4. DISCUSSION
4.5 General conclusions
In conclusion, fMRI has a clear potential in a clinical setting. Despite the limitations of our findings, fMRI should not be dismissed in favor of markers of neuropathology in future studies.
Instead, additional efforts towards a better standardization of preprocessing should be undertaken, as well as validation in bigger cohorts, so that the utility of fMRI can be recognized in a clinical setting. Indeed, the use of task-based and RS fMRI to characterize brain networks brings additional information that can be very valuable in the context of early diagnosis. Crucially, fMRI can inform us about compensation mechanisms, early in the course of the disease, prior to the appearance of behavioral impairment. This way, it can potentially be a good predictor of time to conversion, and can help us to better understand the inter-individual variability for the response to treatment. Moreover, we are eager to see the relationship between task and RS fMRI being investigated across the AD spectrum in larger cohorts. Furthermore, a longitudinal analysis could show whether the strength of this link is stable across time, and along a disease continuum.
We stress the urgency of finding a multimodal marker that could be used for screening, and/or to identify patients with MCI who will convert in AD. The integration of information coming from multiple modalities is essential to ascertain as much as possible the early diagnosis, but also the prognosis of an individual. The combination of several modalities (e.g., fMRI coupled with markers of neuropathology and/or neurodegeneration) can also improve our understanding of interindividual variability in terms of function, behavior and disease (Yeo and Eickhoff 2016).
Concomitant with a longitudinal design, multimodality will allow to advance our understanding
122
of mechanisms of neural plasticity and cognitive reserve, in order to better understand the « lag » between the first signs of neuropathology and the first clinical symptoms.
Our conclusions are limited by the possible heterogeneity in the aetiology of MCI patients, who may not necessarily go on to develop AD (Petersen, Doody et al. 2001). Unfortunately, we lacked biomarkers to ascertain the prognosis of our MCI cohort. However, our strict inclusion criteria (only the amnestic subtype) and long follow-up (8 years for some of our participants!) has allowed us to dismiss alternative prognoses. Our sample size is relatively small, especially when compared with multisite datasets such as ADNI. However, even such cohorts might not be large enough to properly assess the extent of heterogeneity that exists across individuals. We may need to wait for studies with several thousands of patients to start seeing an integrative picture of a complex disease such as AD.
123
REFERENCES
Achim, A. M. and M. Lepage (2005). "Neural correlates of memory for items and for associations: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study." J Cogn Neurosci 17(4): 652-667.
Adlam, A. L., S. Bozeat, R. Arnold, P. Watson and J. R. Hodges (2006). "Semantic knowledge in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease." Cortex 42(5): 675-684.
Aggleton, J. P. (2012). "Multiple anatomical systems embedded within the primate medial temporal lobe:
implications for hippocampal function." Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36(7): 1579-1596.
Aggleton, J. P. and M. W. Brown (1999). "Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal-anterior thalamic axis." Behav Brain Sci 22(3): 425-444; discussion 444-489.
Aggleton, J. P. and M. W. Brown (2006). "Interleaving brain systems for episodic and recognition memory." Trends Cogn Sci 10(10): 455-463.
Agosta, F., M. Pievani, C. Geroldi, M. Copetti, G. B. Frisoni and M. Filippi (2012). "Resting state fMRI in Alzheimer's disease: beyond the default mode network." Neurobiol Aging 33(8): 1564-1578.
Ahmed, S., J. Mitchell, R. Arnold, P. J. Nestor and J. R. Hodges (2008). "Predicting rapid clinical progression in amnestic mild cognitive impairment." Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 25(2): 170-177.
Aizenstein, H. J., R. D. Nebes, J. A. Saxton, J. C. Price, C. A. Mathis, N. D. Tsopelas, S. K. Ziolko, J. A.
James, B. E. Snitz, P. R. Houck, W. Bi, A. D. Cohen, B. J. Lopresti, S. T. DeKosky, E. M. Halligan and W. E. Klunk (2008). "Frequent amyloid deposition without significant cognitive impairment among the elderly." Arch Neurol 65(11): 1509-1517.
Albert, N. B., E. M. Robertson and R. C. Miall (2009). "The resting human brain and motor learning."
Curr Biol 19(12): 1023-1027.
Alemán-Gomez, Y., L. Melie-García and P. Valdés-Hernandez (2006). IBASPM: toolbox for automatic parcellation of brain structures. Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping. Florence, Italy. 27.
