Bactéries pathogènes: Les bactéries considérées comme pathogènes demeurent celles qui ont déjà été associées
avec de l’infertilité et/ou provoquant des lésions endométriales.
Contaminants: Bacillus et Enterococcus sont rarement associés à un processus infectieux au niveau du système
reproducteur chez les animaux. Leur isolement, la plupart du temps, résulte d’une contamination (peau, environnement) surtout lorsque ces derniers sont retrouvés en petite quantité et/ou avec d’autres agents bactériens (culture mixte).
Tableau 3 :
Concentration des paramètres biochimiques retrouvés dans le liquide utérin au J7 du cycle oestral selon les groupes de vaches contrôles ( n = 9) et Repeat Breeder (n = 8)# Statut Ml [Urée] [Glucose] [Ck] [Protéines] [LDH]
Contrôle / Repeat Breeder mmol/L mmol/L U/L g/L U/L
1 C 8 0,30 0,20 155 0,03 64 2 C 12 0,30 0,10 1643 0,15 516 3 C 13 0,30 0,10 862 0,36 626 4 C 13 0,30 0,20 1489 0,70 662 5 C 11 0,36 0,10 26 0,06 13 6 C 15 0,30 0,10 543 0,19 303 7 C 16 0,36 0,30 1230 0,91 568 8 C 15 0,30 0,20 199 0,13 119 9 C 15 0,36 0,20 102 0,16 63 10 RB 13 0,57 0,20 2993 0,86 1480 11 RB 14 0,45 0,10 1356 0,79 672 12 RB 15 0,52 0,20 508 0,83 355 13 RB 15 2,89 0,10 88 0,09 50 14 RB 15 0,85 0,20 298 0,34 258 15 RB 15 0,30 0,10 368 0,29 243 16 RB 15 0,30 0,10 115 0,06 38 17 RB 15 0,30 0,20 446 0,04 228
Légende: [] les concentrations sont rapportées par litre
Tableau 4 :
Distribution des moyennes et écarts type ( ) des données de biochimie du liquide utérin récolté au jour 7 du cycle oestral chez les vaches contrôles (n = 9) et RB (n = 8).BIOCHIMIE
CONTRÔLESRB
P
U
RÉE mmol/L0.32 (± 0.03)
0.77 (± 0.88)
0.19
G
LUCOSE mmol/L0.17 (± 0.07)
0.15 (± 0.05)
0.59
PROTÉINES g/L0.30 (± 0,30)
0.41 (± 0.36)
0.50
CK
U/L694 (± 633)
771(± 981)
0.85
LDH
U/L326 (± 269)
416 (± 473)
0.65
Contrôle: vache avec succès reproducteur après trois tentatives (IA et
ou transferts embryonnaires) et moins.
RB: vache Repeat Breeder avec trois échecs reproducteurs consécutifs
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
cK
LD
H
Figure 1 . Corrélation entre les valeurs de créatinine kinase (cK) et de lactate déshydrogénase (LDH)
Figure 2.Courbe de survie: intervalle entre le vêlage et l’insémination fécondante pour les vaches contrôles (en noir) et RB (en rouge).
La courbe de survie démontre la différence entre les intervalles vêlage, IA fécondante entre les deux groupes de vaches. (0): Groupe Contrôle: gestante avec 3 inséminations artificielles et moins. (1) : Groupe RB: vache Repeat Breeder avec trois échecs reproducteurs consécutifs suivant trois IA
Références
1. Diskin MG and Morris DG. Embryonic and early foetal losses in cattle and other ruminants. Reprod Domest Anim 2008;43 Suppl 2: 260-267.
2. Albihn A, Gustafsson H, and Rodriguez-Martinez H. Maternal influence on the early development of asynchronously transferred bovine embryos. Anim Reprod Sci 1991;24: 25-35.
3. Inskeep EK and Dailey RA. Embryonic death in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2005;21 (2): 437-461.
4. Lamothe P, Guay P, and Tremblay A. [Blood glucose and endometrial glucose secretion in 2 groups of cows one which is affected by infertility sine materia]. Can Vet J 1972;13 (2): 29-32. 5. Jordan ER, Chapman TE, Holtan DW, and Swanson LV. Relationship of dietary crude protein to
composition of uterine secretions and blood in high-producing postpartum dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1983;66 (9): 1854-1862.
6. Elrod CC, Van Amburgh M, and Butler WR. Alterations of pH in response to increased dietary protein in cattle are unique to the uterus. J Anim Sci 1993;71 (3): 702-706.
7. Lafi SQ and Kaneene JB. Epidemiological and economic study of the repeat breeder syndrome in Michigan dairy cattle. I.Epidemiological modeling. Prev Vet Med 1992;14: 87-98.
8. Butler WR. Review: effect of protein nutrition on ovarian and uterine physiology in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 1998;81 (9): 2533-2539.
9. Guise MB and Gwazdauskas FC. Profiles of uterine protein in flushings and progesterone in plasma of normal and repeat-breeding dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 1987;70 (12): 2635-2641.
10. Gilbert RO, Grohn YT, Miller PM, and Hoffman DJ. Effect of parity on periparturient neutrophil function in dairy cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1993;36 (1): 75-82.
11. Kirkbride CA. Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Acholeplasma infections of bovine genitalia. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1987;3 (3): 575-591.
