Os extratos metanólicos foram obtidos de treze macroalgas marinhas das três diferentes classes podendo ser observado seus potenciais anticoagulante, antioxidante e/ou antiproliferativo em diferentes níveis de atividades;
Em geral, os ME são ricos em açúcares e compostos fenólicos e esses em alguns casos estão intimamente relacionados com a presença de atividades biológicas avaliadas nesse trabalho;
Nenhum dos ME apresentou atividade anticoagulante para os testes de PT e aPTT;
Todos os extratos apresentaram atividade para três dos cinco diferentes ensaios antioxidantes, entretanto, a quelação férrica aparece como o principal mecanismo de ação antioxidante;
Todos os ME mostraram potencial antiproliferativo frente a linhagem celular tumoral de cólon uterino (HeLa), com destaque para MEDC e MEDM;
Os MEDC e MEDM não afetaram a proliferação celular de células fibroblásticas normais (3T3);
MEDC e MEDM induzem a apoptose em células HeLa através da ativação das caspases 3 e 9 e ainda, MEDC induz a parada do ciclo celular na fase S;
Juntos, esses resultados mostraram que os extratos metanólicos de algas marrom D. mentrualis e D. cilliolata podem conter agentes com potencial utilização no combate de células de adenocarcinoma uterino humano. O presente estudo também aponta para a necessidade de investigação mais aprofundadas no âmbito fitoquímico e biológico para que se possa purificar produtos biologicamente ativos desses extratos. Como continuação deste trabalho pretende-se isolar e purificar os compostos ativos e elucidar melhor seus mecanismos de ação.
REFERÊNCIAS
787. REFERÊNCIAS
ABRANTES, J.L.; BARBOSA, J.; CAVALCANTI, D.; PEREIRA, R.C.; FONTES, C.; F.L.; TEIXEIRA, V.L.; MORENO SOUZA, T.L.; PAIXÃO, I.C. The effects of the diterpenes isolated from the Brazilian brown algae Dictyota pfaffii and Dictyota menstrualis against the herpes simplex type-1 replicative cycle. Planta Medica, 76, 339–344, 2010.
ADAMS, R.L.C.; BIRD, R.J. Review article: Coagulation cascade and therapeutics update: Relevance to nephrology. Part 1: Overview of coagulation, thrombophilias and history of anticoagulants. Nephrology (Carlton), 14, 5, 462-470, 2009.
AGUIRRE, M.J.; ISAACS, M.; MATSUHIRO, B.; MENDOZA, L.; ZÚÑIGA, E.A. Characterization of a neutral polysaccharide with antioxidant capacity from red wine. Carbohydrate Research, 344, 1095–1101, 2009.
AHN, C.B.; JEON, Y.J.; KANG, D.S.; SHIN, T.S.; JUNG, B.M. Free radical scavenging activity of enzymatic extracts from a brown seaweed Scytosiphon lomentaria by electron spin resonance spectrometry. Food Research International, v. 37, p. 253-258, 2004.
AISA, Y.; MIYAKAWA, Y.; NAKAZATO, T.; SHIBATA, H.; SAITO, K.; IKEDA, Y.; KIZAKI, M. Fucoidan induces apoptosis of human HS-Sultan cells accompanied by activation of caspase-3 and down-regulation of ERK pathways. Am J Hematol, 78, 7–14, 2005.
AJISAKA, K.; AGAWA, S.; NAGUMO, S.; KURATO, K.; YOKOYAMA, T.; ARAI, K.; MIYAZAKI, T. Evaluation and comparison of the antioxidative potency of various carbohydrates using different methods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 22, 57(8), 3102–3107, 2009.
AL-AMOUDI O.A., MUTAWIE H.H., PATEL A.V., BLUNDEN G. Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of Jeddah corniche algae, Saudi Arabia. SaudiJournal of Biological Sciences, 16, 1, 23–29, 2009.
ALBERTS, B.; BRAY, D.; LEWIS, J.; RAFF, M.; ROBERTS, K.; WATSON, J.D. Biologia molecular da célula. 5 ed. RS: Artmed, 2008.
ALMEIDA-LIMA, J.; COSTA, L.S.; SILVA, N.B.; SILVEIRA, R.F.M.; SILVA, F.V.; FELIPE, M.B.M.C.; BATISTUZZO, S.R.; LEITE, E.L.; ROCHA, H.A.O. Evaluating the possible genotoxic, mutagenic and tumor cell proliferation-inhibition effects of a non-
REFERÊNCIAS
79anticoagulant, but antithrombotic algal heterofucan. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 30, 708–715, 2010.
