7.2 Dissertation on asynchrony
7.3.4 Generalization of asynchrony
Depending on the visual functions where asynchrony would operate, a generalization of the temporal. precedence paradigm could have various consequences. For the early visual sys- tem, the effects of asynchrony (in a visual data flow) can be summarized as follows:
increase in the performances of the figurelground separation problem, generalizable to the segmentation problem;
temporal precedence of objects of higher luminance;
* temporal precedence of key-points and other features.
A direct consequence of the temporal precedence of visual features coming out of the early stages of the visual system (beyond Vl), could be to attract the attention of higher centers to particular regions "perceived" first. Thus, the temporal precedence paradigm would result in pruning out the background and objects whose features do not elicit early responses. This prun- ing would be beneficial as it would allow a reduction in the amount of visual information to be treated. Furthermore, this pruning process would not be definitive. Indeed, all regions would eventually elicit responses; it is not like a threshold where a decision must be taken regarding what must be kept and what must be got rid of. For that reason, the temporal precedence para- digm is viewed as a major improvement in computer vision.
Another aspect of this paradigm consists in the possibility that high visual centers could filter out incoming visual information on the basis of previously received visual data. Such a mechanism would require a global feedback to act on the early visual system, at the image of the physiological one, presumed to exist in the human visual system (see LGN in section 2.3).
In consequence, the dynamic visual data flow would be processed dynamically. Coupled with
148 C H M 1 bK 7, Overall conclusions oscillatory interactions in neuronal structures, this system would represent the most elaborated generalization of a temporal analysis.
References
Abeles M. ( 1982). Local Cortical Circuits, Springer-Verlag.
Adrian E.D. and Matthews R. (1927). The action of light on the eye. 11. The processes involved in retinal excitation. Journal of Physiolorry, 64,279-301.
Allman J. (1987). Maps in context: some analogies between visual cortical and genetic maps.
In Matters of Intelligence, ed. Vaina L.M., pp. 369-393, Reidel D. Publishing Company.
Allman J., Miezin F., and McGuiness E. (1985). Stimulus specific responses from beyond the classical receptive field. Annual Review Neuroscience, 8,407-430.
Alpern Ivf. (1968). A note on visual latency. Psvcholonical Review, 75,260-264.
Andersen R.A., Bracewell R.M., Barash S., Gnadt J.W., and Fogassi L. (1990). Eye position effects on visual, memory, and saccade-related activity in areas LIP and 7a of macaque.
The Journal of Neuroscience, l0, 1176-1 196.
Andersen R.A. (1989). Visual and eye movement functions of the posterior parietal cortex.
&-
nual Review of Neuroscience, 2,377-403.
Arbib M.A. (1989). The Metauhorical Brain 2, John Wiley and Sons.
Arbib M.A. (1987). Levels of modeling of mechanisms of visually guided behavior. Behavior- al and Brain Sciences, 10,407-465.
Armstrong R.A., Slaven A., and Harding G.F.A. (1991). 'Visual evoked magnetic fields to flash and pattern in 100 normal subjects. Vision Research,
2,
1859-1864.Attneave F. (1954). Some informational aspects of visual perception. Psvcholo~ical Review, 6l, 183-193.
Attwell D. and Tessier-Lavigne M. (1989). Designing synaptic connections in the outer retina.
In The Com~uting Neuron, eds. Durbin R., Miall C., and Mitchison G., pp. 337-354, Add- ison-Wesley.
Attwell D. (1986). Ion channels and signal processing in the outer retina. Quarterly Journal of Ex~erimental Physiology, 3,497-536.
Bader C.R. (1988). L'oeil et la transformation de signaux lumineux en signaux Clectriques.
Cahiers de la FacultC de MCdecine, l6, Universite de Genkve, 15-38.
Barlow H.B. (1982). Physiology of the retina. In The Senses, eds. Barlow H.B. and Mollon J.D., pp. 102- 1 13, Cambridge University Press.
