ILLUSTRATION OF THE CONCEPT .1 Case study area

DESIGNING WITH MULTIFUNCTIONALITY: GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE, FLOOD RESILIENCE AND COMMUNITY WELL-BEING

4 ILLUSTRATION OF THE CONCEPT .1 Case study area

The study area is in Ayutthaya province in Thailand which is about 80 km north of Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, Figure 3. The area is surrounded with three rivers namely Chao Phraya River, Pasak River, and Lop Buri River. The land use is primarily residential with some minor commercial activities. This area is often subject to flooding due to high water levels in these three rivers (and also from local pluvial floods).

Figure 3. Ayutthaya,Thailand. geographical location is 14°21’08”N latitude and 100°33’38”E longtitude.

4.2 Methodology

For the purposes of the present work, the MIKEFLOOD 1D–2D model of Ayutthaya Island is used to model propagation of excess floodwaters from three main rivers (i.e., Chao Phraya River, Lopburi River, and Pasak Rivers) and canals. 1D MIKE 11 was used for river modelling and 2D MIKE21 model was used for surface flow modelling (Vojinovic et al., 2016a and Vojinovic et al., 2016b). The selection of effective flood mitigation measures was carried out through model simulations of different scenarios. After consultations with key stakeholders the most effective mitigation measures were selected. These measures combined different green and grey measures.

Figure 4 provides an indication of some of the key measures such as construction of a multifunctional detention pond, construction of new canals, strengthening pumping capacity, construction of new openings between different canals, porous pavements, etc. In addition, there is a variety of urban parks and gardens that are proposed around cultural heritage sites which can provide safe routes for walking and cycling for transport purposes as well as sites for physical activity, social interaction and for recreation, Figure 5.

These measures can also enhance environmental benefits through improvements of runoff water quality, infiltration to recharge aquifers, air quality, biodiversity, etc. Furthermore, construction of new canals and fountains would have the ability to moderate temperatures and mitigate heat stress effects.

Figure 4. Combination of different infrastructure measures in Ayutthaya, Thailand.

Figure 5. 3D view of the proposed set of measures. The proposed measures can also enhance environmental benefits through improvements of runoff water quality, infiltration to recharge aquifers, air quality, biodiversity,

etc.

Figure 6. 3D view of the proposed set of measures. Construction of new canals and fountains would have the ability to moderate temperatures and mitigate heat stress effects.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The present paper describes the efforts to design multifunctional areas in Ayutthaya (Thailand) region that can be used for flood mitigation, recreation and tourism. The same combination of measures also provides a range of social, environmental and cultural benefits by making these areas more vibrant, visually attractive and delivering recreation and cultural/heritage opportunities. The following methodology was applied: stakeholder consultations, data collection and modelling, site selection and evaluation, and development of a conceptual design of multifunctional measures. The work performed demonstrates that the collaboration between different disciplines is a key for successful design of multifunctional flood protection measures.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was funded by the Asian Development Bank, under RETA 6498 Knowledge and Innovation Support for ADB’s Water Financing Program (RETA 6498). This work was also partially funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under Grant agreement No 603663 for the research project PEARL (Preparing for Extreme And Rare events in coastaL regions).

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