ALMEIDA-LIMA, J.; DANTAS-SANTOS, N.; GOMES, D.L.; CORDEIRO, S.L.; SABRY, D.A.; COSTA, L.S.; FREITAS, M.L.; SILVA, N.B.; MOURA, C.E.B.; LEMOS, T.M.A.M.; LEITE, E.L.; ROCHA, H.A.O. Evaluation of acute and subchronic toxicity of a non-anticoagulant, but antithrombotic algal heterofucan from the Spatoglossum schröederi in Wistar rats. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 21, 4, 674–679, 2011.
ANASTYUK, S.D.; SHEVCHENKO, N.M.; ERMAKOVA, S.P.; VISHCHUK, O.S.; NAZARENKO, E.L.; DMITRENOK, P.S.; ZVYAGINTSEVA, T.N. Anticancer activity in vitro of a fucoidan from the brown alga Fucus evanescens and its low-molecular fragments, structurally characterized by tandem mass-spectrometry. Carbohydrate Polymers, 87, 186–194, 2012.
ANGGADIREDJA, J.; ANDYAM. R.; HAYATI, M. Antioxidant activity of Sargassum polycystum (Phaeophyta) and Laurencia obtusa (Rhodophyta) from Seribu Islands. Journal of Applied Phycology, 9, 477–479, 1997.
APOSTOLIDIS, E.; LEE, C.M. In vitro potential of Ascophyllum nodosum phenolic antioxidant-mediated alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibition. Journal of Food Science, 75, 3, H97–102, 2010.
ATHUKORALA, Y., LEE, K.W.; SHAHIDI, F.; HEU, M.S.; KIM, H.T.; LEE, J.S.;JEON, Y.J. Antioxidant efficacy of extracts of an edible red alga (Grateloupia filicina) in linoleic acid and fish oil. Journal of Food Lipids, 10, 313–327, 2003.
ATHUKORALA, Y.; KIM, K.N.; JEON, Y.J. Antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of an enzymatic hydrolysate from brown alga, Ecklonia cava. Food Chem Toxicol, 44, 7, 1065–1074, 2006.
BAE, S. J. AND CHOI, Y. H. Methanol extract of the seaweed Gloiopeltis furcata induces G2/M arrest and inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 activity in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. Phytother. Res., v. 21(1), p. 52–57, 2007.
BANERJEE, A.; DASGUPTAN, N.; DE, B. In vitro study of antioxidant activity as Syzygium cumini fruit. Food Chem, 90, 4, 727-733, 2005.
BARROSO, E.M.; COSTA, L.S.; MEDEIROS, V.P.; CORDEIRO, S.L.; COSTA, M.S.; FRANCO, C.R.; NADER, H.B.; LEITE, E.L.; ROCHA, H.A. A non anticoagulant heterofucan has antithrombotic activity in vivo. Planta Medica, 74, 712–718, 2008.
REFERÊNCIAS
80BEDI, A.; PASRICHA, P.J.; AKHTAR, A.J.; BARBER, J.P.; BEDI, G.C.; GIARDIELLO, F.M.; ZEHNBAUER, B.A.; HAMILTON, S.R.; JONES, R.J. Inhibition of apoptosis during development of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res, 55, 9, 1811– 1816, 1995.
BIJAK, M.; BOBROWSKI, M.; BOROWIECKA, M.; PODSEDEK, A.; GOLANSKI, J.; NOWAK, P. Anticoagulant effect of polyphenols-rich extracts from black chokeberry and grape seeds. Fitoterapia, 82, 811–817, 2011.
BIRT, D.F.; HENDRICH, S.; WANG, W. Dietary agents in cancer prevention: flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 90, 157–177, 2001. BRASIL, Resolução nº 18, de 30/04/1999 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Dispõe de Diretrizes básicas para análise e comprovação de propriedades funcionais e ou de saúde alegadas em rotulagem de alimentos. Disponível em:< http://www.anvisa.gov.br/legis/resol/18_99.htm > Acesso em: 12 dez 2011.
BRAUN, K.; HÖLZL, G.; SOUCEK, T.; GEISEN, C.; MÖRÖY, T.; HENGSTSCHLÄGER, M.Investigation of the cell cycle regulation of cdk3-associated kinase activity and the role of cdk3 in proliferation and transformation. Oncogene,17, 17, 2259–2269, 1998.
BRÖKER, L.E.; KRUYT, F.A.; GIACCONE, G. Cell Death Independent of Caspases: A Review. Clinical Cancer Research, 1, 11(9), 3155–3162, 2005.
BURRITT, D.J.; LARKINDALE, J.; HURD, C.L. Antioxidant metabolism in the intertidal red seaweed Stictosiphonia arbuscula following desiccation. Planta,215, 829–838, 2002.
CAHYANA, A.H.; SHUTO, Y.; KINOSHITA, Y. Pyropheophytin a as an antioxidative substance from the marine alga, arame (Eisenia bicyclis). Biosc Biotech Bioch, 56, 1533–1535, 1992.
