La mortalité des patients intubés reste très élevée malgré les différentes techniques d’oxygénation utilisées.37,55,59,107 Dans l’étude FLORALI, la cause du décès était un état de choc dans 55% des cas.57
plus fréquemment prise chez les patients immunodéprimés que chez les immunocompétents.27 Ainsi,
le recueil de cette donnée dans notre projet aura pour but d’identifier les patients chez qui l’intubation a été jugée futile a posteriori afin de mieux sélectionner les patients à intuber.
De plus, les données recueillies dans les 72h suivant l’intubation (volume courant, PEP, pression de plateau, radiographie thoracique) permettront de décrire l’évolution de l’hypoxémie chez les patients immunodéprimés intubés après échec de la première stratégie d’oxygénation et de décrire leur mécanique ventilatoire dans le but d’identifier les éléments permettant d’améliorer leur prise en charge. Selon les résultats obtenus, il pourrait être intéressant de comparer la mécanique ventilatoire selon l’existence ou non d’une immunodépression afin d’identifier des particularités chez les patients immunodéprimés dans le but d’améliorer leur survie en personnalisant les réglages du ventilateur.
Conclusion
Au cours des différents travaux effectués, nous avons tout d’abord validé l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’OHD pourrait avoir des effets bénéfiques en comparaison à la VNI chez les patients immunodéprimés admis en Réanimation pour une insuffisance respiratoire aiguë au moyen d’une étude pilote rétrospective. Ce travail nous a également permis de calculer les effectifs nécessaires et le taux de recrutement afin de mener une étude prospective. Par la suite, nous avons mené une analyse systématique de la littérature afin de comparer l’efficacité des protocoles utilisés dans les études randomisées précédemment publiées dans le but de concevoir le protocole de VNI le plus efficace. Puis nous avons recherché les facteurs de risque d’échec de la VNI dans une étude post-hoc de deux études prospectives afin de sélectionner les variables respiratoires à surveiller sous VNI. Par ailleurs, nous avons choisi le débit d’OHD optimal et décrit ses mécanismes d’action au moyen d’une étude sur banc et chez des volontaires sains. Enfin, la méthode d’estimation de la FiO2 la plus fiable a
été choisie après avoir comparé celles décrites dans la littérature dans une étude post-hoc de l’étude FLORALI. Ces études préliminaires nous ont permis de conduire une étude prospective randomisée dans 30 centres en France et en Italie dans le but de comparer les effets de l’OHD seule délivrée à 60 L/min à son association à la VNI intensive (administrée au moins 12h par jour avec une pression expiratoire positive d’au moins 8 cm H2O et un volume courant expiré inférieur à 8 ml/kg de poids
prédit) sur la mortalité à 28 jours chez 300 patients immunodéprimés admis en Réanimation pour une insuffisance respiratoire aiguë.
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