La revue de littérature réalisée au cours de ce livrable s’est intéressée aux pratiques des ACVistes pour traiter la substitution des digestats par les fertilisants minéraux.
La revue a permis de synthétiser les pratiques et dégager des recommandations quant aux substitutions sur le contenu en N, P et K des digestats épandus ; de même que sur les fertilisants minéraux qui sont couramment substitués aux digestats.
La revue a également conduit à la proposition de gammes de valeurs ou à la mise en évidence de grandes variabilités pour les émissions azotées (sous forme NH3, N2O, NOx, NO3- et N2) et phosphatées. Elle a aussi mis en évidence la faible prise en compte du devenir du carbone et du contenu en éléments traces métalliques dans les études de cas ACV.
Cette revue a permis de dresser un état des lieux portant sur les pratiques ACV sur l’épandage des digestats, en pointant les manques. Elle constitue une base de préconisations à suivre pour la sous-tâche 1.2 du projet RéMiProPHYTE.
Références bibliographiques
AFNORa (2006). Management Environnemental - Analyse du cycle de Vie - Principes et cadre, Association Française de Normalisation. NF EN ISO 14040, 23 pages.
AFNORb (2006). Management Environnemental - Analyse du cycle de Vie - Exigences et lignes directrices, Association Française de Normalisation. NF EN ISO 14044, 49 pages.
Aguirre-Villegas, H. A., et al. (2014). "From waste-to-worth: energy, emissions, and nutrient implications of manure processing pathways." Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr 8(6): 770-793.
Aissani L., S., V., Papinot P.E., Védrine H., Mollaret M.E., Villeneuve J., 2012. CleanWast - Evaluation des technologies propres et durables de gestion des déchets - Tâche 2, Méthodes d'évaluation des impacts environnementaux des opérations de prétraitement des déchets. p. 144.
Alvarado-Morales, M., et al. (2013). "Life cycle assessment of biofuel production from brown seaweed in Nordic conditions." Bioresource technology 129: 92-99.
Amon, B., et al. (2006). "Methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions during storage and after application of dairy cattle slurry and influence of slurry treatment." Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 112(2-3): 153-162.
Arnold, K. (2011). "Greenhouse Gas Balance of Bio-methane - which Substrates are Suitable?" Energy Science and Technology 1(2): 67-75.
Audsley, E., et al. (2003). Harmonisation of environmental Life Cycle Assessment for agriculture. Final report. Concerted Action AIR3-CT94-2028, European Commission. DG VI Agriculture: 144.
Bacenetti, J., et al. (2013). "Anaerobic digestion of different feedstocks: Impact on energetic and environmental balances of biogas process." Science of The Total Environment 463: 541-551.
Battini, F., et al. (2014). "Mitigating the environmental impacts of milk production via anaerobic digestion of manure: Case study of a dairy farm in the Po Valley." Science of The Total Environment 481: 196-208.
Beavis, P. and S. Lundie (2003). "Integrated environmental assessment of tertiary and residuals treatment - LCA in the wastewater industry." Water Science and Technology 47(7-8): 109-116.
Benetto, E., et al. (2009). "Life cycle assessment of ecological sanitation system for small-scale wastewater treatment." Science of The Total Environment 407(5): 1506-1516.
Bengtsson, M., et al. (1997). Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Systems: Case Studies of Conventional Treatment, Urine Sorting and Liquid Composting in Three Swedish Municipalities, Chalmers University of Technology.
Bernstad, A. and J. L. Jansen (2011). "A life cycle approach to the management of household food waste - A Swedish full- scale case study." Waste Management 31(8): 1879-1896.
Bernstad, A., et al. (2011). "Life cycle assessment of a household solid waste source separation program: a Swedish case study." Waste Management and Research 29(10): 1027-1042.
Björklund, A., 2000. Environmental systems analysis of waste management - Experiences from applications of the ORWARE Model. Departement of chemical engineering and technology - Division of industrial ecology. Royal Institute of Technology - Stockolm, p. 66.