CAMARA, R.B.; COSTA, L.S.; FIDELIS, G.P.; NOBRE, L.T.; DANTAS-SANTOS, N.; CORDEIRO, S.L.; COSTA, M.S.; ALVES, L.G.; ROCHA, H.A.. Heterofucans from the brown seaweed Canistrocarpus cervicornis with anticoagulante and antioxidante activities. Mar Drug, 9, 1, 124–138, 2011.
CARLSSON, A.S.; BEILEN, J.B.; MÖLLER, R.; CLAYTON, D. Micro and macroalgae utility for industrial applications. ChippenhamCPL Press, p.86, 2007.
REFERÊNCIAS
81CHANDINI, S.K.; GANESAN, P.; BHASKAR, N. In vitro antioxidant activities of three selected brown seaweeds of India. Food Chemistry, 107, 2, 707–713, 2008.
CHANG, S.C; HSU, B.Y; CHEN, B.H. Structural characterization of polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujuba and evaluation of antioxidant activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 47, 445–453, 2010.
CHARGAFF, F.; BANCROFT, F.W.; STANLEY-BROWN, M. Studies on the chemistry of blood coagulation II. On the inhibition on blood clotting by substances high molecular weight. Jour Biol Chem, 115, 155–161, 1936.
CHEN, Y.; CHANG, H. Antiproliferative and differentiating effects of polysaccharide fraction from fu-ling (Poria cocos) on human leukemic U937 and HL-60 cells. Food Chem. Toxico. 42 : 759-769, 2004.
CHEW, Y.L.; LIM, Y.Y.; OMAR, M.; KHOO, K.S. Antioxidant activity of three edible seaweeds from two areas in South East Asia. LWT Food Science and Technology,41, 6, 1067–1072, 2008.
CONRADT, B. Genetic control of programmed cell death during animal development. Annual Review of Genetics, 43, 493–523, 2009.
COSTA, L. S.; FIDELIS, G. P.; CORDEIRO, S.L.; OLIVEIRA, R.M.; SABRY, D.A; CAMARA, R.B.G.; NOBRE, L.T.D.B.; COSTA, M.S.S.P.; LIMA, J.A.; FARIAS, E.H.C.; LEITE, E.L.; ROCHA, H.A.O. Biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides from tropical seaweeds. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 64, 21–28, 2010.
COSTA, L.S.; TELLES, C.B.; OLIVEIRA. R.M.; NOBRE, L.T.; DANTAS-SANTOS. N.; CAMARA, R.B.; COSTA, M.S.; ALMEIDA-LIMA, J.; MELO-SILVEIRA, R.F.; ALBUQUERQUE, I.R.; LEITE, E.L.; ROCHA, H.A. Heterofucan from Sargassum filipendula Induces Apoptosis in HeLa Cells. Mar Drugs, 9, 4, 603–614, 2011.
COX, S.; ABU-GHANNAM, N.; GUPTA, S. An assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of six species of edible Irish seaweeds. International Food Research Journal, 17, 205–220, 2010.
DASGUPTA, N.; DE, B. Antioxidant activity of some leafy vegetables of India: A comparative study. Food Chemistry, 101, 2, 471–474, 2007.
DAVIE, E.W.; RATNOFF, O.D. Waterfall Sequence for Intrinsic Blood Clotting. Science,145, 3638, 1310–1312, 1964.
REFERÊNCIAS
82DECKER, E.A.; WELCH, B. Role of ferritin as a lipid oxidation catalyst inmuscle food. J.Agric. Food Chem, 38, 674–677, 1990.
DELONG, R.; DELONG, D.; CLARKE-PEARSON, D. Comparing the Areas Under Two or More Correlated Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves: A Nonparametric Approach. Biometrics. 44, 837–45, 1988.
DESLANDES, E.; PONDAVEN, P.; AUPERIN, T.; ROUSSAKIS, C. ; GUÉZENNEC, J. ; STIGER, V. ; PAYRI, C. Preliminary study of the in vitro antiproliferative effect of a hydroethanolic extract from the subtropical seaweed Turbinaria ornate (Turner J. Agardh) on a human non-small-cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma line (NSCLC-N6). J. Applied Phyco. 12 : 257-262, 2000.
DEVI, K.P.; SUGANTHY, N.; KESIKA, P.; PANDIAN, S.K. Bioprotective properties of seaweeds: in vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against food borne bacteria in relation to polyphenolic content. BMC Complement Altern Med, 8, 38–49, 2008.
DEVI, G.K.; MANIVANNAN, K.; THIRUMARAN, G.; RAJATHI F.A.; ANANTHARAMAN, P. In vitro antioxidant activities of selected seaweeds from Southeast coast of India. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 4,3, 205–11, 2011.
