The methodology used in this thesis has its advantages and disadvantages. We will now review the limitations raised by the studies presented in the experimental part.
The electroencephalography allows the investigation of neural events with a high temporal resolution. In this thesis, we used three different types of EEG recordings: scalp EEG in a blindsight patient, scalp EEG in healthy participants, and intracranial EEG in epileptic patients implanted in the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex. This makes any cross-study inference difficult. Indeed, analysing data from a patient whose visual cortex is inaccessible is very different from analysing a healthy brain. Moreover, different analysis techniques were used to test the effects of our experimental procedures in each study. In the first study, time-frequency transforms were performed; in the second study, we used cluster based permutations on single EEG trials; in the third study, lateralized ERPs were performed. This allowed us to highlight interesting effects in each study, but the comparison between these results therefore has to be made with caution.
Concerning the first study, the main limitation is the comparison between the blindsight patient and the control subjects. Indeed, different scalp montages were used, making any comparison difficult. That is why we did not compare precise time points and favoured the investigation of general post-stimulus tendencies. Moreover, as mentioned above, in the blindsight patient plasticity involving the structures that are described in the study may occur. Therefore, the differences observed between the patient and control subjects may be due to this plasticity; results have to be interpreted with caution. Finally, even if CSD transforms were applied on the data and confirmed implications of frontal regions, we cannot infer the precise location of the generators of the effects that were observed.
The second study has several limitations. First, all the patients were not implanted in the same scalp sites. Therefore, comparisons between these patients are hazardous. This is why the results were described as case reports and no average between the data of the 6 patients was performed. Moreover, these patients may have damaged brain tissues and are under the influence of anti-epileptic monotherapy; the interpretation of results linked to these recordings requires caution. The aim of the
population. Due to the specificities and uniqueness (in terms of epileptic sources) of each patient, this inference seems difficult. Finally, since only some focal structures of the brain are investigated, we may ask how the activity of other brain regions would be modulated by the experimental procedure.
In the last study, the main limitation is the potential emergence of an effect due to the high working memory load engaged during the experiment. This load seems to abolish the effect of emotion. Therefore, we may question the experimental manipulation, and hypothesise that in this case only attention and consciousness can be disentangled, whereas emotion is not processed. This raises the question of whether emotion can be processed in a task involving selective attention when the face stimuli are task-relevant but the emotion is irrelevant. This question is related to another limitation of the last study of this thesis, linked to the participant type. Indeed, following the observations discussed regarding attentional biases in anxiety, we could postulate that an effect of emotion may appear in anxious participants who are unable to ignore emotions relative to threat. Since our participants had low scores in the state and trait anxiety scales, we could not investigate this hypothesis.
4. Conclusion
The processing of relevant stimuli without awareness has been associated with the activation of a subcortical processing route. In this thesis, this evidence is strengthened in the case of a blindsight patient. However, the involvement of the amygdala in the processing of relevant stimuli has not been observed in a set of epileptic patients implanted in this brain structure. Moreover, we showed that when faces are task-relevant but the emotion is irrelevant, a shift of attention cannot occur if the cue is not consciously perceived. Therefore, top-down processing cannot occur without consciousness in a cueing paradigm.
We believe that these findings open new exciting questions regarding the processing of faces in the human brain, including the role of the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex in the processing of relevant cues and the role of psychopathological states such as anxiety in attentional shifting without awareness.
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