(d) Strengthening the national and regional capacity for research development, procurement and assessment of industrial technology and processes so that decision makers in government and industry can have more choices and better information on the benefits and risks associated with different products and technologies.
(e) Adopting investment codes and procedures tailored to the promotion and
development of small-scale industries, including rural institutions to supportECA/M RAG/95/10/MR Page 53 cottage industries and small-scale industries with emphasis on indigenous technology, domestic finance, rural infrastructure and participation of women and youth, in order to provide an enabling economic environment for the involvement of local entrepreneurs;
(f) Developing a clear legal framework on ownership and participation of the different socio-economic groups such as rural cooperatives, artisans, traders and women's and youth groups in order to enable popular participation in production, marketing, the strengthening of the informal sector and its ultimate integration into the mainstream of development;
(g) The promotion of intra-African cooperation should be promoted, particularly with regard to the development and transfer of appropriate technology, research and development, commercialization of research findings and the development of prototypes;
(h) Projects to increase support to African institutions dealing with the development and adaptation of technology, research and development and specialized technical training, finance and to help in organizing, through UNIDO, special field missions for African technicians to technological and research and development institutions in other developing as well as in developed countries, on a selective basis;
(i) The promotion of industrial cooperation should be accorded high priority, particularly for the African LDCs, the vast majority of which have small populations. Accordingly, the bilateral and other programmes of the developed countries, international and regional development finance institutions should embody such components that promote cooperation and integration between the LDCs and the neighbouring countries;
(j) Promotion of the inextricable link between agriculture and industry has to be established. However, the sustainability of inputs to agro-industry (raw materials) and outputs of agro-industry (for example, fertilizers) has not been adequately explored;
(k) Institution of a proper commercialization strategy to facilitate the marketing of products at national, subregional and regional levels. Therefore, carefully designed multi-product manufacturing systems and the creation of a common market for member countries to sell their products might be a solution;
(I) The system of central purchasing could be one of the methods to avail raw materials at any one time at a reasonable price to secure continuous production flow of in the plants;
(m) Adequate infrastructure to guarantee the establishment of better links within the country and to neighbouring countries with maximum simplification of
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page 54
product design requiring less-sophisticated infrastructure.
129. A function of national institutions should be to provide information to economic operators at various levels. Information is required in the following areas:
1 (a) A comparison of research programmes and previous research achievements at the national level;
(b) An assessment of procurement practices for new materials, equipment, technology and services.
130. Products should be standardized in terms of length, width, gauges, volumes and weights. Lack of this, makes it difficult to acquire spare parts and generally maintain quality products. To cope with this situation, the African Regional Standardization Organization (ARSO) should be consulted.
131. A major obstacle to the development and purchasing of locally produced goods is that ordinary citizens generally do not have adequate financial resources to purchase them. The following are some ways of helping nations to purchase locally
manufactured products:
(a) Pay farmers adequate prices for their products;
(b) Introduce economy-wide consumption taxes such as specific commodity taxes or value added taxes with a wide base;
(c) Use the personal income tax, to give special treatment to rural farmers.
(d) Set up agricultural credit banks in rural areas, making sure that not all the money is taken by the rich, modern farmers.
(e) Compare national production programmes.
132. Policies and programmes should be developed at the subregional level to give a base for member countries to improve their capabilities to adopt modern technology to local conditions and create possibilities for further specialization. The microscopic view of country first no longer works in the face of the vicious international competition for limited funds. Subregional cooperation in the 1990s will have to succeed if Africa is to survive the way we know it now. With the assistance of these subregional policies and programmes of action, efforts should be exerted towards harmonization and strengthening of subregional economic activities among member countries.
133. Subregional cooperation could evolve by means of regular meetings and
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page 55 communications between the various national bodies which coordinate policies to aid the development of ATI and LCTE. The forum for these meetings would be a subregional committee. This committee would meet regularly and act as a focal-point for each subregion by designing their programmes, initiating new co-operative arrangements and monitoring existing ones.
134. As with subregional bodies, regional bodies should try to identify the existing bottlenecks facing intra-regional producing units and develop measures to help remove these obstacles. The following policies may be useful in overcoming existing obstacles to production:
(a) Establishing and/or strengthening existing regional research and development centres to provide appropriate prototypes and exchange efficient production methods;
(b) Regional industrial information centres to disseminate technical information;
(c) Regional network to provide training opportunities for Researh and development workers with emphasis on practical application;
(d) Travelling rural exhibitions of appropriate manufacturing technologies and practices that have been tried and proven in other countries;
(e) Regional centres and/or agreements to help standardize manufactured products;
(f) Agreements for regional specialization in the manufacture of products;
(g) Regional centres to provide appropriate product design, (h) Agreement to remove trade barriers within the region.
135. The role of the African Regional Centre for Engineering Design and Manufacturing (ARCEDEM) is to provide member States with capabilities in engineering design and manufacturing of industrial, agricultural and low-cost transport equipment by way of:
(a) Design, development and adaptation of machinery and equipment;
(b) Development of prototypes of machines and equipment;
(c) Manufacture of machines and equipment and promotion of same in member States in collaboration with manufacturers from other countries;
<d) Training of engineers and technicians in the field of design and manufacture and also maintenance of plant and equipment;
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page 56
(e) Cooperation with national and international centres involved in design and manufacture of machines and equipment;
(f) Offering and promoting engineering consultancy services, especially for the development and operation of plants and factories.