DONG, H.; CHEN, S.X.; KINI, R.M.; XU, H.X. Effects of tannins from Geum japonicum on the catalytic activity of thrombin and factor Xa of blood coagulation cascade. Journal of Natural Products, 61, 11, 1356–1360, 1998.
DROZD, N.N.; TOLSTENKOV, A.S.; MAKAROV, V.A.; KUZNETSOVA, T.A. BESEDNOVA, N.N.; SHEVCHENKO, N.M.; ZVYAGINTSEVA, T.N. Pharmacodynamic parameters of anticoagulants based on sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae. Bull Exp Biol Med, 142, 591–593, 2006.
DU, Z.J.; LV, G.Q.; ROONEY, A.P.; MIAO, T.T.; XU, Q.Q.; CHEN, G.J. Agarivorans gilvus sp. nov. isolated from seaweed. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 61(Pt 3), 493–496, 2011.
DUBOIS, M.; GILLES, K.A.; HAMILTON, J.K.; REBERS, P.A.; SMITH, F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28, 3, 350–356, 1956.
REFERÊNCIAS
83ESKIN BA, GROTKOWSKI CE, CONNOLLY CP. GHENT WR. Different tissue responses for iodine and iodide in rat thyroid and mammary glands. Biol Trace Element Res, v. 49, p. 9-19, 1995.
FALCIERI, E.; ZAMAI, L.; SANTI, S.; CINTI, C.; GOBBI, P.; BOSCO, D.; CATALDI, A.; BETTS, C.; VITALE, M. The behaviour of nuclear domains in the course of apoptosis. Histochemistry, 102, 221–231, 1994.
FALLARERO, A.; LIKKANEN, J.J.; MÄNNISTÖ, P.T.; CASTAÑEDA, O.; VIDAL, A. Effects of aqueous extracts of Halimeda incrassata (Ellis) Lamourox and Bryothamnion triquetrum (S.G.Gmelim) Howe on hydrogen peroxide and methyl mercury-induced oxidative stress in GT1-7 mouse hypothalamic immortalized cells. Phytomedicine, 10, 39–47, 2003.
FEJES, S.; BLAZOVICS, A.; LUGASI, A.; LEMBERKOVICS, E.; PETRI, G.; KERY, A. In vitro antioxidant activity of Anthriscus cerefolium L. (Hoffm.) extracts. J Ethnopharmacol, 69, 259–265, 2000.
FERREIRA, A.L.A.; MATSUBARA, L.S. Radicais livres: conceitos, doenças relacionadas, sistema de defesa e eestressee oxidativo. Rev Assoc Méd Bras V, 43, 1, 1–16, 1997.
FIGUEIREDO, M.A.O. Recifes de corais ou recifes de algas? Ciência Hoje, 28, 74– 76, 2000.
FISCH, K.M.; BÖHM, V.; WRIGHT, A.D.; KÖNIG, G.M. Antioxidative meroterpenoids from the brown alga Cystoseira crinita. J Nat Prod, 66, 968–975, 2003.
FLESCHIN, S.; FLESCHIN, M.; NITA, S.; PAVEL, E.; MAGEARU, V. Free radicals mediated protein oxidation in biochemistry.Roum Biotech Lett, 5, 479–495, 2000. FOTI, M.; PIATTELLI, M.; AMICO, V.; RUBERTO, G. Antioxidant activity of phenolic meroditerpenoids from marine algae. J Photochem Photobio B, 26, 159–164, 1994. FRANCO, R.F. Fisiologia da coagulação, anticoagulação e fibrinólise. Medicina, Ribeirão Preto, 34, 229–237, 2001.
FUJIMOTO, K.; KANEDA, T. Screening test for antioxigenic compounds from marine algae and fraction from Eisenia bicyclis and Undaria pinnatifida. Bull Japan Soc Sci Fisheries,46, 1125–1130, 1980.
REFERÊNCIAS
84FUJIMOTO, K.; KANEDA, T. Separtion of antioxygenic (antioxidant) compounds from marine algae. Hydrobiologia, 116, 111–113, 1984.
FUNAHASHI, H., IMAI, T., MASE, T. Seaweed prevents breast cancer? Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, v. 92, p. 483–487, 2001
GAMAL-ELDEEN, A.M.; AMER, H.; HELMY, W.A.; RAGAB, H. M.;TALAAT, R.M. Antiproliferative and cancer-chemopreventive properties of sulfated glycosylated extract derived from Leucaena leucopephala. Ind. J. Pharm. Sciences. 69 : 805-811, 2007.
GAMAL, A.A.E. Biological importance of marine algae. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 18, 1–25, 2010.
GANESAN, P.; KUMAR, C.S.; BHASKAR, N. Antioxidant properties of methanol extract and its solvent factions obtained from selected Indian red seaweeds. Bioresour Technol, 99, 2717–2723, 2008.