Blengini, G. A., et al. (2011). "LCA of bioenergy chains in Piedmont (Italy): A case study to support public decision makers towards sustainability." Resources Conservation and Recycling 57: 36-47.
Boldrin, A., et al. (2009). "Composting and compost utilization: accounting of greenhouse gases and global warming contributions." Waste Management & Research 27(8): 800-812.
Boldrin, A., et al. (2011). "Modelling of environmental impacts from biological treatment of organic municipal waste in EASEWASTE." Waste Management 31(4): 619-630.
Börjesson, P. and L. M. Tufvesson (2011). "Agricultural crop-based biofuels – resource efficiency and environmental performance including direct land use changes." Journal of Cleaner Production 19(2–3): 108-120.
Börjesson, P. and M. Berglund (2006). "Environmental systems analysis of biogas systems—Part I: Fuel-cycle emissions." Biomass and Bioenergy 30(5): 469-485.
Börjesson, P. and M. Berglund (2007). "Environmental systems analysis of biogas systems—Part II: The environmental impact of replacing various reference systems." Biomass and Bioenergy 31(5): 326-344.
Boulamanti, A. K., et al. (2013). "Influence of different practices on biogas sustainability." Biomass & Bioenergy 53: 149- 161.
Bouwman, A. F., et al. (2002). "Modeling global annual N2O and NO emissions from fertilized fields." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16(4).
Brandao, M., et al. (2011). "Soil organic carbon changes in the cultivation of energy crops: Implications for GHG balances and soil quality for use in LCA." Biomass & Bioenergy 35(6): 2323-2336.
Brentrup, F., et al. (2000). "Methods to estimate on-field nitrogen emissions from crop production as an input to LCA studies in the agricultural sector." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 5(6): 349-357.
Bruun, S., et al. (2006). "Application of processed organic municipal solid waste on agricultural land - a scenario analysis." Environmental Modeling & Assessment 11(3): 251-265.
Chadwick, D., et al. (2011). "Manure management: Implications for greenhouse gas emissions." Animal Feed Science and Technology 166-67: 514-531.
Chantigny, M. H., et al. (2007). "Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions and Forage Nitrogen Uptake on Soils Fertilized with Raw and Treated Swine Manure." Journal of Environmental Quality 36(6): 1864-1872.
Chen, B. and S. Chen (2013). "Life cycle assessment of coupling household biogas production to agricultural industry: A case study of biogas-linked persimmon cultivation and processing system." Energy Policy 62: 707-716.
Chen, S., et al. (2012). "Life-cycle energy production and emissions mitigation by comprehensive biogas-digestate utilization." Bioresource technology 114: 357-364.
Dalemo, M. and S. I. o. A. Engineering (1998). Systems Analysis of Nutrient Recycling from Organic Waste, Swedish Institute of Agricultural Engineering.
Dämmgen U (2010). Calculations of emission from German agriculture – National Emission Inventory Report (NIR) 2010 for 2008. Braunschweig: Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut. Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries; 2010. p. 415. http://www.bfafh.de/bibl/lbf-pdf/landbauforschungsh/lbf sh324.pdf.
De Klein, C., et al. (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use.
De Vries, J. W., et al. (2012a). "Comparing environmental consequences of anaerobic mono- and co-digestion of pig manure to produce bio-energy - A life cycle perspective." Bioresource technology 125: 239-248.
De Vries, J. W., et al. (2012b). "Environmental consequences of processing manure to produce mineral fertilizer and bio- energy." Journal of Environmental Management 102(0): 173-183.
Doka, G. (2009). Ecoinvent Report No. 13 Dübendorf, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories.
Dong, H., et al. (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use.
European Commission - Joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment and Sustainability: International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook - General guide for Life Cycle Assessment - Detailed guidance. First edition March 2010. EUR 24708 EN. Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union; 2010
Evangelisti, S., et al. (2014). "Life cycle assessment of energy from waste via anaerobic digestion: A UK case study." Waste Management 34(1): 226-237.