136. Regional bodies such as ARCEDEM, UN ECA, ARSO, ARCT and other international agencies should be called to assist in elaborating policies and providing technical advice needed to enhance the functioning of manufacturing industries in the region.
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page57 BUILDINGCRITICALCAPACITIESINAFRICA:AGENDAFORACTIONMATRIX. PriorityArea:Exploitationofnaturalresourcesthroughprocessingandmanufaduring. PolicyIssues 1.Selectiverehabilitationof industries,forests,etc.to enhancetherational exploitationofnatural resources.
NationalActions 1.Identifyandprioritizethe industries,forests,coastlinesto berehabilitated/revitalized. 2.Identifyadequatesources. quantitiesandassure certificationofthequalityof rawmaterials. 3.Ensurethattherightskilled manpowerisidentified,nurtured andadequatelyremunerated. 4.Supportprogrammesthat encouragetheuseofdomestic rawmaterials. 5.Ensureadequatemonitoring andrecordkeeping. 6.Supportprogrammesthataim atupkeepandmaintenanceof industrialmachines, ActionbyRegional Organisations.RECs,and AfricanNGOs. 1.Providetechnicalassistance tosupportnationalactions. 2.Providefinancialassistance tosponsorprojects. 3.Providematerialresources. 4.Assistinmobilizationof resourcesrequired. 5.Identifyregionalalternateraw materialssourcesforuseas nationalinputs,andmakethe informationavailableataff levels.
ActionsbyExternalPartners includingUNsystemAgencies. 1.Providetechnicalassistance byUNECA,UNDP,UNIDO,ADB andotherrelevantUN Agencies. 2.Actasacatalystin encouraginggovernmentsto implementpolicies,decisions andfollow-upactions. 3.Monitorandevaluatepolicy applicationsatnationallevels.
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page58 BUILDINGCRITICALCAPACITIESINAFRICA:AGENDAFORACTIONMATRIX PriorityArea:Exploitationofnaturalresourcesthroughprocessingandmanufacturing PolicyIssues 2.Encouragementoflocal privatesectorentrepreneurs toengageinrehabilitationof naturalresource transformationindustriesand activities.
NationalActions 1.Provideenablingenvironment {goodgovernance,physicaland institutionalinfrastructureetc.). 2.Improvefiscal/monetary policies. 3.Supportprogrammesthataim atincreasingcapacityutilization. 4.Encourageengineering activitiesthatmanufacturespare partsfromlocalmaterials. 5.EstablishsoundSandT policiesthatpromote cooperationbetween Universities,RandDInstates andnationalEnterprises.
ActionbyRegional Organisations.RECs,and AfricanNGOs. 1.Assistprivatesector financiallyandbykind. 2.Provideseminarsand training. 3.Providevenuesand possibilitiesofexchangeof technicalinformationto countries.
ActionsbyExternalPartners includingUNsystemAgencies. 1.Providetechnicalassistance. 2.Providetraining. 3.Undertakemonitoringand evaluationofpolicyactions. 4.Playacatalyticrole.
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MFf Page59 BUILDINGCRITICALCAPACITIESINAFRICA:AGENDAFORACTIONMATRIX PriorityArea:Exploitationofnaturalresourcesthroughprocessingandmanufacturing PolicyIssues 3.Rationallocationof industrieswithinthe countries.
NationalActions 1.Identifythenaturalresource baseofthecountrythrough carefulresourcemapping. 2.Locateindustriesascloseto therawmaterialsourceas possibletopromotethe decentralisationofindustries fromcapitalcitiesandtowns. 3.Asurethateffiecient transportationsystemexists thatfacilitatesdistributionof manufacturedgoods.
ActionbyRegional Organisations.RECs,and AfricanNGOs. 1.Lendsupporttoindustries thatareinlinewiththose identifiedbytheSecondIDDA programme,andthatwouldlead toahighdegreeofself- sufficiencyforthecountryand thesubregion,andalso contributetotheself-sustaining growth. 2.Supportprojectsthatprovide market(s)beyondthereachof individualcountriesinthe subregion. 3.Encourageprojectsthathave exportpotentialorenhancethe exportpotentialofother countriesinthesubregion.
ActionsbyExternalPartners includingUNsystemAgencies. 1.Providetechnicalassistance tocountries. 2.Providetrainingthataimsat improvingtechnicalskills. 3.Undertakemonitoringand evaluationofpolicyactions. 4.Playacatalyticrolefor industriladevelopment.
ECA/WIRAG/95/10/MR Page60 BUILDINGCRITICALCAPACITIESINAFRICA:AGENDAFORACTIONMATRIX PriorityArea:Exploitationofnaturalresourcesthroughprocessingandmanufacturing PolicyIssues 4.Technicalskills developmentandinculcation ofanindustrialculture.