GANESAN, K.; SURESH KUMAR, K.; SUBBA RAO, P.V. Comparative assessment of antioxidant activity in three edible species of green seaweed, Enteromorpha from Okha, Northwest coast of India. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 12, 73–78, 2011.
GOO, H.R.; CHOI, J.S.; NA, D.H. Quantitative determination of major phlorotannins in Ecklonia stolonifera. Arch Pharm Res, 33, 4, 539–544, 2010.
GUERRINI, M.; BECCATI, D.; SHRIVER, Z.; NAGGI, A.; VISWANATHAN, K.; BISIO, A.; CAPILA, I.; LANSING, J.C.; GUGLIERI, S.; FRASER, B; AL-HAKIM, A.; GUNAY, N.S.; ZHANG, Z.; ROBINSON, L.; BUHSE, L.; NASR, M.; WOODCOCK, J.; LANGER, R.; VENKATARAMAN, G.; LINHARDT, R.J.; CASU, B.; TORRI, G.; SASISEKHARAN, R. Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate is a contaminant in heparin associated with adverse clinical events. Nature Biotechnology, 26, 669–675, 2008. GUO, T.T.; XU, H.L.; ZHANG, L.X., In vivo protective effect of Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharide against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in mice.Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 49, 101–106, 2007.
GUPTA, S.; ABU-GHANNAM, N. Bioactive potential and possible health effects of edible brown seaweeds. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 22, 315–326, 2011.
REFERÊNCIAS
85HAROUN-BOUHEDJA, F.; ELLOUALI, M.; SINQUIN, C.; BOISSON-VIDAL, C. Relationship between sulfate groups and biological activities of fucans. Thromb Res, v.100, n.5, 453–459, 2000.
HAYAKAWA, Y.; HAYASHI, T.; LEE, J.; SRISOMPORN, P.; MAEDA, M.; OZAWA, T.; SAKURAGAWA N. Inhibition of thrombin by sulfated polysaccharides isolated from green algae. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1543, 86–94, 2000.
HEO, S.J.; PARK, E.J.; LEE, K.W.; JEON, Y.J. Antioxidant activities of enzymatic extracts from brown seaweeds. Bioresour Technol, 96, 1613–1623, 2005.
HEO, S.J.; KIM, J.P.; JUNG, W.K.; LEE, N.H.; KANG, H.S.; JUN, E.M.; PARK, S.H.; KANG, S.M.; LEE, Y.J.; PARK, P.J.; JEON, Y.J. Identification of chemical structure and free radical scavenging activity of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol isolated from a brown alga, Ishige okamurae. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18, 4, 676–681, 2008.
HIGASHI-OKAI, K., S. OTANI, AND Y. OKAI. Potent suppressive effect of a
Japanese edible seaweed, Enteromorpha prolifera (Sujiao-nori) on initiation and
promotion phases of chemically induced mouse skin tumorigenesis.Cancer lett, v. 140, p. 21-25, 1999.
HOSOKAWA, A.; YAMADA, Y.; SHIMADA, Y.; MURO, K.; HAMAGUCHI, T.; MORITA, H.; ARAAKE, M.; ORITA, H.; SHIRAO, K. Prognostic significance of thymidylate synthase in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who receive protracted venous infusions of 5-fluorouracil.Int J Clin Oncol, v. 9, n. 5, 388–392. HU, T.; LIU, D.; CHEN, Y.; WU, J.; WANG, S. Antioxidant activity of sulfated polysaccharide fractions extracted from Undaria pinnatifida in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol, 46, 193–198, 2010.
HWANG, H., CHEN, T., NINES, R.G., SHIN, H.C., STONER, G.D.. Photochemoprevention of UVB induced skin carcinogenesis inSKH 1 mice by brown algae polyphenols. Int. J. Cancer, v. 119, p. 2742–2749, 2006.
IKEDA, S. Carrageenans. Foods Food Ingredients J. Jpn, 208, 10, 2003. INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE CANCER. Tratamento do Cancer. 2012.
ISHIKAWA, C.; TAFUKU, S.; KADEKARU, T.; SAWADA, S.; TOMITA, M.; OKUDAIRA, T.; NAKAZATO, T.; TODA, T.; UCHIHARA, J.N.; TAIRA, N.; OHSHIRO, K.; YASUMOTO, T.; OHTA, T.; MORI, N. Antiadult T-cell leukemia effects of brown
REFERÊNCIAS
86algae fucoxanthin and its deacetylated product fucoxanthinol. Int. J. Cancer, 123, 2702–2712, 2008.
JIANG, Y.H.; JIANG, X.L.; WANG, P.; HU, X.K. In vitro Antioxidant activities of water- soluble polysaccharides extracted from Isaria farinosa B05. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 29, 3, 323–335, 2005.