Barlow H.B. and Mollon J.D. (1982). Psychophysical measurements of visual performance. In
150 References The Senses, eds. Barlow H.B. and Mollon J.D., pp.114-132, Cambridge University Press.
Benoit J. and Lachapelle P. (1990). Temporal relationship between ERG components and gen- iculate unit activity in rabbit. Vision Research, 30,797-806.
Berzins V. (1984). Accuracy of Laplacian edge detectors. Computer Graphics and Image Pro- cessing, 27, 195-210.
Bloom E. and Lazerson A, (1985). Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Freeman W.H. and Cie.
Boer L.C. and Keuss J.G. (1982). Global precedence as a postperceptual effect: an analysis of speed-accuracy tradeoff functions. Percewtion and Psvcho~hvsics, 2,358-366.
Bolz J., Rosner G., and W&sle H. (1982). Response latency of brisk-sustained (X) and brisk- transient (Y) cells in the cat retina. Journal of Phvsiolonv,
%,
171-190.Born R.T. and Tootell R.B. (1991). Single-unit and 2-deoxyglucose studies of side inhibition in macaque striate cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 88,707 1-7075.
~ouzerdoum A., Nabet B., and Pinter R.B. (1991). Analysis and analog implementation of di- - - rectionally sensitive shunting inhibitory neural networks. Visual Infomation Processing:
From Neurons to chi^, S P E 1473,29-37.
Braccini C., Garnbardella G., and Sandini G. (1981). A signal theory approach to the space and frequency variant filtering performed by the human visual system. Signal Processing,
3,
23 1-240.
Briffod C. and Burgi P.-Y. (1991). Vision B la Grossberg. A1 and Vision Group, Computing Science Center, Report 91.05, University of Geneva.
Bugmann G. (1992). Summation and multiplication: two distinct operation domains of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons. Network, in press.
Burgess A.E., Wagner R.F., Jennings R.J., and Barlow H.B. (198 1). Efficiency of human visual signal discrimination. Science, 214, 93-94.
Burgi P.-Y. (1992a). Figure-ground separation: evidence for asynchronous processing in visual perception?. Proceedings of Swiss Group for Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, Bienne.
Burgi P.-Y. (1992b). Active segmentation: a consequence of asynchrony in visual analysis.
Proceedings of Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision, Lausanne, January 30-31, 75- 83.
Burgi P.-Y. (1992~). Analysis and understanding of neuronal structures. Neurocomputing,
4,
1 1-40.
Burgi P.-Y. and Pun T. (1991a). Temporal analysis of contrast and geometric selectivity in the early human visual system. In Channels in the Visual Nervous System, (ed.) Blum B., pp.
273-288, Freund Pub. House Ltd.
Burgi P. -Y. and Pun T. (1 99 1 b). Figure-ground separation: evidence for asynchronous process- ing in visual perception?. Perception, 20, 69.
Burgi P.-Y., Pun T., and Pellegrini C. (1989).Temporal analysis and modeling of the visual cir- cuitry. Perception, 18,501.
Burkhardt D.A., Gottesrnan J., and Keenan R.M. (1987). Sensory latency and reaction time:
dependence on contrast polarity and early linearity in human vision. Journal of Optical So- ciety of America A, &, 530-539.
Burnod Y. (1989). An Adaptive Neural Network: the Cerebral Cortex, Masson.
Carney T., Paradiso M.A., and Freeman R.D. (1989). A physiological correlate of the Pulfrich effect in cortical neurons of the cat. Vision Research, 29, 155- 165.
Cattell J.M. (1885). The influence of the intensity of the stimulus on the length of the reaction time. Brain, 8, 512-515.
Chapman R.M. (1961). Spectral sensitivity of single neural units in the bullfrog retina.
The
References 151 Optical Society of America, 5 l , 1 102- 1 1 12.