NationalActions 1.Buildandadequatelyequipschools attheprimary,secondary,and tertiarylevelwithbasicscientific equipment. 2.Introducepracticalscientificand entrepreneurialcoursesatalllevels ofschooling,byintroducingthe interelationshipsbetweenScience, TechnologyandSoceity(STS)atthe earlystagesofeducation. 2.Assignandadequatelyremunerate technicallycompetentteachersto teachintheschools. 3.Encouragegendersensitive entrepreneurialskillsprogrammeat theearlystagesofformalschooling. 4.Promoteprogrammesthatdevelop skillsthatinculcateindustrialculture atalllevelsofschooltrainingandat theworkplace.Introducethe notionsofenvironmentally sustainabledevelopment.
ActionbyRegional Organisations.RECs,and AfricanNGOs. 1.Activelysupportregional institutionssuchas ARCEDEM,ARCT,ARSO, IDEPetc.thatprovide technicaltraining. 2.Supportnational manpowertraining programmes.
ActionsbyExternalPartners includingUNsystem Agencies. 1.Promoteandsupport regionalorganisationssuchas ARCEDEM,ARCT.ARSO, IDEPthatprovidetechnical training. 2.Organizeseminarsonskills upgrading.
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page61 BUILDINGCRITICALCAPACITIESINAFRICA:AGENDAFORACTIONMATRIX PriorityArea:Exploitationofnaturalresourcesthroughprocessingandmanufacturing PolicyIssues 5.Rationalpoliciesthat attractlocalandFDI.
NationalActions 1.Establishfinancialinstitutions thatsupporttheprivateand publicsectors. 2.CreationofSmallEnterprise DevelopmentCorporations. 3.CreationofCreditGuarantee Companies,merchantBanksand unitsincommercialbanksthat underpinthefinancingof SSEs/SSIs. 4.Providetheenabling environmenttoencourage foreigninvestmentinthe manufacturingsector.
ActionbyRegional Organisations.RECs,and AfricanNGOs. 1.Supportoffinancial mobilisationactivitiesatthe nationalandregionallevels.
ActionsbyExternalPartners includingUNsystemAgencies. 1.Providefinancialsupportto wellconceivedprojects. 2.Providetechnicalassistance indevelopingstrategiesof mobilisingfinancialresources.
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page62 BUILDINGCRITICALCAPACITIESINAFRICA:AGENDAFORACTIONMATRIX PriorityArea:Exploitationofnaturalresourcesthroughprocessingandmanufacturing PolicyIssues 6.Promotionofcleanand efficientIndustrial Development.
NationalActions 1.Newregulatorymeasuresand economicincentivesthat supportsustainableindustrial development.Preventthe degradationoftheenvironment byhaphazarduseofnatural resources. 2.Energyandwaterpricing policies,forexample,can encourageindustrytomake moreefficientuseofresources. 3.Specialinvestmenttax breaks,low-interestloans. depreciationallowances. pollutionorwastechargesand non-compliancefeescan encourageproductredesignand technologicalinnovations leadingtosaferproducts,more efficientandsaferindustrial processandtherecyclingofraw materials. 4.UndertakeR&Dactivities thataimatdiversifyingtheraw materialsbase.
ActionbyRegional Organisations.RECs,and AfricanNGOs. 1.Activelysupportnational activitiesoncleanproduction methods. 2.Assistcountriesto technicallymonitorclean productionmethods.
ActionsbyExternalPartners includingUNsystemAgencies. 1.Providetechnicalassistance tocleanproductionactivities.
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page63 SECTOR 1.AGRICULTURE 2.MINING 3.MANUFACTURE 4.ELECT&WATER 5.CONSTRUCTION 6.PA,EDUC. HEALTH 7.OTHER SERVICES.
1990/89 -6.6 1.0 6.1 0.033 0.013 0.2113 0.29
Annex PercentageGDPrea 1991/90 3.1 5.5 2.8 -7.5 3.5 2.9 10.1
1. GrowthRates 1992/91 3.1 5.5 2.8 -2.2 0.0 -6.3 -1.9
1993/92 22.0 1.4 -8.0 1.9 0.0 -1.5 2.3
1994/93 10.0 11.2 6.4 5.3 0.0 0.9 7.0 Note:1993/92and1994/93areestimates. Source:CalculatedfromCSOdata.
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page64 Annex2 Indexofvolumeofproductionofthemanufacturingindustries,1970-1985 [1980= Period Weight 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1976 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
100] Foodstuffs [including stockfeeds] 135 59.3 64.2 70.2 79.4 79.9 80.8 85.3 93.0 89.2 95.9 100.0 108.4 123.7 126.9 119.4 113.6
Drinkand Tobacco 104 58.1 60.2 67.1 77.5 84.1 87.4 90.4 84.5 85.3 88.5 100.0 89.4 91.7 90.1 86.4 94.8 Source:CentralStatisticsOffice,Quarterly
Textiles including Ginning 101 57.8 64.1 74.6 79.5 83.7 81.1 73.9 74.5 72.6 78.8 100.0 11.6 118.8 108.8 124.1 175.0
Clothing and footwear 72 78.7 83.8 91.5 92.0 96.3 90.8 86.1 82.9 75.3 83.7 100.0 128.4 118.6 109.2 99.9 111.5 DiaestofStatistics.March
Woodand Furniture 44 71.7 77.3 82.6 88.3 94.1 85.4 78.9 66.6 65.9 82.2 100.0 103.4 85.8 82.3 81.6 82.4 1986,P.45.