Foley, J., et al. (2010). "Comprehensive life cycle inventories of alternative wastewater treatment systems." Water Research (Oxford) 44(5): 1654-1666.
Fruergaard, T. and T. Astrup (2011). "Optimal utilization of waste-to-energy in an LCA perspective." Waste Management 31(3): 572-582.
Gonzalez-Garcia, S., et al. (2013). "Comparative environmental performance of three different annual energy crops for biogas production in Northern Italy." Journal of Cleaner Production 43: 71-83.
Hamelin, L., et al. (2011). "Environmental consequences of future biogas technologies based on separated slurry." Environmental science & technology 45(13): 5869-5877.
Hansen, T. L., et al. (2006a). "Environmental modelling of use of treated organic waste on agricultural land: a comparison of existing models for life cycle assessment of waste systems." Waste Management & Research 24(2): 141-152.
Hansen, T. L., et al. (2006b). "Life cycle modelling of environmental impacts of application of processed organic municipal solid waste on agricultural land (Easewaste)." Waste Management & Research 24(2): 153-166.
Hansen, T. L., et al. (2012). "Daisy: model use, calibration, and validation." Transactions of the Asabe 55(4): 1315-1333. Hauschild, M. and J. Potting (2005). Spatial differentiation in Life Cycle impact assessment - The EDIP2003 methodology Environmental news N°80.
Havukainen, J., et al. (2012). "Potential of energy and nutrient recovery from biodegradable waste by co-treatment in Lithuania." Waste Management & Research 30(2): 181-189.
Hospido, A., et al. (2010). "Environmental assessment of anaerobically digested sludge reuse in agriculture: potential impacts of emerging micropollutants." Water Research (Oxford) 44(10): 3225-3233.
Houot S., Pons M.N., Pradel M., Caillaud M.A., Savini I., Tibi A. (éditeurs), 2014. Valorisation des matières fertilisantes
d'origine résiduaire sur les sols à usage agricole ou forestier. Impacts agronomiques, environnementaux, socio- économiques. Expertise scientifique collective, Inra-CNRS-Irstea (France).
Jolliet, O., M. Saadé et P. Crettaz (2005). Analyse du cycle de vie: comprendre et réaliser un écobilan. Lausanne, Suisse, Presse polytechniques et universitaires romandes.
Jury, C., et al. (2010). "Life Cycle Assessment of biogas production by monofermentation of energy crops and injection into the natural gas grid." Biomass & Bioenergy 34(1): 54-66.
Kroeze, C., et al. (1997). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Volume 2: Workbook. Lansche, J. and J. Mueller (2012). "Life cycle assessment of energy generation of biogas fed combined heat and power plants: Environmental impact of different agricultural substrates." Engineering in Life Sciences 12(3): 313-320.
Lantz, M. and P. Borjesson (2014). "Greenhouse gas and energyassessment of the biogas from co-digestion injected into the natural gas grid: A Swedish case-study including effects on soil properties." Renewable Energy 71: 387-395.
Lijo, L., et al. (2014a). "Life Cycle Assessment of electricity production in Italy from anaerobic co-digestion of pig slurry and energy crops." Renewable Energy 68: 625-635.
Lijo, L., et al. (2014b). "Assuring the sustainable production of biogas from anaerobic mono-digestion." Journal of Cleaner Production 72: 23-34.
Loria, E. R. and J. E. Sawyer (2005). "Extractable Soil Phosphorus and Inorganic Nitrogen following Application of Raw and Anaerobically Digested Swine Manure." Agronomy Journal 97(3): 879-885.
Manninen, K., et al. (2013). "The applicability of the renewable energy directive calculation to assess the sustainability of biogas production." Energy Policy 56: 549-557.
Moller, J., et al. (2009). "Anaerobic digestion and digestate use: accounting of greenhouse gases and global warming contribution." Waste Management & Research 27(8): 813-824.
