1.THE STATIC TASK
3. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES
The final question we pose ourselves is whether schizophrenia impairment is emo-tional or cognitive.
Many theories have sought to explain schizophrenic impairments in perceiving facial expressions of emotions. While certain authors have claimed that the disorder is general for face perception and other authors have claimed the emotional selectivity of the deficiency, other researchers have suggested that the perceptual impairment depends on cognition. The cognitive hypothesis provides two alternative guidelines: the precocious impairment of the visual system and the general cognitive dysfunction of attention and/or working memory.
The first controversy stems from several studies into schizophrenic impairments in the recognition of identity, age and emotional expressions from faces. Some of these studies found a specific deficiency in emotion recognition while age assessment and identity per-formances were not affected in patients (Cutting, 1981; Walker et al, 1984; Heimberg et al, 1992). Such results confirmed the independence of emotional deficiency relative to cognition, as Zajonc (1984) postulated. Adolphs (2002) found that damage of the temporal cortex in the fusiform area might imply specific impairment in identity recognition of faces, without alter-ing the abilities of facial expressions and gender recognition which are to be found in a more anterior and dorsal position in the temporal lobe than identity processing. Moreover, Has-selmo et al found evidence that neurons in the superior temporal sulcus are responsible for the perception of emotion expressions and that inferior temporal neurons elaborates face identity.
The right hemisphere in particular seemed to be peculiar for the perception of facial expres-sions. Other authors however have produced different findings regarding generalised facial processing deficiencies in schizophrenia, namely the three tasks of age, identity and emotion recognition problematic for patients (Feinberg et al, 1986; Kerr and Neal, 1993; Salem et al, 1996; Kholer et al, 2000). In particular, these results confirmed Lazarus’ (1980) point of view whereby the deficiency is not specific to the emotional domain but depends on cognition.
Our results suggest that the deficiency in emotion recognition depends selectively on the cognitive misinterpretation of ‘packages’ of AU (refer to the final part of this paragraph).
This perspective implies that schizophrenic impairment seems to be related to cognition as opposed to emotion in general.
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If these deficiencies depend on cognition, are they situated at a precocious visual level or at an attentive-mnemonic level? The answer to this question is not univocal and does not definitively support one perspective to the detriment of the other. Quite the opposite, empiri-cal evidence for both hypothesis has been found by several authors. Chen, Nakayam, Levy, Matthysse, Holtzman (2003) studied the ability in discriminating the trajectory of a movement in controls and schizophrenic patients, varying the amount of dots moving in the same direc-tion. Patients needed a higher amount of dots than controls to judge the movement as being coherent. Moreover, Butler and Javitt (2005) found that patients need a more intense contrast than controls to detect a stimulus reliably. Abnormalities in V1 and MT visual areas, in mag-num-cellular and in parvo-cellular pathways have been found in schizophrenic subjects, strengthening the hypothesis of an early visual deficiency for dysfunctional expression recog-nition. The attentive-mnemonic origin of the impairments in expression recognition was sup-ported by Green and Walker (1986) and Baudouin (2002), who studied the selective attention in patients and controls and found that the first group could not dissociate two pieces of in-formation to focus attention on only one thereof. Abnormalities in the pre-frontal and frontal cortex and in the hippocampus activation (Choen et al, 1992) were found in schizophrenic patients, thereby supporting the attentive-mnemonic hypothesis. Kohler et al (2000) found discrete correlations between emotion recognition task and spatial memory, abstraction-flexibility and language abilities. All these cognitive components are related to frontal and temporal activity so that authors hypothesised that such brain dysfunctions in schizophrenia patients extend to the limbic system also involving emotion processing.
The assumption that impaired perception of certain emotions in schizophrenia patients is caused by a dysfunctional production of such emotions, is in contradiction with the exces-sive emotion mimicry of patients demonstrated by Kaiser et al (2007) which excludes motor resonance as a cause of impaired perception.
On the one hand, the fact that AU4 for Fear and, in minor way, AU9 for Disgust are determining factors for patients’ good performance suggests that the clinic problem is percep-tive, in particular in the low scanning of the image (they focus on single cues) and in the clear need for very intense AU. This deficiency slots into the wider context which generally sees schizophrenia patients as ‘resistant’ to difficult and demanding emotions. For example, the
‘Unpleasant’ sub-check (AU4, 7, 9, 10, 15, 17) is generally interpreted by patients as Sadness and is (sometimes) interpreted as Disgust if AU9 is present. The fact that AU package of ‘Un-pleasant’ check is recognised as Sadness rather than Disgust may be a consequence of the
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neuronal abnormalities of the limbic system and its cortical connections which have been demonstrated in schizophrenia patients.
On the other hand, we have found that flexibility (thus attention) is important in Anger CP. However, as we observed in the third Experiment, schizophrenia patients identify Anger correctly. Moreover Anger, like Fear and Disgust, is an emotion triggered by the activation of a great number of AU. Thus while flexibility can justify a rapid and automatic perception of a given emotion, it does not influence the ability of perceiving such an emotion. The physical complexity of the stimulus does not cause the recognition impairment, a higher cognitive bias does. Fear and Disgust vary in this context; the avoidance of a difficult emotion may explain the Fear phenomenon, while lack of knowledge, the rarity of production or a lexical problem may do so for Disgust.
To conclude: firstly, we have found some correlations between identification and dis-crimination tasks for Anger and attentive flexibility, secondly, a cognitive aversion seems to be the cause of Fear-Surprise and Disgust-Sadness biases for patients and thirdly, Disgust impairments could also be due to conceptual or lexical deficiencies. All these elements sug-gest the schizophrenia impairments in the perception of Anger, Fear and Disgust are of a cog-nitive nature.
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