Paperand printingand publishing 61 67.2 71.4 79.6 82.5 91.4 84.4 76.9 72.4 76.9 86.2 100.0 112.4 112.3 106.2 95.0 111.7
Chemical and petroleum products 125 65.2 70.6 79.9 79.8 87.2 91.5 81.2 80.2 80.5 83.1 100.0 116.6 118.2 121.4 112.0 121.8
Non- metallic Mineral products 37 87.6 101.3 112.6 121.9 134.9 123.8 106.9 86.9 69.5 86.7 100.0 118.0 109.7 105.4 99.0 104.7
Metalsand metal products 288 60.3 69.9 80.1 91.0 99.3 98.6 91.1 78.9 78.1 89.7 100.0 104.8 96.4 94.8 89.4 100.5
Transport Equipment 21 96.0 110.3 117.9 105.1 110.4 115.3 90.6 86.2 75.1 85.8 100.0 155.0 178.4 145.6 114.7 96.6
Other Manu facturing 12 43.3 43.9 63.6 70.8 72.6 67.1 67.4 71.6 71.2 76.7 100.0 95.6 80.0 76.6 50.9 64.2
Allmanu facturing 1.000 66.5 72.6 S1A 87.4 93.8 91.6 86.0 81.2 79.2 87.2 100.0 109.4 108.7 105.8 100.7 112.2
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page65 Annex3 Percentagedistributionofskilledworkersinthemanufacturingsector Occupationalgroup1981198319811983 Zim.Non-Zim.Zim.Non-Zim.Afric.Non-Afric,Afric.Non-Afric. Professional& technicalstaff Admin&Managerial ClericalStaff SalesWorker
74 65 89 85
26 35 11 25
81 64 91 99
19 36 9
-41 15 75 67
59 83 25 33
57 50 71 99
13 50 29 - Note:Nosimilardataisavailablebefore1981.Thefiguresfor1983areprojections. Source:GovernmentofZimbabwe,MinistryofLabour,ManpowerPlanning,andSocialWelfare, "AnnualReviewofManpower",1983,Vol.1,DivisionofResearchandPlanning,Hairier,1983.
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page66 Annex4 Quantityandvalueofproductionofallmetalsandmineralfor1989to1993. AntimonyTonnes AsbestosTonnes Beryl(Commercial)Tonnes Beri(Gem)Kgs BarytasTonnes BlackGraniteTonnes ChromiteTonnes ClayTonnes Coal(raised)Tonnes Coal(sold)Tonnes CobaltTonnes CopperTonnes CorundumTonnes DiamondsCarats Emeralds[cut]Carats Emeralds[rough]Grammes Feldspar/GrosparTonnas FireclayTonnes GoldKgs GraphiteTonnes IronOreTonnes IronPyritesTones KaolineTonnes KyaniteTonnes LimestoneTonnes LithiumTonnes MagnesiteTonnes MicaTonnes NickelTonnes PhosphateTonnes QuartzTonnes SliverKGS TalcTonnes 137. TantaliteTonnes TinTonnes TungstenTonnes Otherminerals
19* Quantity 210 187066 46 1335 1900 627424 104865 5110585 4679994 112 15659 9 6542 343940 2697 19100 16003 18147 1142995 47561 17 1869 1369613 20647 33423 1471 11633 133791 61683 22305 1513 32 848
39 Value 519403 133574347 31432 103587 57000 57488614 639933 119199730 2724928 76678098 900 1644559 2456327 260653 246156 413584050 '7803413 31457988 1977430 504 74878 13970393 4274664 1421832 295443 283988576 12243414 1593929 8242208 71175 3156812 15729990 876 1461599 1196974741
1990 Quantity 101 161071 28 229 320 573103 99854 6504913 4978 123 14698 54 1818901 822062 2197 19914 16900 16384 1260215 66571 160 1251618 19053 32639 1301 11441 147767 122694 21154 1767 35 808
Value 295413 145383400 22623 37217 96000 60251430 701127 160 5031758 85293029 3150 1640 4993396 290138 410000 506200001 9037768 44028338 2393190 8400 15200732 4501915 1900506 212726 236116260 13946949 2286030 7976560 91832 1388717 12902079 1384993 1325375195
1991 Quantity 160 141697 29 866 79907 563634 100604 5616043 162165617 105 13811 1567 1249268 667396 3820 23304 17820 12903 1136338 69851 66 2463 1427602 9186 23295 606 11313 116938 142064 19380 1676 111 796
Value 486874 195927907 27654 193700 32600116 71158100 906622 5274161 8410116 103599627 261189 6001877 600170 631817 753132639 9079756 49176820 2860876 780O 132550 21174487 2251651 1808273 522125 353542732 14441080 2787818 114351509 125864 8767474 15608785 2600 3097821 1851620488
1992 Quantity 254 150158 23 232 90694 522013 82966 5546884 176802791 100 9673 2873 40664 45755 2696 15954 182781 12346 1179400 66345 1990 1365924 12837 8973 496 10349 142322 159468 16930 2203 94 716