Möller, K., et al. (2008). "Effects of different manuring systems with and without biogas digestion on nitrogen cycle and crop yield in mixed organic dairy farming systems." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 82(3): 209-232.
Nemecek, T. and T. Kägi (2007). Life Cycle Inventories of Agricultural Production Systems, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. ecoinvent report n°15.
Neufeldt, H., et al. (2006). "Disaggregated greenhouse gas emission inventories from agriculture via a coupled economic- ecosystem model." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 112(2–3): 233-240.
Perego, A., et al. (2012). "Nitrate leaching under maize cropping systems in Po Valley (Italy)." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 147(0): 57-65.
Poeschl, M., et al. (2012a). "Environmental impacts of biogas deployment - Part I: life cycle inventory for evaluation of production process emissions to air." Journal of Cleaner Production 24: 168-183.
Poeschl, M., et al. (2012b). "Environmental impacts of biogas deployment - Part II: life cycle assessment of multiple production and utilization pathways." Journal of Cleaner Production 24: 184-201.
Pourbafrani, M., et al. (2013). "Life cycle greenhouse gas impacts of ethanol, biomethane and limonene production from citrus waste." Environmental Research Letters 8(1).
Rehl, T. and J. Mueller (2011). "Life cycle assessment of biogas digestate processing technologies." Resources Conservation and Recycling 56(1): 92-104.
Remy, C. (2010). Life cycle assessment of conventional and source separation systems for urban wastewater management. Technische Universität Berlin.
Remy, C. and M. Jekel (2012). "Energy analysis of conventional and source-separation systems for urban wastewater management using Life Cycle Assessment." Water Science and Technology 65(1): 22-29.
Rodriguez-Garcia, G., et al. (2011). "Environmental and economic profile of six typologies of wastewater treatment plants." Water Research 45(18): 5997-6010.
Rodriguez-Verde, I., et al. (2014). "Assessing anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure with agroindustrial wastes: The link between environmental impacts and operational parameters." Science of The Total Environment 497–498(0): 475-483.
Ross, A. B., et al. (2008). "Classification of macroalgae as fuel and its thermochemical behaviour." Bioresource technology 99(14): 6494-6504.
Soratana, K., et al. (2014). "Effects of co-products on the life-cycle impacts of microalgal biodiesel." Bioresource technology 159: 157-166.
Stehfest, E. and L. Bouwman (2006). "N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modeling of global annual emissions." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 74(3): 207-228.
Thibodeau, C., et al. (2014a). "Comparison of black water source-separation and conventional sanitation systems using life cycle assessment." Journal of Cleaner Production 67: 45-57.
Thibodeau, C., et al. (2014b). "Comparison of development scenarios of a black water source-separation sanitation system using life cycle assessment and environmental life cycle costing." Resources Conservation and Recycling 92: 38- 54.
Tidaker, P., et al. (2006). "Wastewater management integrated with farming - an environmental systems analysis of a Swedish country town." Resources Conservation and Recycling 47(4): 295-315.
Tidaker, P., et al. (2014). "Rotational grass/clover for biogas integrated with grain production - A life cycle perspective." Agricultural Systems 129: 133-141.
Uusitalo, V., et al. (2014). "Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Biomethane for Transport: Uncertainties and Allocation Methods." Energy & Fuels 28(3): 1901-1910.
van Zanten, H. H. E., et al. (2014). "Assessing environmental consequences of using co-products in animal feed." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 19(1): 79-88.
Velthof and Mosquera (2011). Calculation of nitrous oxide emission from agriculture in the Netherlands. Update of emission factors and leaching fraction. Wageningen.
Vinther, P. F. (2005). “SimDen – A simple empirical model for quantification of N2O emission and denitrification” in Manure - an agronomic and environmental challenge. NJF-seminar no. 372
Warman, P. R. and W. C. Termeer (2005). "Evaluation of sewage sludge, septic waste and sludge compost applications to corn and forage: yields and N, P and K content of crops and soils." Bioresource technology 96(8): 955-961.