Algarabel, S., J. Escudero, J. F. Mazon, A. Pitarque, M. Fuentes, V. Peset and L. Lacruz (2009).
"Familiarity-based recognition in the young, healthy elderly, mild cognitive impaired and Alzheimer's patients." Neuropsychologia 47(10): 2056-2064.
Algarabel, S., M. Fuentes, J. Escudero, A. Pitarque, V. Peset, J. F. Mazon and J. C. Melendez (2012).
"Recognition memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment." Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 19(5): 608-619.
Allen, G., H. Barnard, R. McColl, A. L. Hester, J. A. Fields, M. F. Weiner, W. K. Ringe, A. M. Lipton, M.
Brooker, E. McDonald, C. D. Rubin and C. M. Cullum (2007). "Reduced hippocampal functional connectivity in Alzheimer disease." Arch Neurol 64(10): 1482-1487.
Ally, B. A., C. A. Gold and A. E. Budson (2009). "An evaluation of recollection and familiarity in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment using receiver operating characteristics." Brain Cogn 69(3): 504-513.
124
Amunts, K., A. Schleicher and K. Zilles (2007). "Cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex--more than localization." Neuroimage 37(4): 1061-1065; discussion 1066-1068.
Andersen, A. H., W. S. Rayens, Y. Liu and C. D. Smith (2012). "Partial least squares for discrimination in fMRI data." Magn Reson Imaging 30(3): 446-452.
Anderson, A., I. D. Dinov, J. E. Sherin, J. Quintana, A. L. Yuille and M. S. Cohen (2010). "Classification of spatially unaligned fMRI scans." Neuroimage 49(3): 2509-2519.
Anderson, N. D., P. L. Ebert, J. M. Jennings, C. L. Grady, R. Cabeza and S. J. Graham (2008).
"Recollection- and familiarity-based memory in healthy aging and amnestic mild cognitive impairment."
Neuropsychology 22(2): 177-187.
Andrews-Hanna, J. R., J. S. Reidler, J. Sepulcre, R. Poulin and R. L. Buckner (2010). "Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain's default network." Neuron 65(4): 550-562.
Arnaiz, E., O. Almkvist, R. J. Ivnik, E. G. Tangalos, L. O. Wahlund, B. Winblad and R. C. Petersen (2004). "Mild cognitive impairment: a cross-national comparison." J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(9):
1275-1280.
Arriagada, P. V., J. H. Growdon, E. T. Hedley-Whyte and B. T. Hyman (1992). "Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer's disease." Neurology 42(3 Pt 1): 631-639.
Ashburner, J. and K. J. Friston (2005). "Unified segmentation." Neuroimage 26(3): 839-851.
Ashby, F. G. (2011). Modeling the BOLD Response. Statistical Analysis of fMRI Data. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press: 17-40.
Atienza, M., K. C. Atalaia-Silva, G. Gonzalez-Escamilla, E. Gil-Neciga, A. Suarez-Gonzalez and J. L.
Cantero (2011). "Associative memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment: the role of hippocampal formation." Neuroimage 57(4): 1331-1342.
Baddeley, A. D., H. Emslie and I. Nimmo-Smith (1994). The Doors and People Test: A Test of Visual and Verbal Recall and Recognition. Bury St Edmunds, Thames Valley Test Company.
Bai, F., D. R. Watson, H. Yu, Y. Shi, Y. Yuan and Z. Zhang (2009). "Abnormal resting-state functional connectivity of posterior cingulate cortex in amnestic type mild cognitive impairment." Brain Res 1302:
167-174.
Bai, F., Z. Zhang, D. R. Watson, H. Yu, Y. Shi, Y. Yuan, Y. Zang, C. Zhu and Y. Qian (2009). "Abnormal functional connectivity of hippocampus during episodic memory retrieval processing network in amnestic mild cognitive impairment." Biol Psychiatry 65(11): 951-958.
Bakker, A., G. L. Krauss, M. S. Albert, C. L. Speck, L. R. Jones, C. E. Stark, M. A. Yassa, S. S. Bassett, A. L. Shelton and M. Gallagher (2012). "Reduction of hippocampal hyperactivity improves cognition in amnestic mild cognitive impairment." Neuron 74(3): 467-474.
Barker, M. and W. S. Rayens (2003). "Partial least squares for discrimination." Journal of Chemometrics 17(3): 166-173.