Chen J.S. and Medioni C. (1987). Detection, localization and estimation of edges. Proceedings of Darpa Image Understanding Workshop, 988-1000.
Chou P.B. and Brown C.M. (1987). Multi-modal segmentation using markov random fields.
Proceedings of Darpa Image Understanding: Workshop, 663-670.
Clark J.J. (1989). Authenticating edges produced by zero-crossing algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analvsis and Machine Intelligence, ll,43-57.
Cohen M.A. and Grossberg S. (1984). Neural dynamics of brightness perception: features, boundaries, diffusion, and resonance. Perception and Psycho~hysics, 36,428-456.
Connolly M. and Van Essen D. (1984). The representation of the visual field in parvicellular and magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the macaque monkey.
The
Journal of Comparative Neurology, 226,544-564.
Connor J.A. and Stevens C.F. (197 1). Prediction of repetitive firing behaviour from voltage clamp data on an isolated neurone soma. Journal of Phvsiology, 213, 31-53.
Courtney S.M. and Buchsbaum G. (1991). Temporal differences between color pathways within the retina as a possible origin of subjective colors. Vision Research, 3l, 1541-1548.
Crick F. (1984). Function of the thalamic reticular complex: the searchlight hypothesis.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 817 4586-4590.
Cursio C.A., Sloan K.R. Jr., Packer O., Hendrickson A.E., and Kalina R.E. (1987). Distribution of cones in human and monkey retina: individual variability and radial asymmetry.
Science, 236,579-582.
Daly S.J. and Normann R.A. (1985). Temporal information processing in cones: effects of light adaptation on temporal summation and modulation. Vision Research, 25, 1197-1206.
Daugman J.G. (1985). Representational issues and local filter models of two-dimensional spatial visual encoding. In Models of the Visual Cortex, eds. Rose D. and Dobson V.G., pp.
96-107, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Desimone R., Schein S.J., Moran J., and Ungerleider L.G. (1985). Contour, color and shape analysis beyond the striate cortex. Vision Research, 25,441-452.
Desimone R., Albright T.D., Gross C.G., and Bruce C. (1 984). Stimulus-selective properties of inferior temporal neurons in the macaque. The Journal of Neuroscience, 4,2051-2062.
Desimone R., Albright T.D., Gross C.G., and Bruce C. (1 984). Stimulus-selective properties of inferior temporal neurons in the macaque. The Journal of Neuroscience, 3,2251-2062.
Devijver P.A. and Dekesel M.M. (1987). Algorithmes d'apprentissage d'un mod8le markovien d'image. In Reconnaissance des forrnes et intelligence artificielle, ed. AFCET, pp. 193- 207, Dunod.
DeYoe E.A. and Van Essen D.C. (1988). Concurrent processing streams in monkey visual cortex. Trends in Neuro Sciences, ll, 219-226.
Dobbins A., Zucker S.W., and Cynader M.S. (1989). Endstopping and curvature. Vision Research, 29, 1371-1387.
--
Dobbins A,, Zucker S.W., and Cynader M.S. (1987). Endstopped neurons in the visual cortex for calculating curvature. Nature, 329,438-441.
Doma H. and Hallett P.E. (1989). Variable contributions of rods and cones to saccadic eye- movement latency in a non-foveating task. Vision Research,29,563-577.
152 References Donner K. (1989). Visual latency and brightness: an interpretation based on the responses of
rods and ganglion cells in the frog retina. Visual Neuroscience,
3,
39-51.Dow B.M., Vautin R.G., and Bauer R. (1985)- The mapping of visual space onto foveal striate cortex in the macaque monkey. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2,890-902.
Dow B.M., Snyder A.Z., Vautin R.G., and Bauer R. (198 1). Magnification factor and receptive field size in foveal striate cortex of the monkey. Ex~erimental Brain Research, 44,213-228.
Drasdo D. (1977). The neural representation of visual space. Nature, 266,554-556.