JIMÉNEZ-ESCRIG, A.; JIMÉNEZ- JIMÉNEZ, I.; PULIDO, R.; SAURA-CALIXTO, F. Antioxidant activity of fresh and process edible seaweeds. J Sci Food Agric, 81, 530–534, 2001
JIN, J.O.; SONG, M.G.; KIM, Y.N.; PARK, J.I.; KWAK, J.Y. The mechanism of fucoidan-induced apoptosis in leukemic cells: involvement of ERK1/2, JNK, glutathione, and nitric oxide. Mol Carcinog, 49, 771–782, 2010.
JOMOVA, K.; VONDRAKOVA, D.; LAWSON, M.; VALKO, M. Metals, oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Cell Biochem, 345, 1-2, 91–104, 2010.
JOMOVA, K.; VALKO, M. Importance of iron chelation in free radical-induced oxidative stress and human disease. Curr Pharm Des, 17, 31, 3460–73, 2011.
LAI, C.K.M.; WONG, K.; CHEUNG, P.C.K. Antiproliferative effects of sclerotial polysaccharides from Polyporus rhinoceros Cooke (Aphyllophoromycetideae) on different kinds of leukemic cells. Int. J. Med. Mush. 10 : 255-264, 2008.
LEE, E.-J., AND M.-K. SUNG. Chemoprevention of azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis by seatangle, a fiber-rich seaweed. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., v. 58, p. 1-8, 2003.
LE TUTOUR, B.; BENSLIMANE, F.; GOULEAU, M.P.; GOUYGOU, J.P.; SALDAN, B.; QUEMENEUR, F. Antioxidative activities of algae extracts, synergistic effect with vitamin E. Phytchemistry, 29, 3759–3765, 1990.
LE TUTOUR, B. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of the brown algae, Laminaria digitata, Himanthalia elongata, Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus and Ascophyllum nodosum. J Appl Phycol, 10, 121–129, 1998.
LEITE, E.L.; MEDEIROS, M.G.L.; ROCHA, H.A.O.; FARIAS, G.G.M.; SILVA, L.F.; CHAVANTE, S.F.; DIETRICH, C.P.; NADER, H.B. Structure of a new fucan from the algae spatoglossum schröederi. Plant science,132, 14, 1998.
REFERÊNCIAS
87LI, H.; WANG, L.J.; QIU, G.F.; YU, J.Q.; LIANG, S.C.; HU, X.M. Apoptosis of Hela cells induced by extract from Cremanthodium humile. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45,10, 2040–2046, 2007.
LIBBY, P.; RIDKER, P.M.; HANSSON, G.K. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature, 473, 317–325, 2011.
LIM, S.N.; CHEUNG, P.C.K.; OOI, V.E.C.; ANG, P.O. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of extracts from a brown seaweed, Sargassum siliquastrum. J Agric Food Chem, 50, 3862–3866, 2002.
LIM, C.S.; JIN, D.Q.; SUNG, J.Y.; LEE, J.H.; CHOI, H.G.; HA, I.; HAN, J.S. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic extract of Neorhodomela aculeate in hippocampal and microglial cells. Biol Pharm Bull, 29, 6, 1212–1216, 2006.
LIMA, M.A.; RUDD, T.R.; DE FARIAS, E.H.; EBNER, L.F.; GESTEIRA, T.F.; DE SOUZA, L.M.; MENDES, A.; CORDULA, C.R.; MARTINS, J.R.; HOPPENSTEADT, D.; FAREED, J.; SASSAKI, G.L.; YATES, E.A.; TERSARIOL, I.L.; NADER, H.B. A new approach for heparin standardization: combination of scanning UV spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and principal component analysis. PLoS One, 6, e15970, 2011.
LIN, A.P.; WANG, G.C.; YANG, F.; PAN, G.H. Photosynthetic parameters of sexually different parts of Porphyra katadai var. hemiphylla (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) during dehydration and rehydration. Planta, 229, 803–810, 2009.
LUO, A.; HEA, X.; ZHOUA, S.; FANA, Y.; LUO, A.; CHUNB, Z. Purification, composition analysis and antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides from Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Carbohydrate Polymers, 79, 1014–1019, 2010.
KANG, H.S.; CHUNG, J.Y.; KIM, J.Y.; SON, B.W.; JUNG, H.A.; CHOI, J.S. Inhibitory phlorotannins from the edible brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera on total reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Arch Pharm Res, 27, 194–198, 2004.
KIM, A.R.; SHIN, T.S.; LEE, M.S.; PARK, J.Y.; PARK, K.E.; YOON, N.Y.; KIM, J.S.; CHOI, J.S.; JANG, B.C.; BYUN, D.S.; PARK, N.K.; KIM, H.R. Isolation and identification of phlorotannins from Ecklonia stolonifera with antioxidant and anti- inflammatory properties. J Agric Food Chem, 57, 3483–3489, 2009.