125
Bassett, S. S., D. M. Yousem, C. Cristinzio, I. Kusevic, M. A. Yassa, B. S. Caffo and S. L. Zeger (2006).
"Familial risk for Alzheimer's disease alters fMRI activation patterns." Brain 129(Pt 5): 1229-1239.
Becker, J. A., T. Hedden, J. Carmasin, J. Maye, D. M. Rentz, D. Putcha, B. Fischl, D. N. Greve, G. A.
Marshall, S. Salloway, D. Marks, R. L. Buckner, R. A. Sperling and K. A. Johnson (2011). "Amyloid-beta associated cortical thinning in clinically normal elderly." Ann Neurol 69(6): 1032-1042.
Beckett, T. L., R. L. Webb, D. M. Niedowicz, C. J. Holler, S. Matveev, I. Baig, H. LeVine, 3rd, J. N.
Keller and M. P. Murphy (2012). "Postmortem Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) binding increases with Alzheimer's disease progression." J Alzheimers Dis 32(1): 127-138.
Beckmann, C. F., M. DeLuca, J. T. Devlin and S. M. Smith (2005). "Investigations into resting-state connectivity using independent component analysis." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 360(1457):
1001-1013.
Bennett, D. A., J. A. Schneider, Z. Arvanitakis, J. F. Kelly, N. T. Aggarwal, R. C. Shah and R. S. Wilson (2006). "Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies." Neurology 66(12): 1837-1844.
Besson, F. L., R. La Joie, L. Doeuvre, M. Gaubert, F. Mezenge, S. Egret, B. Landeau, L. Barre, A. Abbas, M. Ibazizene, V. de La Sayette, B. Desgranges, F. Eustache and G. Chetelat (2015). "Cognitive and Brain Profiles Associated with Current Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease." J Neurosci 35(29): 10402-10411.
Bierer, L. M., P. R. Hof, D. P. Purohit, L. Carlin, J. Schmeidler, K. L. Davis and D. P. Perl (1995).
"Neocortical neurofibrillary tangles correlate with dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease." Arch Neurol 52(1): 81-88.
Binnewijzend, M. A., M. R. Benedictus, J. P. Kuijer, W. M. van der Flier, C. E. Teunissen, N. D. Prins, M. P. Wattjes, B. N. van Berckel, P. Scheltens and F. Barkhof (2016). "Cerebral perfusion in the predementia stages of Alzheimer's disease." Eur Radiol 26(2): 506-514.
Binnewijzend, M. A., M. M. Schoonheim, E. Sanz-Arigita, A. M. Wink, W. M. van der Flier, N.
Tolboom, S. M. Adriaanse, J. S. Damoiseaux, P. Scheltens, B. N. van Berckel and F. Barkhof (2012).
"Resting-state fMRI changes in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment." Neurobiol Aging 33(9): 2018-2028.
Biswal, B., F. Z. Yetkin, V. M. Haughton and J. S. Hyde (1995). "Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI." Magn Reson Med 34(4): 537-541.
Biswal, B. B., M. Mennes, X. N. Zuo, S. Gohel, C. Kelly, S. M. Smith, C. F. Beckmann, J. S. Adelstein, R. L. Buckner, S. Colcombe, A. M. Dogonowski, M. Ernst, D. Fair, M. Hampson, M. J. Hoptman, J. S.
Hyde, V. J. Kiviniemi, R. Kotter, S. J. Li, C. P. Lin, M. J. Lowe, C. Mackay, D. J. Madden, K. H. Madsen, D. S. Margulies, H. S. Mayberg, K. McMahon, C. S. Monk, S. H. Mostofsky, B. J. Nagel, J. J. Pekar, S. J.
Peltier, S. E. Petersen, V. Riedl, S. A. Rombouts, B. Rypma, B. L. Schlaggar, S. Schmidt, R. D. Seidler, G. J. Siegle, C. Sorg, G. J. Teng, J. Veijola, A. Villringer, M. Walter, L. Wang, X. C. Weng, S. Whitfield-Gabrieli, P. Williamson, C. Windischberger, Y. F. Zang, H. Y. Zhang, F. X. Castellanos and M. P.
Milham (2010). "Toward discovery science of human brain function." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(10):
4734-4739.
126
Blackwell, A. D., B. J. Sahakian, R. Vesey, J. M. Semple, T. W. Robbins and J. R. Hodges (2004).