Dresp B. and Bonnet C. (1991). Psychophysical evidence for low-level processing of illusory contours and surfaces in the Kanizsa square. Vision Research, 3 l , 1813-1817.
Duda R.O. and Hart P.E. (1973). Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis, John Wiley and Sons.
Durante E. and Burgi P.-Y. (1992). Etude du comportement dynamique de r6eaux
asynchrones. A1 and Vision Grow, Com~utinn Science Center, Report 92.0X7 University of Geneva.
Duysens J., Gulyhs, and Maes H. (1991). Temporal integration in cat visual cortex: a test of Bloch's law. Vision Research, 3l, 15 17- 1528.
Eckhorn R. and Reitboeck H.J. (1990). Stimulus-specific synchronization in cat visual cortex and its possible role in visual pattern recognition. In S~nernetics of Corrnition, eds, Haken H. and Stadler M., pp. 99-1 11, Springer Series in Synergetics, Vol. 45, Springer-Verlag.
Eckhorn R., Reitboeck H.J., Arndt M., and Dicke P. (1989). A neural network for feature linking via synchronous activity: results from cat visual cortex and from simulations. In Models of Brain Function, ed. Cotterill R.M.J., pp. 255-272, Cambridge University Press.
Eckhorn R., Bauer R., Jordan W., Brosch M., Kruse W., Munk M., and Reitboeck H.J. (1988).
Coherent oscillations: a mechanism of feature linking in the visual cortex? Biological Cybernetics,
60,
121-130.Edelstyn N.M,J. and Hammond P. (1988). Relationship between cortical lamination and texture sensitivity in complex neurones of the striate cortex in cats. The Journal of Com~arative Neurolony, 278,397-404.
Edwards D.H. Jr. (1983). Response vs. excitation in response-dependent and stimulus- dependent lateral inhibitory networks. Vision Research, 23,469-472.
Ellias S.A. and Grossberg S. (1975). Pattern formation, contrast control, and oscillations in the short term memory of shunting on-center off-surround networks. Biological Cybernetics, 20,69-98.
~ a i n 3 . ~ . (1979). Le fonctionnement de la retine. La Recherche, lO,355-362.
Fiorentini A., Baumgartner G., Magnussen S., Schiller P.H., and Thomas J.P. (1990). The per- ception of brightness and darkness. In Visual Perception, eds. Spillman L. and Werner J.S., pp. 129- 16 1, Academic Press.
Forshaw M.R.B. (1988). Speeding up the Man-Hildreth edge operator. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Imane Processing, 4l, 172- 185.
Freeman W.J. and van Dijk B.W. (1987). Spatial patterns of visual cortical fast EEG during conditioned reflex in a rhesus monkey. Brain Research, 422,267-276.
Freeman W.J. (1975). Mass Action in the Nervous System, Academic Press, Freund J.E. (1962). Mathematical statistics, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Frohn H., Geiger H., and Singer W. (1987). A self-organizing neural network sharing features of the mammalian visual system. Biological Cybernetics, 55,333-343.
Kererence s 153 Fuortes M.G.F. and Hodgkin A.L. (1964). Changes in time scale and sensitivity in the omma-
tidia of Limulus. Journal of Phvsiolog;~, 172,239-263.
Furman G.G. (1965). Comparison of models for subtractive and shunting lateral-inhibition in receptor-neuron fields. Kybernetik, 6,257-274.
Genits H.J.M. (1978). Differences in peripheral and foveal effects observed in stabilized vi- sion. Ex~erimental Brain Research, 32,225-244.
Gerrits H.J.M and Vendrik A.J.H. (1970). Simultaneous contrast, filling-in process and infor- mation processing in man's visual system. Experimental Brain Research, 11.41 1-430.
