1 Maison à Saint-Antoine-l’Abbaye (2014) : photo de 2004; plans du RDC ; composition des murs hors pisé. . . 13 2 Localisation des capteurs sans le mur instrumenté. . . 13 3 Moyennes mensuelles des températures intérieures et extérieures, et
flux solaires pendant la période d’étude. . . 14 4 Bilan thermique des murs ouest et sud pour les hivers 13/14 et 14/15. 15 5 Mars 2014 - Flux entrant dans le mur sud et flux solaire et Profil de
température du mur sud au 1er Janvier 2014. . . 15 6 Proportions des flux thermiques dus à l’environnement et aux apports
solaires pour une période d’hiver, et pour le mur sud. . . 16 7 Coefficient A en fonction de la densité (gauche) et des conditions
lim-ites (droite). . . 17 8 Résultat de la comparaison de la modélisation numérique avec deux
benchmarks : HAMSTAD 2 "Homogeneous wall" et EN 15026. . . 22 9 Résultat de la comparaison de la modélisation numérique avec les
mesures sur la maquette en pisé. . . 23 10 Résultat de la comparaison de la modélisation numérique avec l’expérimental sur la mesure du facteur de résistance à la diffusion de la vapeur. . . . 23 11 Résultat de la comparaison de la modélisation numérique avec l’expérimental sur la mesure du coefficient d’absorption liquide. . . 23 12 Variation du rapport entre le coefficient gardé et celui négligé pour
différentes valeurs de permébilités liquides et coefficients de diffusion, pour les deux chemins de chargement et les deux hypothèses. . . 24 1.1 Earthen constructions around the world; (a) Town of Shibam, Yemen;
(b) Great Wall of China, China; (c) Sun Pyramid in Teotihuacan, Mexico; (d) Great Mosque of Djenne, Mali; (e) Citadel of Bam, Iran. . 40 1.2 Earthen construction types in Europe. . . 41 1.3 House built with CEB (the tower being in rammed earth) in
Rhone-Alpes, France [23]. . . 42 1.4 Cob wall under construction in France [101]. . . 42 1.5 (a) Daub technique illustrated [22]; (b) Daub building in Angers, France. 43 1.6 Different types of footings: (a) pebbles; (b) stones; (c) concrete. . . 45
1.7 Different types of lime joints: (a) traditional vertical and slanting from [23]; (b) in the corner of a modern construction in St-Antoine-L’Abbaye. 45 1.8 Comparison between traditional and modern tools for rammed earth
construction [31]. . . 45 1.9 Metallic formwork and its equipment, from N. Meunier. . . 46 1.10 (a) Manual rammer in wood; (b) Pneumatic rammer with a wooden
sabot. . . 47 1.11 The two steps to compact an earth layer. . . 48 1.12 Tear of a corner while removing the formwork. . . 49 1.13 Prefabricated rammed earth wall used to build Ricola’s factory in
Switzerland; credits: Ricola. . . 50 1.14 Wastes contribution of different stages of a building for a total of 31
million of tons for the year 1999 according to ADEME in [23]. . . 51 1.15 Low embodied energy of rammed earth construction, from [31]. . . 52 1.16 Greenhouse gas emission for different construction methods, according
to [39]. . . 53 1.17 Temperature buffering and time lag. . . 54 1.18 Scheme of the natural heating (winter) and cooling (summer)
pro-cesses, from [31]. . . 55 1.19 Multiple fields of study around a rammed earth construction. . . 57 2.1 Schematic representations of possible heat exchanges, from [126]. . . . 60 2.2 Psychrometric chart, from Willis Carrier, 1975. . . 64 2.3 Adsorption phenomenon, from one layer to the total filling of the pore
[37]. . . 65 2.4 Optimum relative humidity ranges for minimizing adverse health
ef-fects, from [10]. . . 66 3.1 House in Saint-Antoine-l’Abbaye (2014). . . 76 3.2 Home plan for the ground floor, with the four rammed earth walls. . . 77 3.3 Composition of non-rammed earth walls and thicknesses. . . 78 3.4 Sensors location in the studied wall. . . 79 3.5 Sensors location in the house for the ground and first floors. . . 79 3.6 Particle size distribution of the studied soil, from [28]. . . 80 3.7 (a) Frequency of appearance of a density in a wallet sample, with
the corresponding standard deviation; (b) Normal distribution of the density in a wallet following a Normal law. . . 81 4.1 Sign convention for heat gain and loss in this study. . . 84 4.2 Outside and inside temperatures and direct horizontal irradiance of
the studied period. . . 86 4.3 Thermal balance of western and southern walls for winters 13/14 and
14/15. . . 87 4.4 March 2014 - Heat flux coming in the south wall and solar radiation. . 88
4.5 Thermal balance of west and south walls in summer 2013 and 2014. . . 89 4.6 Daily thermal balance for sunny and cloudy weathers of west and south
walls in summer 2013; Mean values are calculated over the correspond-ing periods. . . 90 4.7 Inside and outside temperatures for the two weeks referenced as "cloudy"
and "sunny" weathers during summer 2013. . . 91 4.8 Wall and air temperatures in and near the southern wall throughout
the year 2014. . . 93 4.9 (a) Time lag; (b) Decrement factor. . . 93 4.10 Diffusivity and effusivity for different building materials, according to
[116] and [28]. . . 96 4.11 (a) Wall section of the southern wall for the winter (January 1st 2014);
(b) Wall section of the southern wall for the spring (June 8th 2014). . 97 4.12 Temperature evolution in the wall at the three spots for three periods
and from the experimental data and modelling. . . 105 4.13 Three different types of solar radiations, from [148]. . . 105 4.14 Sun positions throughout the day for June and December. . . 106 4.15 Schematic representation of sun height and azimuth. . . 106 4.16 Schematic representation of the incidence angle, from [148]. . . 107 4.17 Solar fluxes for different orientations : direct horizontal (Isun),
per-pendicular to the southern surface of the wall (Is) and perper-pendicular to the western surface of the wall (Iw). . . 107 4.18 Temperature evolution in the wall, at 10 cm from the external surface,
for the two orientations and for three of the selected periods. . . 110 4.19 Proportion of each part of the total incoming flux at the external
surface of the wall for summer, without wind (NW-S-1). . . 111 4.20 Proportion of each part of the total incoming flux at the external
surface of the wall for winter, without wind (NW-W-1). . . 112 5.1 Evolution of the mass water content in the western part of the wall
of the house in St-Antoine, at three different spots (external, middle, and internal) and a zoom between July 2014 and July 2015. . . 116 5.2 Monthly mean value of internal and external relative humidity
vari-ations, from July 2014 to June 2015. . . 118 5.3 Monthly mean value of internal and external vapour pressure, from
July 2014 to June 2015. . . 119 5.4 Internal moisture production variation against temperature; data from
the house and normative hygrometry classes. . . 121 5.5 Sign convention for water vapour fluxes. . . 122 5.6 Flux variation for the western part of the wall, (a) from June 2013 to
June 2014 ; (b) For two weeks resp. in winter and summer. . . 123 5.7 Vapour pressure and relative humidity variation for the western part
5.8 Sorption and desorption isotherms with saline solutions (measured by P-A. Chabriac) and a DVS (measured by F. McGregor), at 20°C, from [28]. . . 125 5.9 Variation with RH of the liquid capacity ξ equal to ∂wL/∂ϕ, for
sorp-tion and desorpsorp-tion isotherms. . . 126 5.10 Final retention curve and sorption isotherm at 20°C. . . 128 5.11 Moisture variations for three samples for the MBV measurement, from
[103]. . . 130 5.12 Calculation of the liquid absorption coefficient A. . . 131 5.13 Making the samples. . . 133 5.14 Sealing the lateral faces with paraffin and foil. . . 133 5.15 Comparaison of the samples with density <1.6 and >1.6. . . 135 5.16 Comparison of A-value for different densities and for the 12 samples. . 136 5.17 Comparison of samples with different boundary conditions (second
campaign). . . 137 5.18 Comparison of samples with different boundary conditions (second
campaign). . . 138 6.1 Schematic representation of the heat and moisture transfers within an
earth wall. . . 140 6.2 Evolution of the heat capacity ρCp of earthern material at 20°C, from
[93]. . . 142 6.3 Sorption isotherms at 23°C and 40°C, and the corresponding moisture
capacity. . . 143 6.4 Photographies of the three boundary conditions. . . 144 6.5 Thermographic measurements and photography of moisture ingress for
sample a.1. . . 145 6.6 Quantification of the impact of emissivity uncertainty, for the "earth"
and "black" surfaces. . . 146 6.7 Surface temperature of the samples for the three boundary conditions
during all moisture ingress process. . . 146 6.8 Surface temperature of the samples for the three boundary conditions
- temperature difference with the initial state. . . 147 6.9 Comparison of moisture ingress between the different boundary
con-ditions ("all closed" and "top open (bat. 2)"). . . 149 6.10 Comparison of moisture ingress between the different boundary
con-ditions ( "all open" and ’top open (bat.1)"). . . 149 7.1 Schematic representation of the different phases considered in the
model and their interactions. . . 157 7.2 Variations of the saturation vapour pressure for temperatures between
0 and 100°C, according to different formulations. . . 160 7.3 (a) Calculated and tabulated values of L(T ); (b) Evolution of L with
8.1 Schematic representation of the wall layout and the mesh for the benchmark HAMSTAD 2 "Homogeneous wall". . . 168 8.2 Comparison between analytical solution and numerical modelling for
HAMSTAD 2 "Homogeneous wall". . . 169 8.3 Mesh of the 1D geometry for the modelling of the water vapour
res-istance measurement. . . 170 8.4 Comparison between experimental data and numerical modelling for
water vapour resistance coefficient measurements. . . 172 8.5 Comparison between sorption isotherms: experimental and Van
Ge-nuchten. . . 175 8.6 Mesh for the 1D modelling of the water absorption experiment. . . 175 8.7 Confrontation between experimental and numerical data to fit the
li-quid permeability; example of the sample 25B1. . . 176 8.8 Comparison of different formulations for the liquid permeability to fit
the experimental data. . . 177 8.9 Confrontation between experimental and numerical data for three samples.178 8.10 Evolution of the intrinsic permeability with the A-value and the density.178 8.11 Schematic representation and mesh of the layout for the benchmark
EN 15026. . . 179 8.12 Numerical modelling and confidence intervals for EN 15026. . . 180 8.13 (a) Photography and schematic representation of the model wall; (b)
Geometry and spatial discretization of the 30 cm wall. . . 181 8.14 Temperature and relative humidity profiles in the wall after the
pre-calculation. . . 182 8.15 Comparison between measured and simulated distributions in the middle
of the wall (point A) with boundary conditions on the right (BCr) and left (BCl) sides, for two days. . . 183 8.16 Mesh of the 3D modelling of the water absorption measurements. . . . 184 8.17 Confrontation between experimental and numerical data for three samples
(resp.c.7, b.6, b.5 and a.1). . . 185 8.18 Confrontation between experimental and numerical data for the case
"a" "all open" (sample a.1). . . 186 9.1 Simulations results of LP1 for the different formulations. . . 190 9.2 Simulations results of LP2 for the different formulations. . . 190 9.3 (a) Ratio of the two terms in KT against RH for different T ; (b) Ratio
of the two terms in KT against T for different RH. . . 191 9.4 (a) Variation of the liquid permeability with the relative humidity,
de-pending on the slope of the linear variation with water content; (b) Influence of the liquid permeability (taken at 50%RH) on the hygro-thermal coupling effects (amplitude (a)) depending on the hypothesis when following LP1. . . 195
9.5 Variation of the ratio between the coefficient kept and the one neg-lected for different values of liquid permeabilities and coefficient diffu-sion, for both loading paths and hypothesis. . . 196 A.1 Inside and outside relative humidity variations during one week, for
each season. . . 204 A.2 Inside and outside vapour pressure variations during one week, for each
season. . . 205 B.1 Suction measurement on earthen cylindrical samples. . . 209 B.2 (a) Water content of the filter paper against water content of the soil
; (b) Calibration curve of the filter paper Whatman n°42. . . 210 B.3 Final retention curve and sorption isotherm at 20°C. . . 210