"Detecting dementia: novel neuropsychological markers of preclinical Alzheimer's disease." Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 17(1-2): 42-48.
Bobinski, M., M. J. de Leon, J. Wegiel, S. Desanti, A. Convit, L. A. Saint Louis, H. Rusinek and H. M.
Wisniewski (2000). "The histological validation of post mortem magnetic resonance imaging-determined hippocampal volume in Alzheimer's disease." Neuroscience 95(3): 721-725.
Bonnelle, V., T. E. Ham, R. Leech, K. M. Kinnunen, M. A. Mehta, R. J. Greenwood and D. J. Sharp (2012). "Salience network integrity predicts default mode network function after traumatic brain injury."
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(12): 4690-4695.
Bouras, C., P. R. Hof, P. Giannakopoulos, J. P. Michel and J. H. Morrison (1994). "Regional distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the cerebral cortex of elderly patients: a quantitative evaluation of a one-year autopsy population from a geriatric hospital." Cereb Cortex 4(2): 138-150.
Bouwman, F. H., S. N. Schoonenboom, W. M. van der Flier, E. J. van Elk, A. Kok, F. Barkhof, M. A.
Blankenstein and P. Scheltens (2007). "CSF biomarkers and medial temporal lobe atrophy predict dementia in mild cognitive impairment." Neurobiol Aging 28(7): 1070-1074.
Braak, H. and E. Braak (1991). "Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes." Acta Neuropathol 82(4): 239-259.
Braak, H. and E. Braak (1995). "Staging of Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes."
Neurobiol Aging 16(3): 271-278; discussion 278-284.
Brier, M. R., J. B. Thomas and B. M. Ances (2014). "Network dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease:
refining the disconnection hypothesis." Brain Connect 4(5): 299-311.
Brier, M. R., J. B. Thomas, A. M. Fagan, J. Hassenstab, D. M. Holtzman, T. L. Benzinger, J. C. Morris and B. M. Ances (2014). "Functional connectivity and graph theory in preclinical Alzheimer's disease."
Neurobiol Aging 35(4): 757-768.
Brier, M. R., J. B. Thomas, A. Z. Snyder, T. L. Benzinger, D. Zhang, M. E. Raichle, D. M. Holtzman, J.
C. Morris and B. M. Ances (2012). "Loss of intranetwork and internetwork resting state functional connections with Alzheimer's disease progression." J Neurosci 32(26): 8890-8899.
Brys, M., L. Glodzik, L. Mosconi, R. Switalski, S. De Santi, E. Pirraglia, K. Rich, B. C. Kim, P. Mehta, R.
Zinkowski, D. Pratico, A. Wallin, H. Zetterberg, W. H. Tsui, H. Rusinek, K. Blennow and M. J. de Leon (2009). "Magnetic resonance imaging improves cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the early detection of Alzheimer's disease." J Alzheimers Dis 16(2): 351-362.
Buckner, R. L., J. R. Andrews-Hanna and D. L. Schacter (2008). "The brain's default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease." Ann N Y Acad Sci 1124: 1-38.
Buckner, R. L., J. Sepulcre, T. Talukdar, F. M. Krienen, H. Liu, T. Hedden, J. R. Andrews-Hanna, R. A.
Sperling and K. A. Johnson (2009). "Cortical hubs revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity: mapping, assessment of stability, and relation to Alzheimer's disease." J Neurosci 29(6): 1860-1873.
Buckner, R. L., A. Z. Snyder, B. J. Shannon, G. LaRossa, R. Sachs, A. F. Fotenos, Y. I. Sheline, W. E.
Klunk, C. A. Mathis, J. C. Morris and M. A. Mintun (2005). "Molecular, structural, and functional
127
characterization of Alzheimer's disease: evidence for a relationship between default activity, amyloid, and memory." J Neurosci 25(34): 7709-7717.
Bursley, J. K., A. Nestor, M. J. Tarr and J. D. Creswell (2016). "Awake, Offline Processing during Associative Learning." PLoS One 11(4): e0127522.
Buschke, H., G. Kuslansky, M. Katz, W. F. Stewart, M. J. Sliwinski, H. M. Eckholdt and R. B. Lipton (1999). "Screening for dementia with the memory impairment screen." Neurology 52(2): 231-238.
Busse, A., A. Hensel, U. Guhne, M. C. Angermeyer and S. G. Riedel-Heller (2006). "Mild cognitive impairment: long-term course of four clinical subtypes." Neurology 67(12): 2176-2185.
