Ageing management in dry storage facilities

The elements of ageing management that have been addressed for wet storage facilities are equally applicable to dry storage facilities, although the configurations and operating conditions (and, in some cases, types of material) differ from wet storage facilities. Bases for the development of ageing management plans and AMPs are addressed in this section.

Participants in the CRP provided useful input to dry storage experience, including dry cask storage in Germany (Section 5.3), experience at a dry storage facility in the Russian Federation used to store fuel with stainless steel cladding (Section 6.6) and experience with dry storage of aluminium clad fuel in Australia (Sections 5.2 and 6.2). The design of a dry storage facility for pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) fuel in Romania is summarized in Section 6.5.

TABLE 2. ATTRIBUTES OF EFFECTIVE AGEING MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES

Element Description

1. Scope of the programme

The scope of the programme should include the specific structures and components subject to an ageing management review. Effective ageing management of aluminium alloy fuel cladding and facility components in wet storage facilities.

2. Preventive actions

Preventive actions should mitigate or prevent the applicable ageing effects.

(a) Control water chemistry parameters to prevent or mitigate pitting, crevice and galvanic corrosion. At the onset of pitting corrosion, determine whether it is chemically or biologically driven, because countermeasures depend on which mechanism is involved.

(b) Minimize damage to reactor formed oxide films during discharge from the reactor and fuel handling operations.

(c) Eliminate or minimize cathodic particle deposition (e.g. iron oxides) on aluminium alloy surfaces.

(d) Eliminate or minimize aluminium alloy contact with sludge layers on the facility floor.

(e) Recommended: maintain water flow to avoid stagnant conditions.

3. Parameters monitored or inspected

Parameters monitored or inspected should be linked to the effects of ageing on the intended functions of the particular structure or component. As a minimum: water conductivity (<5 µS/cm), chloride (<1 ppm), pH (pH4–8.5). Other: sulphate (<1 ppm), heavy metals, radiochemical species.

Note: The parameter limits indicated above are higher than the limits that generally apply in wet storage facilities at nuclear power plants [50]. While the more restrictive specifications are preferable, justification for the higher values is based on operation at numerous facilities at higher values for extended periods with minimal impacts on aluminium alloys.

4. Detection of ageing effects

Detection of ageing effects should occur before there is a loss of intended function of any structure or component. This includes aspects such as method or technique (i.e. visual, volumetric, surface

inspection), frequency, sample size, data collection and timing of new/

one time inspections to ensure timely detection of ageing effects.

(a) Visual inspection of aluminium alloy surfaces when accessible, including use of binoculars or underwater optical devices.

(b) Inspection/analysis of components (e.g. racks, canisters, tools) if removed from the pool.

(c) Use of corrosion specimens that are inspected/analysed

periodically. The specimens need to represent alloys and conditions present in the systems or components. Coupons should be positioned at representative and extreme locations relevant to aluminium alloy locations.

Note: Maintaining cladding integrity is the priority consideration, particularly if the fuel involves uranium metal.

5. Monitoring and trending

Monitoring and trending should provide for prediction of the extent of the effects of ageing and timely corrective or mitigative actions.

Systematic monitoring and trending of aluminium alloy system or component degradation is not generally conducted in wet storage facilities. If pitting is observed on coupons or easily accessible components such as fuel handling tools, the pit frequency and depth could be measured, but to be statistically significant many

measurements would be necessary. However, the general severity of the pitting attack, the systems or components involved, and when in facility operation it is first observed, will determine whether corrective/

mitigative actions are justified.

6. Acceptance criteria

Acceptance criteria against which the need for corrective actions will be evaluated should ensure that the particular intended structure or component functions are maintained under all current licensing design basis conditions during the period of operation. Evidence of

degradation will be judged in terms of the ability of the specific system or component to perform its intended function in the expected service period. Pitting on heavy section rack members would be of less concern than significant pitting observed on fuel cladding.

7. Corrective actions

Corrective actions, including root cause determination and prevention of recurrence, should be timely. If significant degradation or failure of one or more aluminium alloy system or component is detected, root cause analysis or another assessment will be applied to provide an informed basis for corrective actions. Also, possible effects of the corrective action on other material in the storage facility will be considered in the planning phase.

8. Confirmation process

The confirmation process should ensure that preventive actions are adequate and that appropriate corrective actions have been completed and are effective. If corrective actions are implemented, for example mitigation of pitting attack, subsequent monitoring is needed to assess whether the actions have effectively dealt with the cause of the pitting.

TABLE 2. ATTRIBUTES OF EFFECTIVE AGEING MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES (cont.)

Element Description

4.5.1. Implementation of ageing management in dry storage facilities

Section 4.1 outlines alternatives for devising effective ageing management in storage facilities. Operators of dry storage facilities can review the options and select the method that is most effective for analysing the ageing management needs in their facility.

4.5.2. Development of ageing management plans

Ageing management plans involve identification of the SSCs that need specific actions to mitigate age related degradation and development of appropriate AMPs for each SSC.

4.5.3. Development of ageing management programmes

An AMP identifies the considerations to be taken into account to effectively manage age related degradation in SSCs. The characteristics of an AMP are provided in Section 4.4, illustrated for an aluminium alloy AMP.

9. Administrative controls

Administrative controls should provide a formal review and approval process. For smaller facilities, the need for administrative controls will generally be decided on a facility specific basis.

10. Operating experience

Operating experience involving the AMP, including past corrective actions resulting in programme enhancements or additional programmes, should provide objective evidence to support a

determination that the effects of ageing will be adequately managed so that the intended structure and component functions will be

maintained during the period of operation.

If aluminium alloy system or component degradation is observed in a specific facility, the history of aluminium behaviour in the facility should be accessed to determine whether prior problems have been observed, and, if so, the corrective actions that were taken and whether they are judged to have been appropriate. Experience with aluminium alloy behaviour in other relevant facilities may be useful.

Note: The entries for aluminium alloys may be modified by staff of specific facilities if justified by special considerations.

TABLE 2. ATTRIBUTES OF EFFECTIVE AGEING MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES (cont.)

Element Description

Guidance regarding issues of fuel storage in metal casks is provided in Sections 5.3 and 6.3. AMPs in other dry storage facility designs, silos, vaults and dry wells can be devised by applying the elements of ageing management summarized in this report.

4.5.4. Ageing management of nuclear fuel in dry storage

Mitigation of age related degradation of nuclear fuel in dry storage involves the same requirements that apply to fuel in wet storage (Section 4.4).

However, the ageing mechanisms and approaches to mitigate age related degradation of the fuel cladding are markedly different in dry storage. Thermal creep is the leading failure mechanism for LWR fuel. Hydrogen redistribution and hydride reorientation also need to be minimized. It is therefore necessary to design the storage facility such as to avoid exceeding the cladding temperature limit. The NRC has recently accepted 400°C as the limit for fuel with zirconium alloy cladding at burnups at or below 45 GW·d/MTU [74]. For aluminium clad fuel, the interim limit is 200°C, but this is subject to specific fuel characteristics and regulatory requirements [9]. Magnox fuel is discharged at about 350°C to a vault with a carbon dioxide cover gas. When the cladding temperature decreases to 150°C, the fuel is transferred to a vault with air as the cover gas.