Webb, J., et al. (2010). "The impacts of manure application methods on emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide and on crop response—A review." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 137(1–2): 39-46.
Whiting, A. and A. Azapagic (2014). "Life cycle environmental impacts of generating electricity and heat from biogas produced by anaerobic digestion." Energy 70: 181-193.
Wulf, S., et al. (2002a). "Application technique and slurry co-fermentation effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions after spreading: I. Ammonia volatilization." Journal of Environmental Quality 31(6): 1789-1794.
Wulf, S., et al. (2002b). "Application technique and slurry co-fermentation effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions after spreading: II. Greenhouse gas emissions." Journal of Environmental Quality 31(6): 1795-1801.
Sigles et acronymes
ACV Analyse du Cycle de Vie
ADEME Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie ETM Élément Trace Métallique
MAFOR MAtière Fertilisante d’Origine Résiduaire PRO Produit Résiduaire Organique
Tables des illustrations
Table des figuresFIGURE 1:PRINCIPE DE L'ANALYSE DU CYCLE DE VIE, FIGURE INSPIREE DE EVEA ... 7
FIGURE 2 :L'ACV, METHODOLOGIE MULTI-ETAPE ET MULTICRITERE ... 8
FIGURE 3 :LES QUATRE ETAPES DE L'ACV ... 8
FIGURE 4 :INVENTAIRE DES EXTRACTIONS ET EMISSIONS POUR LA FABRICATION D’ALUMINE (JOLLIET ET AL,2005) ... 9
FIGURE 5:SPECIFICITES DES FRONTIERES DU CYCLE DE VIE PRODUIT/DECHETS, ADAPTE DE (BJÖRKLUND,2000) ... 10
FIGURE 6 :EXEMPLE DE SUBSTITUTION PAR « ADDITION » EN VUE DE COMPARER LES SYSTEMES A ET B POUR LES FONCTIONS « ELIMINATION DES DECHETS » ET « PRODUCTION DE CHALEUR » ... 11
FIGURE 7 :EXEMPLE DE SUBSTITUTION PAR « SOUSTRACTION » EN VUE DE COMPARER LES SYSTEMES A ET B POUR LA FONCTION « ELIMINATION DE DECHETS » ... 11
FIGURE 8 :APPROCHE « ACV » DE LA SUBSTITUTION ... 12
FIGURE 9 :APPROCHE « AGRONOMIQUE » DE LA SUBSTITUTION ... 13
FIGURE 10 :MODELISATION A) APPROXIMATIVE ET B) RIGOUREUSE DE LA SUBSTITUTION DE COMPOSTS PAR DES ENGRAIS MINERAUX (LES CASES PLEINES REPRESENTENT LES PROCEDES ETUDIES, LES CASES HACHUREES REPRESENTENT LES PROCEDES QUI SONT SUBSTITUES ET APPARAISSENT COMME IMPACTS « EVITES ») ... 13
FIGURE 11 :EQUIVALENCE DANS LA SUPERPOSITION DES SYSTEMES SUBSTITUES ... 14
FIGURE 12 :REPARTITION DES ARTICLES SELON LES MODALITES DE SUBSTITUTION RENCONTREES ... 16
FIGURE 13 :REPRESENTATION SCHEMATIQUE D’UN JEU DE DONNEES ... 21
FIGURE 14 :DIFFERENTES PRISES EN COMPTE DE LA SUBSTITUTION AUX ENGRAIS MINERAUX DANS LES EVALUATIONS ACV DE L’EPANDAGE DES MAFOR(SOURCE ESCO MAFOR) ... 28
Table des tableaux TABLEAU 1 :SYNTHESE DES 5 MODALITES DE SUBSTITUTION RENCONTREES DANS LA LITTERATURE ... 16
TABLEAU 2 :VALEUR DU POTENTIEL FERTILISANT TOTAL DU DIGESTAT (MODALITE 3.1) ... 17
TABLEAU 3 :CONTENU EN ELEMENTS FERTILISANTS DU DIGESTAT ET TAUX DE SUBSTITUTION UTILISE (MODALITE 3.2) ... 18
TABLEAU 4 :COEFFICIENT D’EQUIVALENCE ENGRAIS RETENU POUR SUBSTITUER LE DIGESTAT (MODALITE 3.3) ... 19