KIM, E.J.; PARK, S.Y.; LEE, J.Y.; PARK, J.H. Fucoidan present in brown algae induces apoptosis of human colon cancer cells. BMC Gastroenterol, 10, p.96, 2010.
REFERÊNCIAS
88KIM, S.K.; WIJESEKARA, I. Development and biological activities of marinederived bioactive peptides: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 2, 1−9, 2010.
KING, R.J.B.; ROBINS, M.W. Cancer biology. 3rd. Harlow, England ; New York: Pearson/Prentice Hall, xvii, 292 p. 2006.
KIOKIAS, S.; VARZAKAS, T.; OREOPOULOU, V. In vitro activity of vitamins, flavonoids, and natural phenolic antioxidants against the oxidative deterioration of oil- based systems. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 48, 1, 78−93, 2008
KOTAKE-NARA, E.; KUSHIRO, M.; ZHANG, H.; SUGAWARA, T.; MIYASHITA, K.; NAGAO, A. Carotenoids affect proliferation of human prostate cancer cells.J Nutr, v.131, n.12, 3303–3306, 2001.
KOTAKE-NARA, E.; ASAI, A.; NAGAO, A. Neoxanthin and fucoxanthin induce apoptosis in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells.Cancer Lett,v. 220, n.1, 75–84, 2005. KROEMER, G.; GALLUZZI, L.; BRENNER, C. Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization in Cell Death. Physiological Reviews, 87, 99–163, 2007.
KROEMER, G.; GALLUZZI, L.; VANDENABEELE, P.; ABRAMS, J.; ALNEMRI, E.S.; BAEHRECKE, E.H.; BLAGOSKLONNY, M.V.; EL-DEIRY, W.S.; GOLSTEIN, P.; GREEN, D.R.; HENGARTNER, M.; KNIGHT, R.A.; KUMAR, S.; LIPTON, S.A.; MALORNI, W.; NUÑEZ, G.; PETER, M.E.; TSCHOPP, J.; YUAN, J.; PIACENTINI, M.; ZHIVOTOVSKY, B.; MELINO, G.; NOMENCLATURE COMMITTEE ON CELL DEATH 2009.Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009. Cell Death and Differentiation, 16, 1, 3–11, 2009. KUDA, T.; TSUNEKAWA, M.; HISHI, T.; ARAKI, Y. Antioxidant properties of dried 'kayamo-nori', a brown alga Scytosiphon lomentaria (Scytosiphonales, Phaeophyceae). Food Chem, 89 (Suppl 4), 617–622, 2006.
KUMAR, S.K.; GANESAN, K.; SUBBA RAO, P.V. Antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty-an edible seaweed. Food Chem, 107, 289–295, 2008.
KWON, M.J.; NAM, T.J.Porphyran induces apoptosis related signal pathway in AGS gastric cancer cell lines.Life Sci, v.79, n.20, 1956–1962, 2006.
KWON, M-J.; NAM, T-J. A polysaccharide of the marine alga Caposiphon fulvescens induces apoptosis in AGS gastric cancer cells via an IGF-IR mediated PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Biology international, 31, 768−775, 2007.
REFERÊNCIAS
89MAGALHÃES, K.; COSTA, L.S.;FIDELIS, G.P.; OLIVEIRA, R.M.; NOBRE, L.T.D.B.; DANTAS-SANTOS, N.; CÂMARA, R.B.G.;ALBUQUERQUE, I.R.L.; CORDEIRO, S.L.; SABRY, D.A.; COSTA, M.S.S.P.; ALVES, L.G.; ROCHA, H.A.O. Anticoagulant, Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities of Heterofucans from the Seaweed Dictyopteris delicatula. Int J Mol Sci,12, 3352–3365, 2011.
MACFARLANE, R.G. An Enzyme Cascade in the Blood Clotting Mechanism, and its Function as a Biochemical Amplifier. Nature, 202, 4931, 498–499, 1964.
MARINHO-SORIANO, E.; CARNEIRO, M.A.A.; SORIANO, J-P. Manual de Identificação das Macroalgas Marinhas do Litoral do Rio Grande do Norte. EDUFRN – Editora da UFRN. Natal, 2009.
MATSUKAWA, R.; DUBINSKY, Z.; KISHIMOTO, E.; MASAKI, K.; MASUDA, Y.; TAKEUCHI, T.; CHIHAARA, M.; YAMAMOTO, Y.; NIKI, E.; KARUBE, I. A comparison of screening methods for antioxidant activity in seaweeds. J Appl Phycol, 9, 29–35, 1997.