Calhoun, V. D., T. Adali, G. D. Pearlson and J. J. Pekar (2001). "A method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis." Hum Brain Mapp 14(3): 140-151.
Cardebat, D., B. Doyon, M. Puel, P. Goulet and Y. Joanette (1990). "[Formal and semantic lexical evocation in normal subjects. Performance and dynamics of production as a function of sex, age and educational level]." Acta Neurol Belg 90(4): 207-217.
Carlesimo, G. A. and M. Oscar-Berman (1992). "Memory deficits in Alzheimer's patients: a comprehensive review." Neuropsychol Rev 3(2): 119-169.
Cavedo, E., S. Lista, Z. Khachaturian, P. Aisen, P. Amouyel, K. Herholz, C. R. Jack, Jr., R. Sperling, J.
Cummings, K. Blennow, S. O'Bryant, G. B. Frisoni, A. Khachaturian, M. Kivipelto, W. Klunk, K. Broich, S. Andrieu, M. T. de Schotten, J. F. Mangin, A. A. Lammertsma, K. Johnson, S. Teipel, A. Drzezga, A.
Bokde, O. Colliot, H. Bakardjian, H. Zetterberg, B. Dubois, B. Vellas, L. S. Schneider and H. Hampel (2014). "The Road Ahead to Cure Alzheimer's Disease: Development of Biological Markers and Neuroimaging Methods for Prevention Trials Across all Stages and Target Populations." J Prev Alzheimers Dis 1(3): 181-202.
Celone, K. A., V. D. Calhoun, B. C. Dickerson, A. Atri, E. F. Chua, S. L. Miller, K. DePeau, D. M. Rentz, D. J. Selkoe, D. Blacker, M. S. Albert and R. A. Sperling (2006). "Alterations in memory networks in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: an independent component analysis." J Neurosci 26(40): 10222-10231.
Chang, C.-C. and C.-J. Lin (2011). "LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines." ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology 2(3).
Chapman, R. M., M. Mapstone, J. W. McCrary, M. N. Gardner, A. Porsteinsson, T. C. Sandoval, M. D.
Guillily, E. Degrush and L. A. Reilly (2011). "Predicting conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease using neuropsychological tests and multivariate methods." J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 33(2): 187-199.
Chen, G., B. D. Ward, C. Xie, W. Li, Z. Wu, J. L. Jones, M. Franczak, P. Antuono and S. J. Li (2011).
"Classification of Alzheimer disease, mild cognitive impairment, and normal cognitive status with large-scale network analysis based on resting-state functional MR imaging." Radiology 259(1): 213-221.
Chen, K., E. M. Reiman, Z. Huan, R. J. Caselli, D. Bandy, N. Ayutyanont and G. E. Alexander (2009).
"Linking functional and structural brain images with multivariate network analyses: a novel application of the partial least square method." Neuroimage 47(2): 602-610.
128
Chen, P., G. Ratcliff, S. H. Belle, J. A. Cauley, S. T. DeKosky and M. Ganguli (2001). "Patterns of cognitive decline in presymptomatic Alzheimer disease: a prospective community study." Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(9): 853-858.
Chen, T., D. Zeng and Y. Wang (2015). "Multiple kernel learning with random effects for predicting longitudinal outcomes and data integration." Biometrics 71(4): 918-928.
Cheng, B., M. Liu, D. Zhang, B. C. Munsell and D. Shen (2015). "Domain Transfer Learning for MCI Conversion Prediction." IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 62(7): 1805-1817.
Chetelat, G. (2013). "Alzheimer disease: Abeta-independent processes-rethinking preclinical AD." Nat Rev Neurol 9(3): 123-124.
Chhatwal, J. P., A. P. Schultz, K. Johnson, T. L. Benzinger, C. Jack, Jr., B. M. Ances, C. A. Sullivan, S. P.
Salloway, J. M. Ringman, R. A. Koeppe, D. S. Marcus, P. Thompson, A. J. Saykin, S. Correia, P. R.
Schofield, C. C. Rowe, N. C. Fox, A. M. Brickman, R. Mayeux, E. McDade, R. Bateman, A. M. Fagan, A.
M. Goate, C. Xiong, V. D. Buckles, J. C. Morris and R. A. Sperling (2013). "Impaired default network functional connectivity in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease." Neurology 81(8): 736-744.