TABLEAU 5 :COEFFICIENT DE DISPONIBILITE DES NUTRIMENTS PRESENTS DANS LE SOL (MODALITE 4) ... 19
TABLEAU 6 :ENGRAIS MINERAUX SUBSTITUES DANS LES ARTICLES ANALYSES ... 20
TABLEAU 7 :QUANTIFICATION DES EMISSIONS DE N2O POST-EPANDAGE DE DIGESTAT DANS LA LITTERATURE ACV ... 22
TABLEAU 8 :QUANTIFICATION DES EMISSIONS DE NH3 POST-EPANDAGE DE DIGESTAT DANS LA LITTERATURE ACV ... 24
TABLEAU 9 :QUANTIFICATION DES EMISSIONS DE NOX POST-EPANDAGE DE DIGESTAT DANS LA LITTERATURE ACV ... 25
TABLEAU 10 :QUANTIFICATION DES REJETS DE NITRATES POST-EPANDAGE DE DIGESTAT DANS LA LITTERATURE ACV ... 26
TABLEAU 11 :QUANTIFICATION DES REJETS DE PHOSPHATES POST-EPANDAGE DE DIGESTAT DANS LA LITTERATURE ACV ... 26
Annexes
Annexe 1 : Articles utilisés pour l’analyse bibliographique
Code Reference (E : articles utilisés pour la partie « Emissions », S : articles utilisés pour la partie « Substitution »)
o1 Aguirre-Villegas, H. A., et al. (2014). "From waste-to-worth: energy, emissions, and nutrient implications of manure processing pathways." Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr 8(6): 770-793. E
o2 Alvarado-Morales, M., et al. (2013). "Life cycle assessment of biofuel production from brown seaweed in
Nordic conditions." Bioresource technology 129: 92-99. S
o5 Bacenetti, J., et al. (2013). "Anaerobic digestion of different feedstocks: Impact on energetic and
environmental balances of biogas process." Science of The Total Environment 463: 541-551. S E o6 Battini, F., et al. (2014). "Mitigating the environmental impacts of milk production via anaerobic digestion of
manure: Case study of a dairy farm in the Po Valley." Science of The Total Environment 481: 196-208. S E o7 Beavis, P. and S. Lundie (2003). "Integrated environmental assessment of tertiary and residuals treatment -
LCA in the wastewater industry." Water Science and Technology 47(7-8): 109-116. S o8 Bernstad, A. and J. L. Jansen (2011). "A life cycle approach to the management of household food waste -
A Swedish full-scale case study." Waste Management 31(8): 1879-1896. S E
o9 Bernstad, A., et al. (2011). "Life cycle assessment of a household solid waste source separation program: a
Swedish case study." Waste Management and Research 29(10): 1027-1042. S
o10 Blengini, G. A., et al. (2011). "LCA of bioenergy chains in Piedmont (Italy): A case study to support public decision makers towards sustainability." Resources Conservation and Recycling 57: 36-47. S E
o12 Boldrin, A., et al. (2011). "Modelling of environmental impacts from biological treatment of organic municipal
waste in EASEWASTE." Waste Management 31(4): 619-630. S E
o13 Boulamanti, A. K., et al. (2013). "Influence of different practices on biogas sustainability." Biomass &
Bioenergy 53: 149-161. E
o14
Chen, B. and S. Chen (2013). "Life cycle assessment of coupling household biogas production to agricultural industry: A case study of biogas-linked persimmon cultivation and processing system." Energy Policy 62: 707-716.
