• Aucun résultat trouvé

CHAPITRE 2 LA CONCEPTION DU MODÈLE

2.3 Le développement du modèle

2.3.3 La partie électrique avec SimPowerSystems

Os resultados evidenciam que o aumento na concentração de 8MOP e TMP confere efeitos diferentes na sobrevivência da cepa. Contudo, ambas as FCs atuam como fortes agentes fotossensibilizantes para UVB, o que provavelmente está relacionado com a sua capacidade de formar BA. Por outro lado, 3-CPs, uma furocumarina mofuncional, exibiu efeito fotoprotetor contra os danos induzidos por UVB em S. aureus.

Seria interessante a realização de estudos utilizando outros sistemas biológicos, incluindo estudos in vitro, para elucidar a participação das FCs como agentes fotossensibilizantes e fotoprotetores quando combinadas com UVB.

Os resultados também mostraram o aumento da sensibilização da cepa por tratamento pós-irradiação, sendo o maior efeito com 8-MOP-BAB. Esses resultados reforçam a necessidade de mais estudos para elucidar a participação das FCs como putativos inibidores de reparo de lesões no DNA causadas por UVB e FC-UVB.

EFEITOS DE FUROCUMARINAS ASSOCIADAS A UVB (312 nm) EM S. AUREUS

42

7. PERSPECTIVAS

Esperamos que esse trabalho seja uma referência útil para outros trabalhos que visem um melhor entendimento dos:

Efeitos de sobrevivência e letalidade de FCs em associação a UVB em cepas bacterianas;

Mecanismos de reparo que se operam em S. aureus e do real papel das FCs na sua inibição.

EFEITOS DE FUROCUMARINAS ASSOCIADAS A UVB (312 nm) EM S. AUREUS

43

REFERÊNCIAS

AGGARWAL, K. JAIN, V. JANGRA, S. Comparative efficacy of narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy alone and its combination with topical 8-methoxypsoralen in psoriasis. Indian J.

Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. v.76, p.666–670, 2010.

ALSCHER, R.G. DONAHUE, J.L. CRAMER, C.L. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants: relationships in green cells. Physiologia Plantarum, v. 100, n. 2, p. 224–233, 1997.

APEL, K. HIRT, H. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES: Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Signal Transduction.Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. v.55, p.373–99, 2004.

ARABZADEH, A. BATHAIE, S.Z. FARSAM, H. AMANLOU, M. SABOURY, A.A. SHOCKRAVI, A. MOOOSAVI – MOVAHEDI, A.A. Studies on mechanism of 8-methoxypsoralen – DNA interaction in the dark. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, v. 237, p. 47-55, 2002.

ASAWANONDA, P. AMOMPINYOKEIT, N. NIMNUAN, C. Topical 8-methoxypsoralen enhances the therapeutic results of targeted narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy for plaque-type psoriasis, J.

Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol, v.22, p.50–55, 2008.

AVERBECK, D. Resent advances in psoralen phototoxicity mechanism. Photochemistry and

Photobiology, v.50, p.859-882, 1989.

AVERBECK, D. MOUSTACCHI, E. BISAGNI, E. Biological effects and repair of damage photoinduced by a derivative of psoralen substituted at the 3,4 reaction site. Photoreactivity of this compound and lethal effect in yeast. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, v.518, p.464–481, 1978.

AVERBECK, D. PAPADOPOULO, D. MOUSTACCHI, E. Repair of 4,5_,8-trimethylpsoralen plus light-induced DNA damage in normal and Fanconi’s anemia cell lines, Cancer Res. v.48, p.2015– 2020, 1988.

BARNES, D.E. LINDAHL, T. Repair and genetic consequences of endogenous DNA base damage in mammalian cells. Annual Review of Genetics, v.38, p.445–476, 2004.

EFEITOS DE FUROCUMARINAS ASSOCIADAS A UVB (312 nm) EM S. AUREUS

44

BARRETO, H.M. Efeitos biológicos fotoinduzidos por derivados monofuncionais da cumarina em Staphylococcus aureus (Dissertação de Mestrado). Universidade federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, 1997. BARRETO, H.M. SIQUEIRA-JUNIOR, J.P. Uma breve revisão sobre a reação das furocumarinas com o DNA na presença de luz ultravioleta longa. Paradigmas, v. 11, p.25-43, 1998.