MAYER, A.M.; RODRÍGUES, A.D.; BERLINCK, R.G.; FUSETANI, N. Marine pharmacology in 2007-8: Marine compounds with antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities; affecting the immune and nervous system, and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action. Comp Biochem Physiol, 153, 191–222, 2011. MACDONALD, J. S.; ASTROW, A. B. Adjuvant therapy of colon cancer. Semin Oncol, v. 28, n. 1, p. 30-40, 2001.
MCHUGH, D.J. A guide to the seaweed industry. In: PAPERS, F.F.T.(ed.). Rome: FAO, 2003.
MELINO, G. The siren`s song. Nature, 412, 23–27, 2001.
MELO-SILVEIRA, R.F.; FIDELIS, G.P.; COSTA, M.S.; TELLES, C.B.; DANTAS- SANTOS, N.; DE OLIVEIRA ELIAS, S.; RIBEIRO, V.B.; BARTH, A.L.; MACEDO, A.J.; LEITE, E.L.; ROCHA, H.A. In vitro antioxidant, anticoagulant and antimicrobial activity and in inhibition of cancer cell proliferation by xylan extracted from corn cobs. Int J Mol Sci, 13,1, 409–26, 2012.
MENNA, M. Antitumor potential of natural products from Mediterranean ascidians. Phytochem. Rev., v. 8, p. 461-472, 2009.
REFERÊNCIAS
90MINIX, R.; DOCTOR, V.M. Interaction of fucoidan with proteases and inhibitors of coagulation and fibrinolysis. Thrombosis Research, 87, 5, 419–429, 1997.
MORAES, F. P.; COLLA, L. M. Alimentos funcionais e nutracêuticos: definições, legislação e benefícios à saúde. Rev Eletron Farm., v. 3(2), p. 109-22, 2006.
MOSSMANN, T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods, 65, 55–63, 1983.
NADER, H.B.; DIETRICH, C.P.; STRAUS, A.H.; TAKAHASHI, H.K. Physico-chemical characteristics of heparin in relation to its anticoagulant and anti-hemostatic action. Rev Bras Biol, 39, 4, 793–816, 1979.
NADER, H.B.; LOPES, C.C.; ROCHA, H.A.O.; SANTOS, E.A.; DIETRICH, C.P. Heparins and heparinoids: occurrence, structure, and mechanism of antithrombotic and hemorrhagic activities. Curr Pharm Des, 10, 9, 951–966, 2004.
NAGAI, T.; YUKIMOTO, T. Preparation and functional properties of beverages made from sea algae. Food Chem, 81, 327–332, 2003.
NAGAYAMA, K.; IWAMURA, Y.; SHIBATA, T.; HIRAYAMA, I.; NAKAMURA, T. Bactericidal activity phlorotanins from the brown alga Ecklonia kurome. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy, 50, 889–893, 2002.
NAHAS, R.; ABATIS, D.; ANAGNOSTOPOULOU, M.A.; KEFALAS, P.; VAGIAS, C.; ROUSSIS, V. Radical-scavenging activity of Aegean Seamarine algae. Food Chemistry, 102, 577–581, 2007.
NAMVAR, F.; MOHAMED, S.; FARD, S.G.; BEHRAVAN, J.; MUSTAPHA, N.M.; ALITHEEN, N.B.M.; OTHMAN, F. Polyphenol-rich seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) extract suppresses breast tumour via hormone modulation and apoptosis induction. Food Chemistry, 130, 2, 376–382, 2012.
NIERO, R.; MALHEIROS, A.; MEYRE-SILVA, C.; BIAVATTI, M.W.; LEITE, S.N.; CECHINEL-FILHO, V. Aspectos químicos e biológicos de plantas medicinais e considerações sobre fitoterápicos. In: Bresolin, TMB.; Cechinel-Filho, V (org). Ciências Farmacêuticas. Contribuição ao desenvolvimento de novos fármacos e medicamentos. Itajaí: UNIVALI, p. 10–56, 2003.
NISHINO, T.; AIZU, Y.; NAGUMO, T. The relationship between the molecular weight and the anticoagulant activity of two types of fucan sulfates from the brown seaweed Ecklonia kurome. Agric Biol Chem, 55, 791–796, 1991.
REFERÊNCIAS
91NISHIBORI N, ITOH M, KASHIWAGI M, ARIMOCHI H, MORITA K.. In vitro cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract prepared from sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida on human colorectal cancer cells.Phytother Res., v. 26(2), p.191-6, 2012.
NGO, D.H.; WIJESEKARA, I.; VO, T.S.; TA, Q.V.; KIM, S.-K. Marine food-derived functional ingredients as potential antioxidants in the food industry: An overview. Food Research International, 44, 2, 523–529, 2011.
NORDBERG, J.; ARNÉR, S.J. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the