S
o15 Chen, S., et al. (2012). "Life-cycle energy production and emissions mitigation by comprehensive biogas-
digestate utilization." Bioresource technology 114: 357-364. S
o16
De Vries, J. W., et al. (2012). "Comparing environmental consequences of anaerobic mono- and co- digestion of pig manure to produce bio-energy - A life cycle perspective." Bioresource technology 125: 239- 248.
S E
o17 Evangelisti, S., et al. (2014). "Life cycle assessment of energy from waste via anaerobic digestion: A UK
case study." Waste Management 34(1): 226-237. S E
o18 Foley, J., et al. (2010). "Comprehensive life cycle inventories of alternative wastewater treatment systems." Water Research (Oxford) 44(5): 1654-1666. S E
o19 Fruergaard, T. and T. Astrup (2011). "Optimal utilization of waste-to-energy in an LCA perspective." Waste
Management 31(3): 572-582. S E
o20 Gonzalez-Garcia, S., et al. (2013). "Comparative environmental performance of three different annual
energy crops for biogas production in Northern Italy." Journal of Cleaner Production 43: 71-83. E o21 Hamelin, L., et al. (2011). "Environmental consequences of future biogas technologies based on separated
slurry." Environmental science & technology 45(13): 5869-5877. S E
o22 Havukainen, J., et al. (2012). "Potential of energy and nutrient recovery from biodegradable waste by co-
treatment in Lithuania." Waste Management & Research 30(2): 181-189. S o24 Hospido, A., et al. (2010). "Environmental assessment of anaerobically digested sludge reuse in
agriculture: potential impacts of emerging micropollutants." Water Research (Oxford) 44(10): 3225-3233. S E o26 Jury, C., et al. (2010). "Life Cycle Assessment of biogas production by monofermentation of energy crops
Code Reference
o29
Lansche, J. and J. Mueller (2012). "Life cycle assessment of energy generation of biogas fed combined heat and power plants: Environmental impact of different agricultural substrates." Engineering in Life Sciences 12(3): 313-320.
S E
o30
Lantz, M. and P. Borjesson (2014). "Greenhouse gas and energyassessment of the biogas from co- digestion injected into the natural gas grid: A Swedish case-study including effects on soil properties." Renewable Energy 71: 387-395.
S E
o31 Lijo, L., et al. (2014). "Life Cycle Assessment of electricity production in Italy from anaerobic co-digestion of
pig slurry and energy crops." Renewable Energy 68: 625-635. S E
o32 Lijo, L., et al. (2014). "Assuring the sustainable production of biogas from anaerobic mono-digestion."
Journal of Cleaner Production 72: 23-34. S E
o33 Manninen, K., et al. (2013). "The applicability of the renewable energy directive calculation to assess the
sustainability of biogas production." Energy Policy 56: 549-557. S
o35 Moller, J., et al. (2009). "Anaerobic digestion and digestate use: accounting of greenhouse gases and
global warming contribution." Waste Management & Research 27(8): 813-824. S E o37 Poeschl, M., et al. (2012). "Environmental impacts of biogas deployment - Part I: life cycle inventory for
evaluation of production process emissions to air." Journal of Cleaner Production 24: 168-183. S E o38 Poeschl, M., et al. (2012). "Environmental impacts of biogas deployment - Part II: life cycle assessment of multiple production and utilization pathways." Journal of Cleaner Production 24: 184-201. S
o39 Pourbafrani, M., et al. (2013). "Life cycle greenhouse gas impacts of ethanol, biomethane and limonene
production from citrus waste." Environmental Research Letters 8(1). S
o40 Rehl, T. and J. Mueller (2011). "Life cycle assessment of biogas digestate processing technologies."
Resources Conservation and Recycling 56(1): 92-104. S E
o41 Remy, C. and M. Jekel (2012). "Energy analysis of conventional and source-separation systems for urban
wastewater management using Life Cycle Assessment." Water Science and Technology 65(1): 22-29. S E