Chincarini, A., P. Bosco, P. Calvini, G. Gemme, M. Esposito, C. Olivieri, L. Rei, S. Squarcia, G.
Rodriguez, R. Bellotti, P. Cerello, I. De Mitri, A. Retico, F. Nobili and I. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging (2011). "Local MRI analysis approach in the diagnosis of early and prodromal Alzheimer's disease." Neuroimage 58(2): 469-480.
Cho, H., J. Y. Choi, M. S. Hwang, J. H. Lee, Y. J. Kim, H. M. Lee, C. H. Lyoo, Y. H. Ryu and M. S. Lee (2016). "Tau PET in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment." Neurology 87(4): 375-383.
Cho, Y., J. K. Seong, Y. Jeong, S. Y. Shin and A. s. D. N. Initiative (2012). "Individual subject classification for Alzheimer's disease based on incremental learning using a spatial frequency representation of cortical thickness data." Neuroimage 59(3): 2217-2230.
Chua, E. F., D. L. Schacter, E. Rand-Giovannetti and R. A. Sperling (2007). "Evidence for a specific role of the anterior hippocampal region in successful associative encoding." Hippocampus 17(11): 1071-1080.
Ciftci, K. (2011). "Minimum spanning tree reflects the alterations of the default mode network during Alzheimer's disease." Ann Biomed Eng 39(5): 1493-1504.
Clark, C. M., S. Xie, J. Chittams, D. Ewbank, E. Peskind, D. Galasko, J. C. Morris, D. W. McKeel, Jr., M.
Farlow, S. L. Weitlauf, J. Quinn, J. Kaye, D. Knopman, H. Arai, R. S. Doody, C. DeCarli, S. Leight, V.
M. Lee and J. Q. Trojanowski (2003). "Cerebrospinal fluid tau and beta-amyloid: how well do these biomarkers reflect autopsy-confirmed dementia diagnoses?" Arch Neurol 60(12): 1696-1702.
Cole, M. W., J. R. Reynolds, J. D. Power, G. Repovs, A. Anticevic and T. S. Braver (2013). "Multi-task connectivity reveals flexible hubs for adaptive task control." Nat Neurosci 16(9): 1348-1355.
Costafreda, S. G., I. D. Dinov, Z. Tu, Y. Shi, C. Y. Liu, I. Kloszewska, P. Mecocci, H. Soininen, M.
Tsolaki, B. Vellas, L. O. Wahlund, C. Spenger, A. W. Toga, S. Lovestone and A. Simmons (2011).
"Automated hippocampal shape analysis predicts the onset of dementia in mild cognitive impairment."
Neuroimage 56(1): 212-219.
129
Cox, D. D. and R. L. Savoy (2003). "Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) "brain reading":
detecting and classifying distributed patterns of fMRI activity in human visual cortex." Neuroimage 19(2 Pt 1): 261-270.
Cui, Y., B. Liu, S. Luo, X. Zhen, M. Fan, T. Liu, W. Zhu, M. Park, T. Jiang, J. S. Jin and I. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging (2011). "Identification of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease using multivariate predictors." PLoS One 6(7): e21896.
Cuingnet, R., E. Gerardin, J. Tessieras, G. Auzias, S. Lehericy, M. O. Habert, M. Chupin, H. Benali, O.
Colliot and I. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging (2011). "Automatic classification of patients with Alzheimer's disease from structural MRI: a comparison of ten methods using the ADNI database."
Neuroimage 56(2): 766-781.
Dalla Barba, G. (1997). "Recognition memory and recollective experience in Alzheimer's disease."
Memory 5(6): 657-672.
Damoiseaux, J. S., K. E. Prater, B. L. Miller and M. D. Greicius (2012). "Functional connectivity tracks clinical deterioration in Alzheimer's disease." Neurobiol Aging 33(4): 828 e819-830.
Damoiseaux, J. S., S. A. Rombouts, F. Barkhof, P. Scheltens, C. J. Stam, S. M. Smith and C. F. Beckmann (2006). "Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(37):
13848-13853.
Daselaar, S. M., M. S. Fleck and R. Cabeza (2006). "Triple dissociation in the medial temporal lobes:
recollection, familiarity, and novelty." J Neurophysiol 96(4): 1902-1911.