Getting P.A. (1989). Reconstruction of small neural networks. In Methods in Neuronal Mod-
elincr;,
eds. Koch C. and Segev I., pp. 171-194, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Gilbert C.D. and Wiesel T.N. (1983). Clustered intrinsic connections in cat visual cortex. 'J&
Journal of Neuroscience,
3,
11 16-1 133.Gilbert C.D. and Wiesel T.N. (1985). Intrinsic connectivity and receptive field properties in vi- sual cortex. Vision Research, 25,365-374.
Glezer V.D. (1985). Spatial and spatial frequency characteristics of receptive fields of the visual cortex and piecewise Fourier analysis. In Models of the Visual Cortex, eds. Rose D.
and Dobson V.G., pp. 96-107, John Wiley and Sons.
Gouras P. and K. Link (1966). Rod and cone interaction in dark-adapted monkey ganglion cells. Journal of Physiology, 184,499-5 10.
Gray R.M. (1990). Entropy and Information Theom, Springer-Verlag.
Gray C.M., Konig P., Engel A.K., and Singer W. (1989).Synchronization of oscillatory responses in visual cortex: a plausible mechanism for scene segmentation. In Svnergetics of Cognition, eds. Haken H. and Stadler M., pp. 82-98, Springer Series in Synergetics, Vol, 45, Springer-Verlag.
Gray C.M., Konig P., Engel A.K., and Singer W. (1989). Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties.
Nature, 338,334-337.
Gray C.M. and Singer W. (198'7). Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in the cat visual cor- tex: a cortical functional unit. Society of Neuroscience, 404.3, 1449.
Greenlee M.W. and Breitmeyer B.G. (1989). A choice reaction time analysis of spatial frequen- cy discrimination. Vision Research, 29, 1575- 1586.
Gregory R.L. (1972). Cognitive contours. Nature, 238, 5 1-52.
Grossberg S. and Rudd M.E. (1991). A neural theory of visual motion perception. In Channels in the visual nervous system: neuro~hvsiolonv, ~sychoph~sics and models, ed. Blum B., pp. 15 1 - 194, Freund Publishing House Ltd.
Grossberg S., Mingolla E., and Todorovic D. (1989). A neural network architecture for preat- tentive vision. E E E Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 36,65-84.
Grossberg S. and Todorovic D. (1 988). Neural dynamics of 1 -D and 2-D brightness perception:
a unified model of classical and recent phenomena. Perception and Psycho~hysics, 43,241- 277.
Grossberg S. (1987). Cortical dynamics of three-dimensional form, color, and brightness per- ception. I. Monocular theory. Perception and Psvchophvsics, 4l, 87-1 16.
Grossberg S. and Mingolla E. (1985a). Neural dynamics of form perception: boundary com- pletion, illusory figures, and neon color spreading. Psycholopical Review, 92, 173-21 1.
Grossberg S. and Mingolla E. (1985b). Neural dynamics of perceptual grouping: textures, boundaries, and emergent segmentations. Perception and Psychophysics, 38, 141-171.
Grossberg S. (1984). Some psychophysiological and pharmacological correlates of a develop- mental, cognitive, and motivational theory. In Brain and Information, e d ~ . Karrer R., Cohen
154 References J., and Tueting P., pp. 58-151, New York Academy of Sciences.
Grossberg S. (1983). The quantized geometry of visual space: the coherent computation of depth, form, and lightness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
5,
625-657.Grzywacz N. and Yuille A.L. (1990). A model for the estimate of local image velocity by cells in the visual cortex. Proceedings of the Roval Society of London B,
239,
129-161.Haddon J.F. (1988). Generalized threshold selection for edge detection. Pattern Recognition,
2,
195-203.Haken H. (1990). Synergetics a s a tool for the conceptualization and mathematization of cognition and behaviour - how far can we go? In Svnergetics of Connition, eds. Haken H.
and Stadler M., pp. 2-31, Springer Series in Synergetics, Vol. 45, Springer-Verlag.