Value 683248 347679268 46255 69600 42782636 83763684 1023891 4168456 19671829 99951348 406727 9436773 11004133 441580 190390 021539429 12591736 69521175 3236722 139300 27871620 3102206 1444313 462384 353914501 33319223 3630397 19417985 145686 9345532 21546234 3284364 2419766257
1993 Quantity 95 156881 32 120 40032 252033 113470 5284734 218212088 113 8187 5995 43850 634742 1653 9267 18565 7142 374493 72588 875 1036129 18064 6276 510 11097 153471 95149 12004 1349 48 657
Value 679600 475680 349 77948 48000 26870476 54875891 1832266 4616640 12877188 87760981 1074000 18754812 8386335 307611 378201 1393420 797 9968927 40139050 5276464 101801 25467197 3985276 1575306 250437 369139 868 28874425 4720232 15930867 117017 9135472 22032357 2260956 3025770876 [Source:MinistryofMines]
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page67 Annex5 SomekeycharacteristicsofmanufacturingIndustrybybranch,1982 — Sector 1.Foodstuff* 2.Drinksandtobacco 3.Clothingand footwear 4.Textile.Including ginning 5.Woodandfurniture 6.Paperandprinting andpublishing 7.Chemicaland petroleumproducts 8.Nonmetallic mineralproducts 9.Metalandmetal products 10.Transport equipment 11.Other manufacturing Totalmanufacturing
Numberofuniti 11.1 3.9 10.9 4.9 7.2 8.4 9.2 4.3 29.9 3.4 6.9 100.0
grossoutput 26.9 7.6 6.9 9.9 3.1 5.4 13.0 3.1 21.0 3.1 1.2 100.0
Netoutput 16.9 10.9 8.9 8.6 3.9 6.7 12.7 4.6 23.3 2.9 1.6 100.0
Exports 7.4 0.9 3.9 20.9 3.3 0.9 6.4 0.6 63.1 1.3 2.4 100.0
Employees 14.9 7.6 12.4 11.8 7.3 5.4 7.3 4.4 24.0 3.0 1.9 100.0
Capitalstock 15.3 9.1 3.2 9.7 2.2 6.0 13.E 6.5 32.4 2.3 0.8 100.0 10.6forcolumnabwe,1986;Th«CensusofProduction198?m3,CSO.variou.tablesforcolumn.(2),(3Jand(SkMonthlvDigestofStatisticsforDMartwipjmt^, 6219631966/67and1982/83dritiifSO1ruecemiwmw.TaMe(2),(3J 1962.1963.1966/67and1982/83andprivatecommunicationfromCSOforcolumn(6). l^Zth^t!»!drfnk'"ndtf^ol'6tj'"P"PubH-hln8"dPrtntmg],-nd8[nonmetallicmineralproduct.,makealowcontributiontomanufacturingexportrThi.mayseemsurprisingexceptforbrwtch
l^JSTT " / " "? 1""1 !f>!lIliKl thB ^ mataMC minWdl 8XP0lt8d °Ot™ mOrtly *""" »"*»■■■«"•*- 3[t«xtd..],4[c.othing and footwear] ,«d Za J JtZ™
d7sharesoftotalcapitalstockbeingMghar.andtheirsharesoftotallabourbeinglower.thantheirsharesoftotalnetoutput.eum product.,appea, tobe more c^a. inVe^veinTr
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page68 Annex6A:ZIMBABWE'STOTALTRADINGPOSITIONBY SOUTHERNAFRICANREGIONANDRESTOFTHEWORLD SUMMARYOFZIMBABWE'SEXPORTSDESTINATIONS($'000),1992 Food&Liveanimals Beverages&Tobacco CrudeMaterials-exclFuels MineralFuels,lubricantsetc Animal,VegetableOils&Fats Chemical&RelatedProducts MnfdGoodsClassifiedByMat Machinery&TransportEquip MiscellaneousMnfdArticles Commodities,TransactionsNES EXPORTS %OFTOTALEXPORTS
SADC 184457 85S24 54500 16089 15630 128571 360723 122579 88298 6276 1062647 0.1659
PTA 123670 90491 25236 12699 15513 126511 297186 120268 40174 5506 857254 0.1338
RSA 55172 300037 126821 1427 150 25728 206904 41243 111699 11386 880567 0.1375
TOTAL REGIONA L 257145 393308 182347 17763 15780 160811 652904 182440 200653 18801 2081137 0.3249
REST OFWORLD 186453 1868902 610180 6702 579 29361 1277515 12356 236188 95798 4324034 0.6751
TOTAL ALLCOUNTRIES 443598 2262210 792527 24465 16359 190172 1929604 194796 436841 114599 6405171 1
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page69 SUMMARYOFIMPORTSOURCES1992$'000 Food&Liveanimals Beverages&Tobacco CrudeMaterials-exdFuels MineralFuels,lubricantsetc Animal,VegetableOils&Fats Chemical&RelatedProducts MnfdGoodsClassifiedByMat Machinery&TransportEquip MiscellaneousMnfdArticles Commodities,TransactionsNES IMPORTS %OFTOTALIMPORTS SOURCE:CSODATA
SADC 123726 540 70131 12225 3477 24537 104940 18678 7989 24610 390853 0.0345
PTA 118030 291 47571 12374 210 12526 51094 16176 4823 19566 282661 0.025
RSA 173583 25774 97140 171094 23913 604761 772658 694841 64988 108214 2736966 0.2418
TOTAL REGIONA L 299290 26316 174761 183577 27390 634564 902591 720418 75992 133175 3178074 0.2808
REST OFWORLD 1322401 8547 371069 1147528 104874 686875 709053 3402398 220818 165889 8139452 0.7192 Annex6B:SUMMARYOFDESTINATIONS-JANUARY-MAY1993 ($'000) TOTAL
TOTAL ALLCOUNTRIES 1621691 34863 545830 1331105 132264 1321439 1611644 4122816 296810 299064 11317526 1 RESTTOTAL ALL
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page70 Food&LiveAnimals Beverages&Tobacco CrudeMateriais-exclFuels MineralFuels,Lubricantsetc Animal,VegetablesOils&Fats Chemical&RelatedProducts MnfdGoodsClassifiedByMat Machinery&TransportEquip MiscellaneousMnfdArticles Commodities,TransactionsNES TOTALEXPORTS %OFTOTALEXPORTS Food&LiveAnimals Beverages&Tobacco CrudeMaterials-exclFuels MineralFuels,Lubricantsetc Animal,VegetableOils&Fats Chemical&Related^froducts
SADC 42937 11364 30498 6502 852 41028 192563 65532 40040 2204 433520 13.46%
PTA 40037 36248 15171 6174 818 47000 199194 51239 16838 615 413334 12.83%
RSA 49615 8415 59233 940 308 15753 172625 18956 74586 3223 403654 12.53%
REGION 115930 52497 95617 9778 1160 66646 447574 75634 118593 4185 987614 30.66%
EUROPE 110503 363948 181507 0 497 1973 332682 4853 101647 4492 1102102 34.21% SUMIVIARYOFIMPORTSOURCESJANUARY-MAY1993 SADC 6459 5120 115109 276 501 12766
PTA 5555 4820 7676 280 96 6938
RSA 11097 7364 40750 200635 7811 309939
TOTAL REGIONA L 17821 12484 156743 200915 8326 325097
EUROPE 22940 2950 38435 2047 27812 150117
OFWORLD 11905 591761 185249 3139 0 12930 273687 3648 48298 934 1131551 35.13% REST•) 207624 110504 103654 488962 121281 147889
-COUNTRI ES 238338 1008206 462373 12917 1657 81549 1053943 84135 268538 9611 3221267 100.00% TOTAL ALL COUNTRI ES 248385 125938 298832 691924 157419 623103
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page71 MnfdGoodsClassifiedbyMat Machinery&TransportEquip MiscellaneousMnfd Commodities,TransactionsNES TOTALIMPORTS %OFTOTALIMPORTS
33348 8064 2585 1439 185667 4.13% Notes:•)ROW=RestoftheWorld Source:CentralStatisticalOfficedata
23572 4659 1546 363 55505 1.23%
282296 277649 42936 26254 1206731 26.82%
328015 286295 46561 27767 1410024 31.34%
105362 663106 72820 24454 1110043 24.68%
162379 572349 41219 22605 1978466 43.98%
595756 1521750 160600 74826 1498533 100.00%
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page72 Annex7 Profileofthesamplefirms FirmSize [employment]Dateof establishmentDateofentryintometal- workingMainproductOwnershipLocation 1.F.tssals&Son45018941894-repairsBogiepacks,monoblock,wheels,wheels, 1947-startedmanufacturingcouplers,draw-gears,trackpads,railpoints& crossings,ripperteeth,wearingparts,crusher jaws,ballmills,cocopans,slagladies,etc
Joint-venture:government&local privatecapitalBulawayo 2.HubertDavies Engineering 3.Connolly& Company 4.Nimr&Chapman 5.Hadfield&Son 6.Zimplow 7.Clemison& Plaskttt2 8.AlphaSteal 9.WHDahmer&Co. 10.NEICochrane 11.Stevenson&Company 12.IMCOLtd
100 420 400 7 160 200 42 520 200
1923 1929 1930 1935 1939 1948 1948 1957 1954 192 260
1923 1929 1930 1935 1939 1948 1948 Upto1965Busbodies 1954 19661956 19551955
Scooptrains,heavy&commercialvehiclescabs& components,escalationequipment,chains, bearings,carbonbrushes. Electricoverheadcranes,electrichoists,crushers, castingsforrailways,miningmachinery,sugarmill rolls,coalpulverizingplant,ironpipes Castiron,fabricatedproductsforthemines,steel castings,ballmHlsandotherminingmachineryand equipment. Forges,handbenchgrinders Ploughs,cultivators,riggers,harrows,planters, hoes Steelalloyscasting,bronze,aluminum,manganese andnonferrousmentalcastings. Steelfurniture:fromschools,hospitalandgardens Busesandheavy-dutytrucksundertheofA.V.M. Boilers&boilerservice,jobbing,fantube,pressure vesselsgasproducers,pumps,irrigationequipment Watertanks,gutters,dumppipe,metal boxes.
Foreign LocalPrivate LocalPrivate LocalPrivate
Harare Buiawayo Bulawayo Harare Jointventure:localandforeignBulawayo private[mUrtinational] LocalPrivate LocalPrivate Jointventure:local&foreign private
Bulawayo Bulawayo Bulawayo Jointventure:LocalandForeignHarare private[multinational] Localprivate Coppertube&bassbrassrod&tube.Localprivate jerrycans,switchboard,heatexchangers railcontact,wire,sheet-metalproducts
Bulawayo Bulawayo 13.Radiator&Tinning50019591959Coolingtowers,heatexchangers aerators,pumps,sewagetreatment plant,spraygalvanizers,pressure recorders,sludgescraper,alarmsystems, drychem.feeders,etc.
LocalprivateBulawayo 15.BulawayoSteelProducts 16.Farmquip
210 120
19S2 1959
1965 1959
Animal-drawnagriculturalimplements: Harrows,ploughsandspares,andforged tools. Cropsprayers,humidifiers,tobacco curing,cropdrying,grainhandling equipment Foreign[multinational] Localprivate
Bulawayo Harare
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page73 17.Toolmaking&Engineering20019641964Weaponsspares,disposalgascylinders toys,buildinghardware,vehiclespares, cutlery,minemachineparts,bicycles purrip*
localprivateBuiawayo 18.C.T.Botts 19.WlllowvalaMotorindustries 20.BMAFastemers 21.BottomArmatureWinding 22.FoundarLeadWorks 23.BosalC.A.Ltd 24.Herring&Bostwick 26.Tuba&PipeIndustries 26.RelmoElectric 27.TIntoIndustries 28.Rbrecraft 29.Everglo 30.TrinityEngineering
140 460 310 70 125 126 16 360 280 500 24 365 80
1961 1961 1969 1967 1969 1967 1976 1969 1968 1968 1968 1967 1975
1961 1961 1969 1967 1969 1967 1976 1969 1968 1968 1968 1967 1976
Rangeofbolts&nuts,fasteners,etc., sparesforvehicles. Assemblyofpassengerandcommercial vehicle!. Rangaoffastener Electriccolls Windowfittings,brassstampings,fancy goods Exhausts,motoraccessories,liftingJacks playgroundaqulptnant Miningequip.,conveyorbelts,crushing equipment Tubas&pipesofvaryingsizes Electricmotors(50w-360kwt trailers,agriculturaltractor-drawn equipment,irrigationequipment, castings,fifthwheel Boats,water,beer&winetanks,roofing sheet,replacementoffibrevehiclebody parts Refrigerators,lawn-mowers,electrical sundries:switches,etc.,heaters,irons traiers,irrigationpipe-workgeneral fabrication,structuralstaelworking
Localprivate Qovsmmant Localprivate Localprivate Jointventure:Local& forotgnprivate [multinational] Localprivate Foreign Localprivate Foreign[multinational] Localprivate Localprivate Localprivate
Bulawayo Harare Bubnwayo Harare Buiawayo Bulawayo Harare Harare Harare Harare Harare Harare Notes:1.Theproductgroupsrepresentthecurrentproductsbythefirm. 2.Clemfnson&PtasldttdoseddownInSeptember1986 3.IMCOwastakenoverbyTIntoIndustriesin1986 Source:Raidwork,September1985-March1986
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page 74
Bibliography.
1. Fot details see Daniel B. Ndlela, "Macro-Policies for Appropriate Technology in Zimbabwean Industry" in The Other Policy: The Influence of Policies on Technology Choice and Small Enterprise Development, Edited by Frances Stewart, Henk Thomas and Ton de Wilde, IT PUBLICATIONS in association APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Washington D.C., 1990, pp.
167-168.
2. Central Statistical Office (CSO): Census of Industrial Production: Mining, Manufacturing. Construction. Electricity and Water SuddIv. (Hairier), various
years.
3. See Report by the Industrial and Process Engineering Consultants (Great Britain) in association with Alexander Gusls and Partners, The Development of Manufacturing Industry within the Federation of Rhodesia and Nvasaland, Presented to the Federal Assembly 1960, Salisbury: Ministry of Economic Affairs, 1960 (cited from Makoni, T "The Rhodesian Economy in a Historical Perspective, Part II, in ZIMBABWE. Towards a New Order: An Economic and Social Survey. Working Papers. Volume II. United,Nations, GE.80-150498, p.
47.
4. Ibid, cited from J.L. Sadie, Report on the Planning for the Economic Development of Rhodesia, Rhodesia, 1997
5. See D.B. Ndlela, Technology Imports and Indigenous Technological Capacity Building: The Zimbabwean case. Technology and Employment Programme, WORLD EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMME RESEARCH, Working Papers, International Labour Organization, WEP 2-22/WP 173, March 1977, p. 5 6. Zimconsuit, Support to Small-Scale Industries and the Enhancement of
Indigenous Ownership in Zimbabwe, Report prepared for UNIDO, Vienna, October, 1992 p. 11
7. For details on the structural features of the macro-economic policy framework of the post independence period, see Ndlela, D.B. (1990), op. cit.
8. See Braunerhjelm, P. and Fors, G. The Zimbabwean Manufacturing Sector:
Current Status and Future Development Potential. Report Prepared for the Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI), Stockholm, January, 1995, Chapter 2
9. Tiagha, E. A., Technical Education as a Factor Moderating the High Cost of Technology Transfer. Paper presented at the International Organization of Science and Technology Education. Brisbane Australia, August 1986.
10. UNIDO: First Consultation on the training of industrial manpower: Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany (22 - 26 November, 1982). page 17.
11. Ndlela, B. Daniel: Technology Imports and Indigenous Technological Capacity Building: the Zimbabwean case. World Employment Programme Research working papers. ILO Geneva. March 1987, page 17.
12. Moyo N. P.: ^Notes on skilled majipower_ for industrial development m Zimbabu
Seminar,
Zimbabwe", in Zimbabwe Manpower Survey Report, vol. three. Patriotic Front r, Dar-es-Salaam, 5-9 November, 1978, p.7.
13. Mothobi B. "Skilled craft manpower in Zimbabwe", in Zimbabwe Manpower Survey Report : Vol three. Patriotic Front Seminar, Dar-es-Salaam, 5-9 November, 1978 page 68, Table 4.
14. Ministry of Labour, Manpower Planning and Social Welfare: Annual Reviev of
ECA/M RAG/95/10/MR Page 75 Manpower. Vol one. Hairier, 1983, p.49.
15. Republic of Zimbabwe, Second FiveYear National Development Plan. 1991 -1995, December, 1991 page 70
16. Structural change and adjustment in Zimbabwe. ILO Geneva.November 1993.
page 108.
17. Central Statistical Office Hairier, Zimbabwe. Education Report. March 1993, pages 24 to 34.
18. Detailed information on small business units of commercial banks can be found in "Support to Small-scale Industries and Enhancement of Indigenous Ownership", Prepared for the government of Zimbabwe by UNIDO, based on the work of Zimconsult. 20 May 1993, page 92.
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page 76
Annex 8
List of Persons Encountered
1. M. N. Ndudzo, General Manager, Industrial Development Corporation of Zimbabwe. 93 Park Lane, Hairier. P.O. Box Cy 1431 Causeway, Hairier, Zimbabwe. Phone 263-4-706971. Fax: 263-4-796028.
2. I. M. Garaba, Deputy General Manager, Personnel and Administration. Industrial Development Corporation of Zimbabwe. 93 Park Lane, Hairier. P.O. Box Cy 1431 Causeway, Hairier, Zimbabwe. Phone 263-4-706971. Fax: 263-4 796028.
3. L. A. Munyawarara, Deputy General Manager, Business Development. Industrial Development Corporation of Zimbabwe. 93 Park Lane, Hairier. P.O. Box Cy 1431 Causeway, Hairier, Zimbabwe. Phone 706971. Fax: 263-4-796028.
4. P. Mandara, Acting Group Financial Controller, Industrial Development Corporation of Zimbabwe. 93 Park Lane, Hairier. P.O. Box Cy 1431 Causeway, Hairier, Zimbabwe. Phone 263-4-706971. Fax: 263-4-796028.
5. S. T. Agere, Director, Zimbabwe Institute of Public Administration and Management (ZIPAM). P.O. Box 126, Norton Zimbabwe. Phone 169131. Fax:
169286.
6. S. D. Chiwaro, Consultant, Human Resources. Zimbabwe Institute of Public Administration and Management (ZIPAM). P.O. Box 126, Norton Zimbabwe.
Phone 169131. Fax: 169286.
7. A. M. Gumbo, Head of Division, Business and Pvt. Sector Management.
Zimbabwe Institute of Public Administration and Management (ZIPAM). P.O.
Box 126, Norton Zimbabwe. Phone 169131. Fax: 169286.
8. T. Chimhini, Consultant, Division, Business and Pvt. Sector Management.
Zimbabwe Institute of Public Administration and Management (ZIPAM). P.O.
Box 126, Norton Zimbabwe. Phone 169131. Fax: 169286.
9. O. M. Tshabanqu, Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Industry and Commerce.
Private Bag, 7703, Causeway, Zimbabwe. Phone: 702731. Fax: 263-4 704-116 10 A. S. Rambo Senior Administrative Officer, Ministry of Industry and Commerce.
Private Bag, 7708, Causeway, Zimbabwe. Phone: 702731. 263-4 704-116 11. J. Foroma, Chief Economist and Deputy Chief Executive, Confederation of
Zimbabwe Industries (CZI). $the Floor, Fidelity Life Tower, P.O. Box 3794, Hairier, Zimbabwe. Phone: 739833. Fax: 750953.
12. S. T. Matema, General Manger and Chief Executive, Zimbabwe Minining Corporation (ZMDC) MMCZ Building, 90 Mutare Road, Msasa, P.O. Box 4101, Hairier, Zimbabwe. Phone: 487014. Fax: 487022.
13. R. T. Mugwara, SADC, Food Security Sector Coordinator. P.O. Box 4046, Hairier, Zimbabwe. Phone: 736053.
14. E.G. Ngugama, Managing Director, Bindura Nickel Corporation Ltd. 70 Samora Michel Ave. P.O. Box 1108, Hairier, Zimbabwe. Phone:704461- Fax: 727133.
15 W. Z. Maisiri, Deputy Director, Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce.
Equity House, Rezende Street, P.O. Box 1934 Hairier, Zimbabwe. Phone:
753444.
Fax:753450-17 E.S. Makoni, Chairman. Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce. Equity House, Rezende Street, P.O. Box 1934 Hairier, Zimbabwe. Phone: 753444.
ECA/MRAG/95/10/MR Page 77