Data and Methods

In this study, a stratified sampling method was used to collect primary data from Saudi Arabia. The stratified sampling method captured a sample that represents all regions in the country. The survey targeted all entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs, Saudi females from any educational background and at any age. A literature review was conducted and resulted in the creation of a survey to scientifically measure the variables. The original survey was written in the English language and then has been translated into Arabic to be easier to understand to the participants. Then after that, translated to English again. The process of translation went through 4 scholars who speak Arabic and English fluently to ensure the perfections of the translations.

After that, the data collection phase started from the beginning of July to the beginning of August of 2019 and was gathered from the biggest three regions in the

country. The survey was collected through three channels. First was through emails where participants were asked to fill in a survey online. In this, we had the help of a few Saudi organizations such as King Abdulaziz emails University and Monshaat.

Those organizations provided us with their lists. The second way was through telephone, where callers were asked to also sign in to the online survey to fill it. Finally, a classic face to face survey where participants were asked to fill it at the moment online. The survey was conducted at big malls, universities, and large mosques and some big events such as the Annual entrepreneurship forum. The three techniques have had different impacts. People who received an email mostly ignored it initially or even did not see it as it went to their spam folders. After sending the email for the second time, more participants answered the survey. On the other hand, people who received phone calls were more enthusiastic about the survey. However, not many of them started the survey but never finished it or returned to it again. Finally, the in-person method yielded the greatest number of participants, after explaining the importance of the survey for the study, were excited to participate. The benefit of the phone and email method is that it captures the other area of the country that is hard to reach. The survey has captured 387 participants, who were females. The percentage of entrepreneurs in the survey was 45%. In this survey, we will look at females as the study focuses on female entrepreneurship.

6.4.1 Dependent variable:

The dependent variable in this study is the female entrepreneurial activity (FEA). The dependent variable (FEA) is a dummy variable equal to 1 if the participant is starting a new business or owning and managing a new startup, equal to zero otherwise.

6.4.2 Independent variables:

The independent variable in this study is the new women driving law, and it is consisting of two items of Likert scale from 1 to 5. The 2 items' statements are:

- Is it correct that allowing women to drive encourages you to start and own your business?

- The coinvent of allowing women to drive, assess you to foster your business creation.

6.4.3 Moderator variables:

We moderate in this study by culture. The culture here is divided into two types. First, socially supportive culture and second, performance-based culture.

Finally, we control our analysis by region, age and educations. We chose those variables such as education as other studies stated that, for example, that educated women with a higher degree are more likely to become self-employed than women with less education (de la O Cordero & Urbano, 2019). Table 6.1 shows all the variables and the questions used to capture them. It is worth mentioning that the region is either rural or urban in this study, as it is explained in table 6.1.

Variable Description and database Possible values

Dependent variables

Female Entrepreneuri

al Activity

Dummy variable equal to 1 if the participant is starting a new business or owning and managing a new startup; equal to zero otherwise.

2 items of Likert scale 1 to 5. The 2 items' statements are:

- Is it correct that allowing women to drive encourages you to start and own your business?

- The coinvent of allowing driving, assess you to foster your business creation.

Moderator

Variable Culture SSC

4 items of Likert scale 1 to 5. the 5. The 4 items' statements are:

- In this society, people are generally concerned about others.

- In this society, people are generally sensitive toward others.

-In this society, people are generally friendly.

- In this society, people are generally tolerant of mistakes

Likert scale 1 to 5.

PBC

3 items of Likert scale 1 to 5. the 5. The 3 items' statements are:

In this society, teen-aged students are encouraged to strive for continuously improved performance.

- In this society, major rewards are based on only performance Effectiveness.

- In this society, being innovative to improve performance is generally substantially rewarded.

Control Variables

Region Participants were asked to name their city and accordingly were divided to (Urban or rural)

Urban =1 Rural = 0

Age Participants were asked to state their age Numeric

Education Participants were asked to state their highest education level that they have attained.

6.4.4. Method:

Based on the dependent variable binary nature, we choose to use a linear regression model. More specifically, we will use a logit regression. The logit regression analysis is a tool that became very popular to be used when analyzing data that has a dichotomous dependent variable (Walsh, 1987). According to our dependent variable, which is “the female entrepreneurial activity,” which is a dummy variable that goes with the logit regression. Moreover, we will study three models. The first model will include the dependent variable and the control variables only. The second model will include the control variables and the dependent variable, the independent variable, and the control variables. Finally, the third model will have the control variables and the dependent variable, the independent variable, the control variables and the moderators