Débat quant à la manière d’étudier les mouvements sociaux

Les chercheurs ne s’entendent pas sur les méthodes d’étude des mouvements sociaux. D’une part, certains diront qu’Internet a une influence significative sur les mouvements collectifs, alors que d’autres affirmeront que son impact est limité. Les seconds s’opposent évidemment à un remaniement des théories sur le sujet, pendant que ceux croyant en un grand impact du web sur l’activisme ont plutôt tendance à souhaiter l’avènement d’une nouvelle théorie des mouvements sociaux (Olorunnisola & Martin, 2013). Si une approche théorique différente est élaborée, cela nous amènera à nous poser d’importantes questions, par exemple : quelle est la différence entre la mobilisation hors ligne et celle en ligne? Ou encore : quelle est la différence entre la communication sur le web et le face-à-face? Pour notre part, nous croyons qu’il est encore trop tôt pour développer une nouvelle théorie à proprement parler.

L’influence des médias sociaux ne peut certes pas être ignorée dans l’étude de l’activisme. Par contre, selon nous, il faut enrichir la théorie affirmant que les mouvements sociaux viennent du web pour amener celle-ci à considérer que ce qui se passe dans les espaces virtuels et les communications interpersonnelles avec les proches et dans les lieux publics semblent dialoguer et se compléter. En outre, les mouvements sociaux sur le web ne sont pas déconnectés des mouvements sociaux dans la réalité : les deux semblent s’enrichir mutuellement, dans une communication horizontale.

Finalement, dans le cadre d’un autre travail, il serait intéressant d’essayer d’étudier les émotions au moment où elles sont ressenties. Cependant, pour y parvenir, il serait d’abord nécessaire qu’une révolution se produise, ensuite que soient déployées des techniques d’observation qui seraient coûteuses.

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Annexe I

Questions pour les entrevues

What I said to participants before starting the interviews:

I am interested in investigating the forms of communications that were used to mobilize during the Egyptian 2011 revolution. I will be asking you questions regarding the type of media that you have used and how you were feeling during the different phases of the revolution. You have the right not to answer a question and you can end the interview at any time.

Question 1:Can you think back to what you remember of the 2011 revolution? What happened at the beginning of the revolution? How did it evolve?

Question 2:How, where, and with whom did you communicate at that time? Was it in person, by mail, by internet, by phone? (Were you using Facebook, Twitter?)

Question 3:What were you feeling during that time? Did you do something about it? Question 4:What was the reaction of the press during that time?

Question 5:And then what happened? Complementary questions

-Tell me how you learned that the Mubarak regime was overthrown? What were you feeling? How did you communicate your feelings during that time?

-Can you recall (a) protest (s) that was /were happening during that time?

-Did you participate in a protest? Do you remember if there was any type of media that you used more than the others? What were you feeling during that time?

-Tell me more about the way you and others were communicating about the revolution. Was it in person, by mail, by internet, by phone?

-How do you think other Egyptians learned about the overthrown of the Mubarak Regime? How did they mostly communicate?

-In general, do you remember if there was any type of media that other Egyptians have used more during the revolution?

Question 10: (?: unifier la présentation et la mise en page)Is there something that you want to add that we haven’t discussed during the interview. Do you have any question?