n g 734.30

E l e c t r i ca 1

T o t a l e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t i o n , GW

-

h^2,480,937 1,276,487 ^GWh 270,346 360,665 266,183 282,333 5,073

Canada

C a t e g o r y S o l i d O i l & LNG Gas N u c l e a r Hydro Geotherma 1

I n d i g e n o u s

Re f i n i ng 93.51

S y n t h e t i c f u e l s 6.21

E l e c t r i c a l

T o t a l e l e c t r i c

-

386,153 GWh

p r o d u c t i o n 25.57 82.90 64.11 3.08 21.68 O

g e n e r a t i o n , GWh 53,982 15,136 11,035 35,880 252,120 O

Present w a t e r use and c o n s m p t i o n i n t h e energy s e c t o r 3.3 WATER CONSUMPTION I N THE ENERGY SECTOR, 1980

The f o l l o w i n g c o m p i l a t i o n ( T a b l e 3.3A) was based on a p p l i c a t i o n o f v a l u e s f o r average u n i t consumptive use o f w a t e r i n d i f f e r e n t processes ( F i g u r e 3.3A) t o t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g energy p r o d u c t i o n s t a t i s t i c s g i v e n i n T a b l e 3.2, as e x p l a i n e d i n Chapter 3.1. The format f o l l o w s t h a t o f Table 3.2 f o r ease o f comparison.

Unweighted unit-consumptive-use v a l u e s , on w h i c h t h e weighted average v a l u e s o f T a b l e 3.3A a r e based, a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix C. Water c o y u m p t i o % i n T a b l e 3.3B and shown i n F i g u r e 3.3B i s g i v e n i n m i l l i o n s o f c u b i c meters ( m x 10

1;

q u a n t i t i e s have been rounded i n d e p e n d e n t l y t o two s i g n i f i c a n t f i g u r e s ; hence, t o t a l s may n o t compare p r e c i s e l y . As i n d i c a t e d i n f o o t n o t e s t o t h e t a b l e , computations o f w a t e r consumption i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and Canada have i n some c a t e g o r i e s been h a n d l e d d i f f e r e n t l y t h a n i n o t h e r g r o u p i n g s ; '

t h e r e f r e , t o t a l s f o r those two y u n t r i e s a r e shown s e p a r a t e l y , i n T a b l e 3.3B. Note t h a t 1,OOOm

8

/Mtoe = 1 l / t o e , and 1,000m /GWh = 1 l/kWh.

Table 3.3A. Average unit-consumptive-use v a l u e s .

Note: Amounts a r e expressed i n l i t e r s per t o n o i l e q u i v a l e n t ( l / t o e ) , e x c e p t f o r e l e c t r i c a l g e n e r a t i o n , which i s i n l i t e r s p e r k i l o w a t t h o u r (I/kWh).

l / t o e o r l/kWh P r o d u c t i o n

1 Coal mining 2 O i l p r o d u c t i o n

Gas p r o c e s s i n g and t r a n s m i s s i o n R e f i n i n g

o i l

r e f i n i n g 3 N u c l e a r f u e l c y c l e

S t e a m - e l e c t r i c power g e n e r a t i o n F o s s i l - f u e l e d p l a n t s

N u c l e a r p l a n t s Geothermal p l a n t s 4 O i l - s h a l e p r o c e s s i n g Tar-sands p r o c e s s i n g Coal-conversion processes

Coa 1 g a s i f i c a t i o n Coal l i q u e f a c t i o n S o l i d - f u e l p r o d u c t i o n

100 ï / t o e

240 II

1

,

100 ¹¹

1,200 II

970 ^II

1.6 l/kWh 3.0 'I

15.0

3,500 I / t o e 3

,

O00 II

3,000 ^II

2,100 II

1

,

200 ^{I t}

Unit-consumptive use f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s computed u s i n g consumptive-use v a l u e o f 150 l / t o e t o make a l l o w a n c e f o r b e n e f i c i a t i o n ( S e c t i o n 3.1).

Canada and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s computed d i r e c t l y ( S e c t i o n 3.1.21, o t h e r c o u n t r i e s a t 10 p e r c e n t o f 1,100 l / t o e ; w o r l d and OECD t o t a l s a d j u s t e d t o r e f l e c t d i f f e r e n c e .

Canada computed u s i n g unit-consumptive-use v a l u e o f 1,690 l / t o e ( S e c t i o n 3.1.5).

The U n i t e d S t a t e s computed u s i n g unit-consumptive-use v a l u e o f 6.9 l/kWh (see S e c t i o n 3.1.6); w o r l d and OECD t o t a l s a d j u s t e d t o r e f l e c t t h e d i f f e r e n c e .

7 1

Water and energy--Demands and effects

Dans le document reports 42 (Page 69-82)