Si la fonction endogène de cette voie reste mystérieuse, la compréhension des mécanismes de production des siRNAs nous permet d'imaginer plusieurs raisons qui auraient contribué à la conservation de cette voie d'ARN interférence au cours de l'évolution.
L'idée générale est que les voies d'ARNi sont utiles pour la défense contre les parasites moléculaires tels que les transposons et les virus. Jusqu'à présent aucun virus n'infectant la paramécie n'a été trouvé contrairement à plusieurs protozoaires pour lesquels des virus ont été décrits (Hyman & Abedon 2012[119]). Si effectivement aucun virus n'est capable d'infecter la paramécie, on peut se demander si ce sont ses voies d'ARNi qui lui offrent une protection efficace contre les infections virales. Cependant, la plupart des virus de plantes ou d'animaux ont développé des mécanismes pour contourner ou inactiver les voies d'ARNi de l'hôte, il est donc peu probable que ce soit les voies d'ARNi de la paramécie qui empêchent à elles seules les infections virales. En ce qui concerne les transposons, il est théoriquement possible que l'ARNi empêche l'intégration de transposons qui proviendraient de la nourriture en réprimant les transcrits, cependant le code génétique de la paramécie étant différent de celui des bactéries (un seul codon stop : TGA), il est peu probable qu'un transposon bactérien puisse facilement intégrer le génome de la paramécie.
En revanche, plusieurs endosymbionts ont été décrits pour la paramécie. Par exemple l'algue verte unicellulaire Chlorella (Fujishima & Kodama 2012[120]) ou encore la bactérie
Caedibacter caryophilus affiliée aux Alphaproteobacteria (Beier et al. 2002[121]). Cette
dernière donne à son hôte la capacité de tuer ces congénères qui ne sont pas infectés par la bactérie. Par définition, un endosymbiote doit interagir avec son hôte pour un certain nombre de processus cellulaires. Il est alors possible que l'ARNi ait un rôle important à jouer dans ces relations endosymbiotiques. Certains ARN de la bactérie infectieuse (ARN ribosomaux ou même ARNm) pourraient être réprimées par les voies d'ARNi de la paramécie pour empêcher l'infection ou simplement pour limiter sa prolifération dans l'hôte. Si c'est le cas, cela suggère que des ARN seraient excrétés de la bactérie dans le cytoplasme de la paramécie pour être traités par l'ARNi puis que les siRNAs produits pourraient entrer dans la bactérie pour éteindre l'expression des ARNm. L'étude de la prolifération des endosymbionts dans des mutants déficients pour l'ARNi pourrait être particulièrement intéressante.
136
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I. Annexe I : Documents supplémentaires de l'article 1.
A forward genetic screen reveals essential and non-essential RNAi factors in
Paramecium tetraurelia
Simone Marker, Quentin Carradec, Véronique Tanty, Olivier Arnaiz and Eric Meyer
Supplementary Figures S1-S8 Supplementary Tables S1-S7 Supplementary references
– Figure S1 –
Figure S1: DsRNA isolated from E. coli HT115 DE3 food bacteria to induce silencing of Cid1-like genes, ND169 (reporter) and ICL7a (control). Bacterial total RNA was extracted by hot phenol (pH 4.0) and purified by ethanol-0.4M sodium chloride precipitation. High molecular weight bands represent 16S and 26S ribosomal RNA. Note that the amount of dsRNA (black arrowheads) produced from different gene fragments is highly variable, but reproducible for each fragment.
Marker et al.
148 – Figure S2 –
Figure S2: Non-canonical poly(A) RNA polymerases (Cid1-like nucleotidyl transferases) identified in the P. tetraurelia MAC genome. Alignments of protein sequences corresponding to the conserved domain were done using the MUSCLE software. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using PhyML (bootstrapping procedure, 100 bootstraps) with default