China

China has two operating nuclear power plants: 2 x 900 MW units at the Guangdong Nuclear Power Station at Daya Bay, and 1 x 300 MW unit at Quinshan. Two nuclear power plants are under construction: Qinshan units 2 and 3; and six more units are planned: 2 x 900 MW at Lingao, 2 x 700 MW at Qinshan, and 2 x 1000 MW at Liaoning.

5.4.1. Use of SAT

SAT based training is used in all aspects of training and proceeds through the following

phases-• Identification of training needs

• Analysis of training needs

• Definition of training programmes

• Development of the training content

• Implementation of training

• Evaluation of training results.

The SAT application follows the IAEA guidelines. The best way to tram operations and maintenance personnel is through participation in commissioning and pre-operational testing

Entry-level requirements in all job positions are at a good level Initial and continuing training is fully provided for all job positions except for shift supervisors.

Specific positions for which training is available are: operations, maintenance (mechanical, electrical, I&C), technical support (engineering, radiation protection, chemistry), management.

Compulsory training in order to obtain authorization and licenses for each job position comprises:

• Personnel qualification training to perform all tasks of a given job

• Career enhancement training to improve individual capabilities and to prepare for possible future promotion.

Increased emphasis will be given to maintenance training. In particular to establishing special training facilities for maintenance personnel and improving training through the extensive and intensive application of SAT.

5.4.2. Role of the regulator

The National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA) is the regulatory authority. Its function is the review and supervision of the safety of civil nuclear facilities according to the nuclear statute, laws and regulations of the country. It is responsible for inspecting licensing activities and especially for reviewing and issuing licenses for reactor operators and senior reactor operators.

The China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) has responsibility for all industry and research activities in the nuclear field in China.

The nuclear power plant is responsible for training the candidates for nuclear power plant operators according to the standard and for implementation of licensing examinations of nuclear power plant operators.

There is an Operators Qualification Examination Committee (OQEC) for the nuclear power plant, which is responsible for assurance of the training programmes and arranging the examination to

ensure the qualification and competence of nuclear power plant personnel.

5.4.3. Training centres

The training centres are located at Daya Bay and at Qmshan.

The training centres are responsible for:

• Co-ordinating all training for nuclear power plant personnel

• Leading the development of training programmes

• Procuring and maintaining all training tools, equipment and materials including simulators and mockups

• Maintaining records on the training and qualification of all nuclear power plant personnel.

Each training centre has the following main facilities:

• Basic principle simulator

• Full-scope simulator

• Mockups for maintenance training

• Language laboratory

• Video facilities

• Classrooms, computers, etc.

The development and monitoring of training involves the client or end user, which is the trainee and nuclear power plant, and the contractor, which is the nuclear training centre manager.

Every year, the training centre holds a meeting with the different nuclear power plant branches to determine training needs for the upcoming year. Based on this, an annual training plan is drawn up containing:

• Approximate workload for classroom and simulator training for each branch

• New training modules and courses to be developed

• Training resources to be allocated to training.

Nuclear power plant branches are responsible for defining, scheduling, performing and assessing job-specific training and on-the-job training.

Monthly meetings with nuclear power plant branches take place to discuss training programme content, potential problems and the main results of training.

The plant training committee meets regularly to follow the implementation of the training programmes, analyse the main results and make decisions on proposals to improve the training and authorization processes.

5.4.4. Qualification process

The Qualification Review and Evaluation Committee (QREC) of the CNNC:

• Reviews and approves the qualification and structure of the nuclear power plants examination committees

• Determines the examination contents

• Sets the examination questions and standard answers

• Reviews and approves the qualification of the license candidates and submits the license to the National Nuclear Safety Administration

• Deals with matters concerning renewal and cancellation of RO and SRO licenses.

The nuclear power plants are responsible for personnel training and competence. The responsibilities of the nuclear power plant examinations committee include:

• Setting the oral and simulator examination questions and standard answers

• Conducting written, oral and simulator examinations

• Developing of examination management procedures

• Submitting license application to the QREC

Each nuclear power plant employee must get special authorization from the plant manager. The authorization document is issued for a given penod, and renewal follows the same process for any given function, the required competencies will cover

• Technical and professional knowledge and skills

• Quality-assurance-related skills

• Knowledge of installations

• Knowledge, skills and attitudes related to safety and safety culture.

Before submitting an authorization proposal for approval, the branch heads must verify compliance with the following requirements:

• Employee must have successfully completed all compulsory training courses related to the authorization.

• Employee must have demonstrated his ability to hold the intended position.

• Medical requirements must be met.

5.4.5. IAEA SAT seminar

A national seminar on the systematic approach to training and qualification of nuclear power plant personnel was held at Daya Bay m November 1995. This seminar provided information on experiences in other countries using SAT for nuclear power plant personnel training. It also covered the role and responsibilities of management for nuclear power plant personnel training and competence and the use of SAT for ensuring QA of training programmes and for enhancing the safety and reliability of plant operation and maintenance