12. LeBlanc SJ, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, et al. Defining and diagnosing postpartum clinical endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2002;85 (9): 2223-2236. 13. Sheldon M, Williams EJ, and Herath S. Infection, Immunity and Reproduction. Journal of British
Cattle Veterinary Association: Cattle Practice 2007;15: 43-45.
14. Kasimanickam R, Duffield TF, Foster RA, et al. Endometrial cytology and ultrasonography for the detection of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 2004;62 (1-2): 9-23. 15. Lewis GS. Uterine health and disorders. J Dairy Sci 1997;80 (5): 984-994.
16. Sheldon IM, Noakes DE, Rycroft AN, Pfeiffer DU, and Dobson H. Influence of uterine bacterial contamination after parturition on ovarian dominant follicle selection and follicle growth and function in cattle. Reproduction 2002;123 (6): 837-845.
17. Opsomer G, Grohn YT, Hertl J, Coryn M, Deluyker H, and de Kruif A. Risk factors for post partum ovarian dysfunction in high producing dairy cows in Belgium: a field study. Theriogenology 2000;53 (4): 841-857.
18. Triger DR and Smith JW. Survival of urinary leucocytes. J Clin Pathol 1966;19 (5): 443-447. 19. Bode M.L., Gilbert R.O, and W.R. B. Effect of high plasma urea nitrogen levels on bovine embryo
quality and development. J Dairy Sci 2001;84 (supp 1): 116.
20. Bugalia NS, Sharma RD, Biswas RK, and Chauhan FS. Biochemical constituents of endometrium in fertile and repeat breeder cows. Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1988;42 (1): 96-99.
21. Ayalon N. A review of embryonic mortality in cattle. J Reprod Fertil 1978;54 (2): 483-493.
22. Ball PJH and Peters AR. Reproduction in cattle. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub., 2004:vi, 242. 23. Runciman DJ, Anderson GA, Malmo J, and Davis GM. Use of postpartum vaginoscopic (visual
vaginal) examination of dairy cows for the diagnosis of endometritis and the association of endrometritis with reduced reproductive performance. Aust Vet J 2008;86 (6): 205-213.
24. Ginther OJ. Ultrasonic imaging and animal reproduction. Cross Plains, Wisc.: Equiservices Publishing, 1995.
25. Olivier N, Jacquiery; A, FH; B, and JE; H. The effect of maternal nutrition arround the time of conception on the health of the offspring. J Reprod Fertil 2007;Suppl. 64: 397-410.
26. Sheldon IM, Lewis GS, LeBlanc S, and Gilbert RO. Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology 2006;65 (8): 1516-1530.
27. Rerknimitr R, Rungsangmanoon W, Kongkam P, and Kullavanijaya P. Efficacy of leukocyte esterase dipstick test as a rapid test in diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12 (44): 7183-7187.
28. Santos NR, Roman HB, and Gilbert RO. The use of leukocyte esterase reagent strips for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2006;66: 666.
29. Studer E and Morrow DA. Postpartum evaluation of bovine reproductive potential: comparison of findings from genital tract examination per rectum, uterine culture, and endometrial biopsy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978;172 (4): 489-494.
30. Mateus L, da Costa LL, Bernardo F, and Silva JR. Influence of puerperal uterine infection on uterine involution and postpartum ovarian activity in dairy cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2002;37 (1): 31-35.
31. Williams EJ, Fischer DP, Pfeiffer DU, et al. Clinical evaluation of postpartum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle. Theriogenology 2005;63 (1): 102- 117.
32. Kenny DA, Humpherson PG, Leese HJ, et al. Effect of elevated systemic concentrations of ammonia and urea on the metabolite and ionic composition of oviductal fluid in cattle. Biol Reprod 2002;66: 1797-1804.
33. Ocon OM and Hansen PJ. Disruption of bovine oocytes and preimplantation embryos by urea and acidic pH. J Dairy Sci 2003;86 (4): 1194-1200.
34. Hugentobler SA, Humpherson PG, Leese HJ, Sreenan JM, and Morris DG. Energy substrates in bovine oviduct and uterine fluid and blood plasma during the oestrous cycle. Mol Reprod Dev 2008;75 (3): 496-503.
35. Bousquet D, Lamothe P, and Guay P. L.D.H. and L.D.H. isoenzymes of the intra-uterine secretions of the cow during the estrous cycle. Theriogenology 1976;5 (4): 189-196.
36. Smith BP. Large animal internal medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis ; Toronto: Mosby, 2002:liii, 1735. 37. LeBlanc MM, Magsig J, and Stromberg AJ. Use of a low-volume uterine flush for diagnosing
endometritis in chronically infertile mares. Theriogenology 2007;68 (3): 403-412.
38. Lamming GE and Darwash AO. The use of milk progesterone profiles to characterise components of subfertility in milked dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 1998;52 (3): 175-190.
39. Williams EJ, Fischer DP, Noakes DE, et al. The relationship between uterine pathogen growth density and ovarian function in the postpartum dairy cow. Theriogenology 2007;68 (4): 549-559. 40. Karsch FJ, Battaglia DF, Breen KM, Debus N, and Harris TG. Mechanisms for ovarian cycle
disruption by immune/inflammatory stress. Stress 2002;5 (2): 101-112.
41. Walter H. Johnson. Kyste folliculaire chez les bovins: Une revue. Le Médecine Vétérinaire du Québec 2006-2007;36 (4): 107-111.