Daselaar, S. M., S. E. Prince and R. Cabeza (2004). "When less means more: deactivations during encoding that predict subsequent memory." Neuroimage 23(3): 921-927.
Daselaar, S. M., S. E. Prince, N. A. Dennis, S. M. Hayes, H. Kim and R. Cabeza (2009). "Posterior midline and ventral parietal activity is associated with retrieval success and encoding failure." Front Hum Neurosci 3: 13.
Davatzikos, C., P. Bhatt, L. M. Shaw, K. N. Batmanghelich and J. Q. Trojanowski (2011). "Prediction of MCI to AD conversion, via MRI, CSF biomarkers, and pattern classification." Neurobiol Aging 32(12):
2322 e2319-2327.
de Jager, C. A., E. Milwain and M. Budge (2002). "Early detection of isolated memory deficits in the elderly: the need for more sensitive neuropsychological tests." Psychol Med 32(3): 483-491.
De Leon, M. J., A. E. George, J. Golomb, C. Tarshish, A. Convit, A. Kluger, S. De Santi, T. McRae, S. H.
Ferris, B. Reisberg, C. Ince, H. Rusinek, M. Bobinski, B. Quinn, D. C. Miller and H. M. Wisniewski (1997). "Frequency of hippocampal formation atrophy in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease."
Neurobiol Aging 18(1): 1-11.
Delacourte, A., J. P. David, N. Sergeant, L. Buee, A. Wattez, P. Vermersch, F. Ghozali, C. Fallet-Bianco, F. Pasquier, F. Lebert, H. Petit and C. Di Menza (1999). "The biochemical pathway of neurofibrillary degeneration in aging and Alzheimer's disease." Neurology 52(6): 1158-1165.
Desikan, R. S., H. J. Cabral, B. Fischl, C. R. Guttmann, D. Blacker, B. T. Hyman, M. S. Albert and R. J.
Killiany (2009). "Temporoparietal MR imaging measures of atrophy in subjects with mild cognitive
130
impairment that predict subsequent diagnosis of Alzheimer disease." AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30(3): 532-538.
Deuker, L., J. Olligs, J. Fell, T. A. Kranz, F. Mormann, C. Montag, M. Reuter, C. E. Elger and N.
Axmacher (2013). "Memory consolidation by replay of stimulus-specific neural activity." J Neurosci 33(49): 19373-19383.
Devanand, D. P., M. Folz, M. Gorlyn, J. R. Moeller and Y. Stern (1997). "Questionable dementia: clinical course and predictors of outcome." J Am Geriatr Soc 45(3): 321-328.
Devanand, D. P., G. Pradhaban, X. Liu, A. Khandji, S. De Santi, S. Segal, H. Rusinek, G. H. Pelton, L. S.
Honig, R. Mayeux, Y. Stern, M. H. Tabert and M. J. de Leon (2007). "Hippocampal and entorhinal atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: prediction of Alzheimer disease." Neurology 68(11): 828-836.
Dickerson, B. C. and H. Eichenbaum (2010). "The episodic memory system: neurocircuitry and disorders." Neuropsychopharmacology 35(1): 86-104.
Dickerson, B. C., D. H. Salat, J. F. Bates, M. Atiya, R. J. Killiany, D. N. Greve, A. M. Dale, C. E. Stern, D. Blacker, M. S. Albert and R. A. Sperling (2004). "Medial temporal lobe function and structure in mild cognitive impairment." Ann Neurol 56(1): 27-35.
Dickerson, B. C., D. H. Salat, D. N. Greve, E. F. Chua, E. Rand-Giovannetti, D. M. Rentz, L. Bertram, K.
Mullin, R. E. Tanzi, D. Blacker, M. S. Albert and R. A. Sperling (2005). "Increased hippocampal activation in mild cognitive impairment compared to normal aging and AD." Neurology 65(3): 404-411.
Dipasquale, O., L. Griffanti, M. Clerici, R. Nemni, G. Baselli and F. Baglio (2015). "High-Dimensional ICA Analysis Detects Within-Network Functional Connectivity Damage of Default-Mode and Sensory-Motor Networks in Alzheimer's Disease." Front Hum Neurosci 9: 43.
Dosenbach, N. U., D. A. Fair, F. M. Miezin, A. L. Cohen, K. K. Wenger, R. A. Dosenbach, M. D. Fox, A. disconnection of cortical hubs in non-demented subjects with elevated amyloid burden." Brain 134(Pt 6):
1635-1646.