Halberg F. (1960). The 24-hour scale: time dimension of adaptive functional organization. &- spectives in Bioloay and Medicine, 3 , 4 9 1-527.
Hammond P. (1985). Visual cortical processing: textural sensitivity and its implications for classical views. In Models of the Visual Cortex, eds, Rose D. and Bobson V.G., pp. 326- 333, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Hancock E.R. and Kittler J. (1991). Adaptive estimation of hysteresis thresholds. Proceedings IEEE in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Lahaina, June 3-6, 196-201.
Hartline H.K. and Ratliff F. (1954). Spatial summation of inhibitory influences in the eye of Lirnulus. Science, 120,78 1.
Hartmann G. and Driie S. (1990). Self organization of a network linking features by synchro- nization. In Parallel Processing in Neural Systems and Computers, eds. Eckmiller R., Hart- mann G., and Hauske G., pp. 361-364, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
Harwerth R., Boltz R.L., and Smith TI1 E.L. (1980). Psychophysical evidence for sustained and transient channels in the monkey visual system. Vision Research, 20, 15-22.
Hecht E. (1974). Optics, Addison-Wesley.
Heitger F., Gerig G., Rosenthaler L., and Kiibler 0. (1989). Extraction of boundary key-points and completion of simple figures. The 6th Scandinavian Conference on Imane Analysis, June 19-22, Oulu, 1090-1097.
Heggelund P. (1985). Receptive field organization of simple and complex cells. In Models of the Visual Cortex, eds, Rose D. and Dobson V.G., pp. 358-365, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
H6rault L. and Hauraud R. (1991). Figure-ground discrimination: a combinatorial optimisation approach. LIFIA, Report RT73, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble.
Hertz L. and Schafer R.W. (1988). Multilevel thresholding using edge matching. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Irnaae Processing, 44, 279-295.
Hickey T.L. and Peduzzi J.D. (1987). Structure and development of the visual system. In Hand- book of Infant Perception, Vol. 1, eds. Salapatek P. and Cohen L., pp. 1-42, Academic Press.
Hildreth E.C. (1984). Computations underlying the measurement of visual motion. Artificial Intelligence, 23, 309-354.
Hochstein S. and H. Spitzer (1985). One, few, infinity: linear and nonlinear processing in the visual cortex. In Models of the Visual Cortex, eds. Rose D. and Dobson V.G., pp. 341-350, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Hodgkin A.L. and Huxley A.F. (1952). A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. Journal of Physiology, 117,500-544.
Hopfield J.J. (1984). Neurons with graded responses have collective computational properties like those of two-state neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 81,3088-3092.
Hopfield J.J. and Tank D.W. (1986). Computing with neural circuits: a model. Science, 233,
References 155 625-633.
Hubel D.H., Wiesel T.N., and Stryker M.P. (1 978). Anatomical demonstration of orientation columns in macaque monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 177,361-380.
Hubel D.H. and Wiesel T.N. (1968). Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. Journal of Phvsiolo~y, 195,215-243.
Huertas A. and Medioni G. (1986). Detection of intensity changes with subpixel accuracy using Laplacian-Gaussian masks. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelli- gence, 8,651-664.
Hughes H.C., Layton W.M., Baird J.C., and Lester L.S. (1984). Global precedence in visual pattern recognition. Perception and Psvcho~hvsics, 35,36 1-37 1.
Ingber A,L. (1992). Generic mesoscopic neural networks based on statistical mechanics of neo- cortical interactions. Physical Review A, 45,2 183-21 86.
Johnston A. (1989). The geometry of the topographic map in striate cortex. Vision Research, 29, 1493-1500.
Jones J.P. and Palmer L.A. (1987). An evaluation of the two-dimensional Gabor filter model of simple receptive fields in cat striate cortex. Journal of Neurophvsiologv, 58, 1233-1257.
Karnmen D.M., Holmes P.J., and Koch C. (1989). Cortical architecture and oscillations in neu- ronal networks: feedback versus local coupling. In Models of Brain Function, ed. Cotterill R.M.J., pp. 273-284, Cambridge University Press.
Kandel E.R. (1981). Calcium and the control of synaptic strength by learning. Nature, 293, 697-700.
Kaplan E. (1989). Filtering of visual information by the lateral geniculate nucleus. Perception, l8, A5.
Kastner S., Crook J.M., Lange-Malecki B., Yi Li C., and Creutzfeldt O.D. (1989). Simulta- neous contrast effects of remote coloured surrounds on cell responses to achromatic light stimuli in macaque LGN. Perception, l8, A6.
Kaufman L., Okada Y., Tripp J., and Weinberg H. (1984). Evoked neuromagnetic fields.
An-
nals of the New York Academv of Sciences, %, 722-742.
Kaufrnan L. and WilLiamson S.J. (1990). Neuromagnetic localization of neuronal activity in vi- sual and extravisual cortex. In Vision and the Brain: the Organization of the Central Visual System, eds. Cohen B. and Bodis-Wollner I., pp. 271-287, Raven Press, New York.
Klopfenstein R.W. and Carlson C.R. (1987). Theory of shape-invariant imaging systems. In Image Understanding 1985-86, eds. Richards W. and Ullman S., pp.175-213, Ablex Pub- lishing Corporation, New Jersey.
Knowles A. (1982). The biochemical aspects of vision. In The Senses, eds. Barlow H.B. and Mollon J.D., pp.82- 1 13, Cambridge University Press.
Koch C. and Segev I. (1 989). Introduction. In Methods in Neuronal Modeling, eds, Koch C.
and Segev I., pp. 1-8, M U Press, Cambridge, MA
Koch C. and TJllman S. (1987). Shifts in selective visual attention: towards the underlying neu- ral circuitry. In Matters of Intelligence, ed. Vaina L.M., pp. 115-141, Reidel D. Publishing Company.
Koenderink J.J. and Van Doorn A.J. (1978). Visual detection of spatial contrast; influence of location in the visual field, target extent and illuminance level. Biolo~ical Cybernetics, 30,
157-167.
Kolb H., Nelson R., Mariani A. (198 1). Amacrine cells, bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina: a Golgi study. Vision Research, 2 l , 108 1- 1 114.
Konig P. and Schillen T.B. (1991). Stimulus-dependent assembly formation of oscillatory re- sponses: I. Synchronization. Neural Computation,
3,
155- 166.Kosslyn S.M. and Koenig 0 . (1992). Wet Mind, Free Press, New York.
156 References Kuffler S.W. and Nicholls J.G. (1976). From Neuron to brain, Sinauer Ass. Inc., Sunderland,
MA.
Kulikowski J.J., Marcelja S., and Bishop P.O. (1982). Theory of spatial position and spatial fre- quency relations in the receptive fields of simple cells in the visual cortex, Biological CY- bernetics, 43, 187- 198.
Kurogi S. (1987). A model of neural network for spatiotemporal pattern recognition. Biological Cvbernetics, $7, 103- 1 14.
Lachapelle P., Benoit J., Cheema D., and Molotchnikoff S. (1991). Temporal relationship between the ERG and geniculate unit activity in rabbit: influence of background luminance.
Vision Research, 3 1,2033-2037.
Lacroix V. (1988). A three-module strategy for edge detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, l0, 803-8 10.
Land E.H. (1983). Recent advances in retinex theory and some implications for cortical computations: color vision and the natural image. Proceedings of the National Academv of Sciences of the USA, 8 0 , s 163-5169.
Lauinger N. (1991). 3D grating optics of human vision. Acta Ophthalmolonica, 69, Suppl. 199.
Lauinger N. (1991). 3D grating optics of human vision. Acta Ophthalmolonica, 69, Suppl. 199.