BARRETO, H.M. SIQUEIRA-JUNIOR, J.P. Protective effect of furocoumarins against 254 nm UV in Staphylococcus aureus. Current Microbiology, v.52, p.40-44, 2006.

BARROS, S.M.D. SIQUEIRA-JUNIOR, J.P. Decreased survival of UV-irradiated Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of 8-methoxypsoralem in the post-irradiation plating medium. Journal of

Photochemical and Photobiology B, v.66, p.153-156, 2002.

BECERRA, M.C. SARMIENTO, M. PÁEZ, P.L. ARGUELLO, G. ALBESA, I. Light effect and reactive oxygen species in the action of ciprofloxacin on Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology B, v.76, p.13-18, 2004.

BEER, J.Z. ZMUDZKA, B.Z. Effects of UV on HIV and other infecctions introduction. Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology, v.64, p.231-233, 1996.

BEN-HUR, E. Photosensitized virus decontamination of blood. The Spectrum, v.4, p.11-13, 1993.

BEUKERS, R. The effect of proflavine on UV-induced dimerization of thymine in DNA. Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology, v.4, p.935-937, 1965.

BISAGNI, E. Synthesis of psoralens and analogues. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, v.14, p.23-46, 1992.

BORDIN, F., CARLASSARE, F., BUSULINI, L. BACCICHETTI, F. Furocoumarins sensitization induces DNA-protein cross-links. Jounal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, v. 58, p.133-136, 1993.

45

BOYER, V., MOUSTACCHI, E. SAGE, E. Sequence specificity in photoreaction of various psoralen derivatives with DNA: role in biological activity. Biochemistry, v.27, p.3011-3018, 1988.

BRENDLER-SCHWAAB, A. CZICH, B. EPE, E. GOCKE, B. KAINA, L. MÜLLER, D. POLET, D. UTESCH, Photochemical genotoxicity: principles and test methods. Report of a GUM task force.

Mutation Research, v.566, p.65-91, 2004.

BRIDGES, B. A. Genetic damage induced by 254nm ultraviolet light in Escherichia coli: 8- Metoxypsoralen as protective agent and repair inhibitor. Photochemistry and Photobiology, v.14, p.659-662, 1971.

BRIDGES, B.A. Further characterization of repair of 8-Metoxypsoralen crosslinks in UV-excision- detective Escherichia coli. Mutation Research, v.132, p.153-160, 1984.

BRIDGES, B.A. MOTTERSHEAD, R.P. Inactivation of Escherichia coli by near ultravioleta light and 8-methoxypsoralen: different responses of strains B/r and K-12. Journal of Bacteriology, v.139, n.2, p.454-459, 1979.

CADET, J. DOUKI, T. GASPARUTTO, D. RAVANAT, J.-L. Oxidative damage to DNA: formation, measurement and biochemical features. Mutation Research. v.531, p.5–23, 2003.

CADET, J. SAGE, E. DOUKI,T. Ultraviolet radiation-mediated damage to cellular DNA. Mutation

Research, v.571, p.3-17, 2005.

CADET, J. VIGNY, P. MIDDEN, W.R. Photoreactions of furocoumarins with biomolecules. Journal

of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, v.6, p.197-206, 1990.

CALSOU, P. SAGE, E. MOUSTACCHI, E. SALLES, B. Preferential repair incision of cross-links versus monoadducts in psoralen-damaged plasmid dna by human cell-free extracts. Biochemistry, v.35, p.14963-14969, 1996.

46

CASSIER, C. CHANET, R. MOUSTACCHI, E. Mutagenic and recombinogenic effects of DNA cross- links induced in yeast by 8-methoxypsoralen photoaddition, Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology, v.39, p.799–803, 1984.

CAVALCANTE, A.K.D. MARTINEZ, G.R. MASCIO, P.D. MENCK, C.F.M. AGNEZ-LIMA, L.F. Cytotoxicity and mutagenesis induced by singlet oxygen in wild type and DNA repair deficient Escherichia coli strains. DNA Repair, v.1, p.1051-1056. 2002.

CAVALCANTI, S.M.F. SIQUEIRA-JUNIOR, J.P. Cure of prophage in Staphylococcus aureus by furocumarin photoadtions. Microbios, v. 81, p.85-91, 1995.

CIMINO, G.D., GAMPER, H.B., ISAACS, S.T. HEARST, J.E. Psoralens as photoactive probes of nucleic acid struture and function: Organic Chemistry, photochemistry and biochemistry. Annual

Review of Biochemistry, v. 54, p.1151-1193, 1985.

COLE, R.S. Repair of DNA containing interstrand cross-links in Escherichia coli: sequential excision and recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., v.70, p.1064–1068, 1973.

COSTA, R.M.A. CHIGANÇAS, V. GALHARDO, R.D.S. CARVALHO, H. MENCK, C.F.M. The eukaryotic nucleotide excision repair pathway. Biochimie, v.85, n.11, p.1083–1099, 2003.

CROMIE, G.A. CONNELLY, J.C. LEACH, D. R. F. Recombination at double-strand breaks and DNA ends: conserved mechanisms from phage to humans. Molecular Cell, v.8, n.6, p.1163–1174, 2001.

COURCELLE, J. KHODURSKY, A. PETER, B. BROWN, P. O. HANAWALT, P. C. Comparative gene expression profiles following UV exposure in wild-type and SOS-deficient Escherichia coli.

Genetics, v. 58, p. 41–64, 2001.

DALL’ACQUA, F. VEDALDI, D. RECHER, M. The phtotoreaction between furocoumarins and various DNA with different base compositions. Photochemistry and Photobiology, v.27, p.33-36, 1978.

47

DANTUR, K.I. PIZARRO, R.A. Effect of growth phase on the Escherichia coli response to ultraviolet-A radiation: influence of conditioned media, hydrogen peroxide and acetate. Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology: B, v.75, p.33–39, 2004.

DOUKI, T. CADET, J. Individual Determination of the Yield of the Main UV-Induced Dimeric Pyrimidine Photoproducts in DNA Suggests a High Mutagenicity of CC Photolesions†. Biochemistry, v.40, n.8, p.2495-2501, 2001.

DOUKI, T. COURT, M. SAUVAIGO, S. ODIN, F. CADET, J. Formation of the Main UV-induced Thymine Dimeric Lesions within Isolated and Cellular DNA as Measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Biological Chemistry, v.275, n.16, p.11678–11685, 2000.

DRONKERT, M.L.G. KANAAR, R. Repair of DNA interstrand cross-links. Mutation Research, v.486, p.217–247, 2001.

EHSANI, A.H. GHANINEJAD, H. KIANI, A. DANESHPAZHOOH, M. HOSSEINI, S.H. NOORMOHAMMADPOOR, P. Comparison of topical 8-methoxypsoralen and narrowband ultraviolet B with narrowband ultraviolet B alone in treatment-resistant sites in plaque-type psoriasis: a placebo- controlled study, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., v.27, p.294–296, 2011.

ESSEN, L.O. KLAR, T. Light-driven DNA repair by photolyases. Cellular and Molecular Life

Sciences, v.63, n.11, p.1266–1277, 2006.

FONG, K. BOCKRATH, R.C. Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic-acid repair in Escherichia coli by caffeine and acriflavine after ultravioletirradiation, Journal of Bacteriology, v.139, p.671–674, 1979.

GASPARRO, F.P. Psoralen photobiology: recent advances. Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology, v.5, p.553-557, 1996.

GIA, O., MAGNO, S.M., CARBESI, A., COLONNA, F.P. PALUMBO, M. Sequence specificity of psoralen photobinding to DNA: a quantitative approach. Biochemistry, v.31, p.11818-11822, 1992.

48

GOERING, R.V. PATTEE, P.A. Mutants of Staphylococcus aureus with increased sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Journal of Bacteriology, v.106, p.157–161, 1971.

GOMES, A. FERNANDES, E. LIMA, J.L.F.C. Fluorescente probes used for detection of reative oxygen species. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, v.65, p.45-80, 2005.

GOTTLIEB, P. MARGOLIS-NUNNO, H. ROBINSON, R. SHEN, L-G. CHIMEZIE, E. HOROWITZ, B. BEN-HUR, E. Inactivation of Trypanossoma cruzi trymastigote forms in blood components with a psoralen and ultraviolet a light. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, v.5, p.562-565, 1996.

GRAETZER, R. MORRISSON, T.W. Effects of 8-methoxypsoralen and near ultraviolet radiadion on the lower eukaryote D. discoideum. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, v.42, p.275-279. 1985.

HASS, B.S. WEBB, R.B. 8-methoxypsoralen effects on survival and repair of Escherichia coli after ultraviolet irradiation: action spectra. Radiation Research, v.80, n.1, p.170-185, 1979.

HENRIQUES, J.A.P. MOUSTACCHI, E. Isolation and characterization of pso mutants sensitive to photoaddition of psoralen derivatives in Sacharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics, v.95, p.273-288, 1980.

ISAACS, S.T. SHEN, C.J. HEARST, J.E. RAPOPORT, H. Synthesis and Characterization of New Psoralen Derivatives with Superior Photoreactivity with DNA and RNA. Biochemistry, n.6, p.1058- 1064, 1977.

IGALI, S., BRIDGES, B.A. ASHWOOD-SMITH, M.J. SCOTT, B.R. Mutagenesis in Escherichia coli IV. Photosensitization to near ultraviolet ligth by 8-methoxypsoralen. Mutation Research, v. 9, p.21- 30, 1970.

JAMES, L.C. COOHILL, T.P. The wavelength dependence of 8-methoxypsoralen photosensitization of radiation- enhanced reactivation in a mammalian cell-virus system, Mutation Research, v. 62, p. 407-415, 1979.

KANG, H.K. SHIN, E.J. SHIM, S.C. Transient absortion spectra and quenching of coumarin excited states by nucleic acid bases. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, v.27, p.161-166, 1992.

49

KITAMURA, N., KOHTANI, S., NAKAGAKI, R. Molecular aspects of furocoumarin reactions: Photophysics, photochemistry, photobiology, and strural analysis. Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology C, v.6, p. 168-185, 2005.

KLEINAU, O. BÖHM, F. LANTO, B. Different DNA repair time courses in human lymphoid cells after UVA, UVAI, UVB and PUVA in vitro. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, v.41, p.103–108, 1997.

KRAMER, D.M. PATHAK, M.A. Photoaddition of psoralen and of 4,5’,8-trimethylpsoralen to DNA.

Journal of Photochemical and Photobiological, v.12, p.333-337, 1970.

LAGE, C. PÁDULA, M. ALENCAR, T.A.M. GONÇALVES, S.R.F. VIDAL, L.S. CABRAL-NETO, J. LEITÃO, A.C. New insights on how nucleotide excision repair could remove DNA adducts induced by chemotherapeutic agents and psoralens plus UV-A (PUVA) in Escherichia coli cells. Mutation

Research, v.544, p.143–157, 2003.

LAN, L. NAKAJIMA, S. OOHATA Y. In situ analysis of repair processes for oxidative DNA damage in mammalian cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of

America, v.101, n.38, p.13738–13743, 2004.

LIMA-BESSA, K.M.D. ARMELINI, M.G. CHIGANCAS, V. CPDs and 6–4PPs play different roles in UV-induced cell death in normal and NER-deficient human cells. DNA Repair, v.7, n.2, p.303–312, 2008.

LIN, J.-J. SANCAR, A. Reconstitution of nucleotide excision nuclease with UvrA and UvrB proteins from Escherichia coli and UvrC protein from Bacillus subtilis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, v.265, n.34, p.21337–21341, 1990.

LIRA, R.C. Proteção contra UV curta pelos derivados cumarínicos em Staphylococcus aureus. Efeito do oxigênio (Monografia de Graduação). Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, 2006.

50

LIRA, R.C. Proteção contra UV curta pelos derivados cumarínicos em Staphylococcus aureus. Efeito da Concentração (Relatório PIBIC). Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, 2007.

LLANO, J., RABER, J., ERIKSSON, L.A. Theoretical study of phototoxic reaction of psoralen.

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C, v.154, p.235-243. 2003.

MAVERAKIS, E. MIYAMURA, Y. BOWEN, M.P. CORREA, G. ONO, Y. GOODARZI, H. Light, including ultraviolet. Journal of Autoimmunity, v.34, p.J247-J257, 2010.

MCKENZIE, R.L. BJÖRN, L.O. BAIS, A. ILYASD, M. Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. Journal of Photochemical and Photobiological C, v.2, n. 1, p. 5–15, 2003.

MIOLO. G. DALL’ACQUA, F. MOUSTACCHI, E. SAGE. E. Monofunctional angular furocoumarins: sequence specificity in DNA photobinding of 6,4,4’-trimethylangelicin and other angelicin. Journal of Photochemical and Photobiological, v.50, p.75-84, 1989.

MUELA, A. GARCÍA-BRINGAS, J.M. SECO, C. ARANA, I. BARCINA, I. Participation of Oxygen and Role of Exogenous and Endogenous Sensitizers in the Photoinactivation of Escherichia coli by Photosynthetically Active Radiation, UV-A and UV-B. Microbial Ecology, v.44, p.354-364, 2002.

ORREN, D.K. SELBY, P. HEARST, J.E. SANCAR, A. Postincision steps of nucleotide excision repair in Escherichia coli. Disassembly of the UvrBC-DNA complex by helicase II and DNA polymerase I. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, v.267, p.780–788, 1992.

ÖZKAN, I. KÖSE, O.M.D. ÖZMEN, I. ARCA, E., Efficacy and safety of non-laser, targeted UVB phototherapy alone and in combination with psoralen gel or calcipotriol ointment in the treatment of localized, chronic, plaque-type psoriasis. Internat. J. of Dermatol., v.51, p.609–613, 2012.

PÂQUES, F. HABER, J.E. Multiple pathways of recombination induced by double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, v.63, n.2, p.349–404, 1999.

51

PATHAK, M.A. FITZPATRICK, T.B. The evolution of photochemotherapy with psoralens and UVA (PUVA). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, v.14, p.2-22, 1992.

RASTOGI, R.P. RICHA, KUMAR, A. TYAGI, M. B. SINHA, R.P. Molecular Mechanisms of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Repair. Journal of Nucleic Acids, v.2010, p.1-32, 2010.

RAVANAT, J.L. DOUKI, T. CADET, J. Direct and indirect effects of UV radiation on DNA and its components. Journal of Photochemical and Photobiology B, v.63, n.1-3, p.88–102, 2001.

RONTÓ, G. FEKETE, A. GÁSPÁR, S. MÓDOS, K. Action spectra for photoinduzed inactivation of bacteriophage T7 sensitized by 8-Methoxypsoralen and Angelicin, Journal of Photochemical and

Photobiology B, v.3, p.497-507, 1989.

SAGE, E. BOYER, V. MOUSTACCHI, E. Sequence specificity in psoralen-DNA photobinding.

Biochemical Pharmacol. v.37, p.1829-1830, 1988.

SAGE, E. MOUSTACCHI, E. Sequence context effects on 8-methoxypsoralen photobinding to defined DNA fragments. Biochemistry, v.26, p.3307-3314. 1987.

SANTOS, A.L. GOMES, N.C.M. HENRIQUES, I. ALMEIDA, A. CORREIA, A. CUNHA, A. Contribution of reactive oxygen species to UV-B-induced damage in bactéria. Journal of Photochemistry

and Photobiology B, v.117, p.40–46, 2012.

SCHEINFELD, N. DELEO, V. A review of studies that have utilized different combinations of psoralen and ultraviolet B phototherapy and ultraviolet A phototherapy. Dermatol. Online Journal, v.9, p.5-7, 2003.

SCHUCH, A.P. MENCK, C.F.M. The genotoxic effects of DNA lesions induced by artificial UV- radiation and sunlight. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, v.99, p.111-116, 2010.

SCOTT, B.R., PATHAK, M.A. MOHN, G.R. Molecular and genetic basis of furocoumarin reactions.

52

SECKIN, D. USTA, I. YAZICI, Z. SENOL, A. Topical 8-methoxypsoralen increases the efficacy of narrowband ultraviolet B in psoriasis. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., v.25, p.237–241, 2009.

SETLOW, R.B. CARRIER, W.L. Formation and destruction of pyrimidine dimers in polynucleotídeos by ultraviolet irradiation in the presence of proflavine. Nature, v.213, p.906-907, 1967.

SMITH, S.I. BRODBELT, J.S. Rapid Characterization of Cross-links, Mono-adducts, and Noncovalent Binding of Psoralens to Deoxyoligonucleotides by LCUV/ESI-MS and IRMPD Mass Spectrometry,

Analyst, v.135, p.943–952, 2010.

TATCHEN, J. KLEINSCHMIDT, M. MARIAN, C. M. Electronic excitation spectra and singlet-triplet coupling in psoralen and its sulfur and selenium analogs. Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology, v.167, p.201-212. 2004.

TAYLOR, J.S. LU, H.F. KOTYK, J.J. Quantitative conversion of the (6–4) photoproduct of TpdC to its Dewar valence isomer upon exposure to simulated sunlight. Journal of Photochemistry and

Photobiology, v.51, n. 2, p. 161–167, 1990.

TESSMAN, J.W. ISAACS, S.T. HEARST, J.E. Photochemistry of the furan-side 8-methoxypsoralen- thymidine monoadduct inside the DNA helix. Conversion to diadduct and to pyrone-side monoadduct.

Biochemistry, v.24, p.1669-1676, 1985.

THACKER, J. The RAD51 gene family, genetic instability and cancer. Cancer Letters, v.219, n.2, p.125–135, 2005.

THOMPSON, J.F. HEARST, J.E. Structure of E. coli 16S RNA elucidated by psoralen crosslinking.

Cell, v.32, p.1355–1365, 1983.

TODO, T. Functional diversity of the DNA photolyase/blue light receptor family. Mutation Research, v.434, n.2, p.89–97, 1999.

53

VAN-HOUTEN, B. GMPER, H. HEARST, J.E. SANCAR, J. Analysis of sequential steps of nucleotide excision repair in Escherichia coli using synthetic substrates contaning single psoralen adducts. Journal of Biology Chemisty, n.263, p.16553-16560, 1988.

Van Houten, B. Eisen, J. A. Hanawalt, P. C. A cut above: discovery of an alternative excision repair pathway in bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of

America, v. 99, n. 5, p. 2581–2583, 2002.

VECHET, B. The enhancement of the mutagenic effect of ultravioletradiation in Escherichia coli by caffeine and acriflavine, FoliaMicrobiol. v.13, p.379–390, 1968.

VEDALDI, D., CAFFIERI, S., MIOLO, G., GUIOTTO., A. DALL’ACQUA, F., Benzoangelicins: new monofunctional DNA photobinding agents. Jornal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, v. 14, p. 81-93, 1992.

VERONESE, F.M. BEVILACQUA, R. SHIAVON, O. RODIGUIERO, G. Drug protein interaction: plasma protein binding of furocoumarins. Farmaco Sci., v.34, n.8, p.3-12, 1979.

WEBB, R.B. PETRUSEK, R.L. Oxigen effect in the protection of Esch. coli against UV. inactivation and mutagenesis by acridine orange. Jornal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, v.5, p.645-654, 1966.

WITKIN, E.M. The effect of acriflavine on photoreversal of lethal andmutagenic damage produced in bacteria by ultraviolet light, Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, v.50, p.425–430, 1963.

YASUI, A. EKER, A.P.M. YASUHIRA, S. A new class of DNA photolyases present in various organisms including aplacental mammals. EMBO Journal, v.13, n.24, p.6143–6151, 1994.

YOUNG, A.R. Photocarcinogenicity of psoralens used in PUVA treatment: present status in mouse and man. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, v.6, p.237-247, 1990.

ZERLER, B.R. WALLACE, S.S. Repair of psoralen plus near ultraviolet light damage in bacteria phage T4. Jornal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, v. 30, p. 413-416, 1979.

54

ZHANG, X. ROSENSTEIN, B.S. WANG, Y. LEBWOBL, M. WEI, H. Identification of possible reactive oxygen species involved in ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative DNA damage. Free