Du, A. T., N. Schuff, D. Amend, M. P. Laakso, Y. Y. Hsu, W. J. Jagust, K. Yaffe, J. H. Kramer, B. Reed, D. Norman, H. C. Chui and M. W. Weiner (2001). "Magnetic resonance imaging of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease." J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71(4): 441-447.
Dubois, B., H. H. Feldman, C. Jacova, S. T. Dekosky, P. Barberger-Gateau, J. Cummings, A. Delacourte, D. Galasko, S. Gauthier, G. Jicha, K. Meguro, J. O'Brien, F. Pasquier, P. Robert, M. Rossor, S. Salloway, Y. Stern, P. J. Visser and P. Scheltens (2007). "Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease:
revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria." Lancet Neurol 6(8): 734-746.
131
Duchesne, S., F. Valdivia, A. Mouiha and N. Robitaille (2014). "High-Dimensional Medial Lobe Morphometry: An Automated MRI Biomarker for the New AD Diagnostic Criteria." Int J Alzheimers Dis 2014: 278096.
Dudas, R. B., F. Clague, S. A. Thompson, K. S. Graham and J. R. Hodges (2005). "Episodic and semantic memory in mild cognitive impairment." Neuropsychologia 43(9): 1266-1276.
Dunn, C. J., S. L. Duffy, I. B. Hickie, J. Lagopoulos, S. J. Lewis, S. L. Naismith and J. M. Shine (2014).
"Deficits in episodic memory retrieval reveal impaired default mode network connectivity in amnestic mild cognitive impairment." Neuroimage Clin 4: 473-480.
Duong, A., V. Whitehead, K. Hanratty and H. Chertkow (2006). "The nature of lexico-semantic processing deficits in mild cognitive impairment." Neuropsychologia 44(10): 1928-1935.
Eichenbaum, H. (2006). "Remembering: functional organization of the declarative memory system." Curr Biol 16(16): R643-645.
Eichenbaum, H., R. Otto and N. J. Cohen (1994). "Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17(03): 449-472.
Eichenbaum, H., A. P. Yonelinas and C. Ranganath (2007). "The medial temporal lobe and recognition memory." Annu Rev Neurosci 30: 123-152.
Eickhoff, S. B., B. Thirion, G. Varoquaux and D. Bzdok (2015). "Connectivity-based parcellation:
Critique and implications." Hum Brain Mapp 36(12): 4771-4792.
Eskildsen, S. F., P. Coupe, V. S. Fonov, J. C. Pruessner, D. L. Collins and I. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging (2015). "Structural imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: predicting disease progression." Neurobiol Aging 36 Suppl 1: S23-31.
Estevez-Gonzalez, A., C. Garcia-Sanchez, A. Boltes, P. Otermin, B. Pascual-Sedano, A. Gironell and J.
Kulisevsky (2004). "Semantic knowledge of famous people in mild cognitive impairment and progression to Alzheimer's disease." Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 17(3): 188-195.
Ewers, M., C. Walsh, J. Q. Trojanowski, L. M. Shaw, R. C. Petersen, C. R. Jack, Jr., H. H. Feldman, A. L.
Bokde, G. E. Alexander, P. Scheltens, B. Vellas, B. Dubois, M. Weiner, H. Hampel and I. North American Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging (2012). "Prediction of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease dementia based upon biomarkers and neuropsychological test performance." Neurobiol Aging 33(7): 1203-1214.
Fagan, A. M., M. A. Mintun, R. H. Mach, S. Y. Lee, C. S. Dence, A. R. Shah, G. N. LaRossa, M. L.
Spinner, W. E. Klunk, C. A. Mathis, S. T. DeKosky, J. C. Morris and D. M. Holtzman (2006). "Inverse relation between in vivo amyloid imaging load and cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 in humans." Ann Neurol 59(3): 512-519.
Fei, F., B. Jie and D. Zhang (2014). "Frequent and discriminative subnetwork mining for mild cognitive impairment classification." Brain Connect 4(5): 347-360.
Ferrarini, L., G. B. Frisoni, M. Pievani, J. H. Reiber, R. Ganzola and J. Milles (2009). "Morphological hippocampal markers for automated detection of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment
Ferrarini, L., G. B. Frisoni, M. Pievani, J. H. Reiber, R. Ganzola and J. Milles (2009). "Morphological hippocampal markers for automated detection of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment