Theoritical and numerical studies on the graph partitioning problem

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Submitted on 23 Jan 2018

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Theoritical and numerical studies on the graph

partitioning problem

Haeder Younis Ghawi Althoby

To cite this version:

Haeder Younis Ghawi Althoby. Theoritical and numerical studies on the graph partitioning problem. Commutative Algebra [math.AC]. Normandie Université, 2017. English. �NNT : 2017NORMC233�. �tel-01690503�

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THESE

Pour obtenir le diplôme de doctorat

Spécialité mathématiques

Préparée au sein de l’Université de Caen Normandie

Theoretical and Numerical studies on the graph partitioning

problem

Présentée et soutenue par

Haeder Younis ALTHOBY

Thèse dirigée par Mohamed DIDI BIHA, laboratoire de Mathématiques Nicolas Oresme

Thèse soutenue publiquement le 6 novembre 2017 devant le jury composé de

Mme. Fatiha BENDALI-MAILFERT Maître de Conférences HDR, Université

Clermont-Auvergne Rapporteur Mme. Sourour ELLOUMI Professeur, ENSTA-Paristech Rapporteur M. Adnan YASSINE Professeur, Université du Havre Examinateur M. Mohamed DIDI BIHA Professeur, Université de Caen-Normandie Directeur de thèse

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❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥ts

■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss ♠② ❞❡❡♣❡st ❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡ t♦ ♠② s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r Pr✳▼♦❤❛♠❡❞ ❉✐❞✐✲ ❇✐❤❛✱ ❢♦r ❤✐s ❡①❝❡❧❧❡♥t ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ❣❡♥❡r♦✉s s✉♣♣♦rt✳ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛♥ ✐♥✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❍❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✈❡r② ♣❛t✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❛❧✇❛②s t♦ ❛♥s✇❡r ♠② q✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❡❛❝❤ ♠❡ t❤❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ t❤❛t ■ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ❦♥♦✇✳ ❲❤❡♥ ■ st❛rt❡❞ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ♠② t❤❡s✐s✱ ❤❡ s♣❛r❡❞ ♥♦ ❡✛♦rt t♦ ❣✉✐❞❡ ♠❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❧❡❣✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡❛♥ ♦❢ ♣✉tt✐♥❣ ♠② t❤♦✉❣❤ts t♦❣❡t❤❡r✳ ❍❡ ❛❧s♦ t❛✉❣❤t ♠❡ ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ✇♦r❦s ❛♥❞ ❣❛✈❡ ♠❡ ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ♦♥ ♠② ❢✉t✉r❡ ❝❛r❡❡r✳ ■ ❛♠ ✈❡r② ✐♠♣r❡ss❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ❧✐♠✐t❧❡ss ❡♥t❤✉s✐❛s♠ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t t♦ ❛❧✇❛②s ❞❡❧✐✈❡r t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❢♦r ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ❍✐s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❝❛rr② ♦♥ ❜❡✐♥❣ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t ♠② ❡♥t✐r❡ ❧✐❢❡✳ ❲✐t❤♦✉t ❤✐s ❤❡❧♣✱ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥❡✈❡r ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠❡ ✐♥t♦ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡✳ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❤❛♥❦ ♠② ❝♦♠♠✐tt❡❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs✱ ▼❛îtr❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❢ér❡♥❝❡s ❍❉❘ ❋❛t✐❤❛ ❇❊◆❉❆▲■✲▼❆■▲❋❊❘❚✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❙♦✉r♦✉r ❊▲▲❖❯▼■✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❆❞♥❛♥ ❨❆❙✲ ❙■◆❊ ❢♦r s❡r✈✐♥❣ ❛s ♠② ❝♦♠♠✐tt❡❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs✳ ■ ❛❧s♦ ✇❛♥t t♦ t❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉ ❢♦r ❧❡tt✐♥❣ ♠② ❞❡❢❡♥s❡ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❡♥❥♦②❛❜❧❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ②♦✉r ❜r✐❧❧✐❛♥t ❝♦♠♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s✱ t❤❛♥❦s t♦ ②♦✉✳ ▼❛♥② t❤❛♥❦s t♦ ❛❧❧ ♠② ❢r✐❡♥❞s ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✭▲❛❜♦r❛t♦✐r❡ ❞❡ ▼❛t❤é♠❛✲ t✐q✉❡s ◆✐❝♦❧❛s ❖r❡s♠❡✮✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧②✱ ●❡♦r❣❡✱ ❋r❛♥❦✱ ❆♥❞ré✳ ❆ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ t❤❛♥❦s t♦ ♠② ❢❛♠✐❧② ❛♥❞ ♠② ✇✐❢❡✬s ❢❛♠✐❧②✳ ❲♦r❞s ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ❡①♣r❡ss ❤♦✇ ❣r❛t❡❢✉❧✳ ❨♦✉r ♣r❛②❡r ❢♦r ♠❡ ✇❛s ✇❤❛t s✉st❛✐♥❡❞ ♠❡ t❤✉s ❢❛r✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❧②✱ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❤❛♥❦ ♠② ✇✐❢❡ ▼❛ss❛r✳ ❍❡r s✉♣✲ ♣♦rt✱ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ q✉✐❡t ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✇❛✈❡r✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡ ✇❡r❡ ✉♥❞❡♥✐❛❜❧② t❤❡ ❜❡✲ ❞r♦❝❦ ✉♣♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ♣❛st t❤✐rt❡❡♥ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ♠② ❧✐❢❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❜✉✐❧t✳ ❍❡r t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♠② ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦♦❞s ✐s ❛ t❡st❛♠❡♥t ✐♥ ✐ts❡❧❢ ♦❢ ❤❡r ✉♥②✐❡❧❞✐♥❣ ❞❡✈♦t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡✳

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❈♦♥t❡♥ts

▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s ✐✈ ▲✐st ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡s ✈ ✶ Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❙t❛t❡✲♦❢✲t❤❡✲❆rt ✺ ✶✳✶ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①t✐② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ P♦❧②❤❡❞r❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✸✳✶ ❇r❛♥❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❇♦✉♥❞ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✸✳✷ ❈✉tt✐♥❣ P❧❛♥❡ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✹ ❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶✳✺ ●r❛♣❤ ❚❤❡♦r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶✳✺✳✶ ❚❤❡ s❤♦rt❡st ♣❛t❤ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✶✳✺✳✷ ▼❛①✲❋❧♦✇ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷ ●r❛♣❤ P❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ✷✸ ✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✸ ❍❛r❞♥❡ss ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✹ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ♦❢ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❊①❛❝t ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✺ ▼✉❧t✐❧❡✈❡❧ ●r❛♣❤ P❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✺✳✶ ❈♦❛rs❡♥✐♥❣ P❤❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✺✳✷ P❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ P❤❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✺✳✸ ❯♥❝♦❛rs❡♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❘❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t P❤❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✻ ❋❛♠✐❧✐❡s ♦❢ ●r❛♣❤ P❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✐✐

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❈❖◆❚❊◆❚❙ ✐✐✐ ✷✳✻✳✶ ❚❤❡ k✲✇❛② ✈❡rt❡① ❝✉t ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✻✳✷ ❚❤❡ k✲s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✻✳✸ ❚❤❡ ✈❡rt❡① s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✻✳✹ ❚❤❡ ♠✉❧t✐✲t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ✈❡rt❡① s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✻✳✺ ❚❤❡ ▼✉❧t✐✇❛② ❈✉t ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✻✳✻ ❱❡rt❡① ♠✉❧t✐❝✉t ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✻✳✼ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ ◆♦❞❡s Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭❈◆❉P✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✻✳✽ ❚❤❡ k✲✇❛② ❡❞❣❡ ❝✉t ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✻✳✾ ❚❤❡ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ●r❛♣❤ P❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸ ❱❡rt❡① ❙❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✹✶ ✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✷ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✸ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ s❡❛r❝❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❘❡♠❛r❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹ st✲❈♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✈❡rt❡① s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✺✺ ✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✷ ❚❤❡ st✲❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✸ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✸✳✶ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭◆❋✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❊①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭❊❋✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❚r❡❡ ❊①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭❚❊❋✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✹ P♦❧②❤❡❞r❛❧ st✉❞② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❆rt✐❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✹✳✷ P❛rt✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✺ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✺✳✶ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❘❡♠❛r❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺ ❈♦♠♣t❡✲r❡♥❞✉ ✼✼

(6)

▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s

✶✳✶ ❚❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡① ❤✉❧❧ ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ R2 _{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶} ✶✳✸ ❋❛❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❢❛❝❡ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✳✹ ❈✉tt✐♥❣ P❧❛♥ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✶ ❚❤❡ ♠✉❧t✐❧❡✈❡❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❣r❛♣❤ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✷ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ✇❛②s t♦ ❝♦❛rs❡♥ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✶ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❱❙P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✶ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛ss❡♠❜❧② ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s v ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✷ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛ss❡♠❜❧② ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s U ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✐✈

(7)

▲✐st ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡s

✸✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡ ♦✉r r❡s✉❧ts ✇✐t❤ ✷✺ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✷ ❉■▼❆❈❙ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✭✶✶ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✷ ❛♥❞ ❇▲❙ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② ❍❡❧♠❜❡r❣ ❛♥❞ ❘❡♥❞❧ ✭✷✼ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✷ ♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② ❍❡❧♠❜❡r❣ ❛♥❞ ❘❡♥❞❧ ✭✷✼ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✶ ❉■▼❆❈❙ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✭✸✵ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✷ ▼▼✲■■ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✭✷✵ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✸ ▼▼✲❍❉ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✭✷✺ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✹ ♠✐♣❧✐❜ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✭✶✺ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✈

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■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ ❧✐✈❡❧② ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ❝♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐✲ q✉❡s ❢r♦♠ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❝s ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♦✈❡r ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ str✉❝t✉r❡s✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❝♦♠♦❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❣r❛♣❤ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♦♥ ❞❛t❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤ G = (V, E)✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❱ ✐s t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❊ ✐s t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❡❞❣❡s✳ ❲❡ ❛✐♠ t♦ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥ G ✐♥t♦ s♠❛❧❧❡r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ❚②♣✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ❣r❛♣❤ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❢❛❧❧ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r② ♦❢ ◆P✲❤❛r❞ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✳ ❚❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ✲ ❛s t❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s ✲ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ❣♦♦❞ s❡♣❛r❛t♦rs ✐♥ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t②♣❡s ♦❢ s❡♣❛r❛t♦rs✳ ❙❡ts ♦❢ ❡❞❣❡s t❤❛t s❡♣❛r❛t❡ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ✐♥t♦ ❦ s✉❜s❡ts ❛r❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❡❞❣❡ s❡♣❛r❛t♦rs✳ ❙❡ts ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s t❤❛t s❡♣❛r❛t❡s t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ✐♥t♦ ❦ s✉❜s❡ts ❛r❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✈❡rt❡① s❡♣❛r❛t♦rs✳ ■♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ❛❧❧ s❡♣❛r❛t♦rs ❛r❡ ✈❡rt❡① s❡♣❛r❛t♦rs ✉♥❧❡ss t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② s❛✐❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❡❞❣❡ s❡♣❛r❛t♦rs✳ ■♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✈❡rt❡① s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✭❱❙P✮✳ ●✐✈❡♥ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤ G = (V, E) ❜❡ ❛ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✉♥❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤ ❛♥❞ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡❣❡r β(n)✱ ✇❤❡r❡ n = |V | ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❡rt❡① s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✭❱❙P ❢♦r s❤♦rt✮ ✐s t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ V ✐♥t♦ t❤r❡❡ ♥♦♥❡♠♣t② ❝❧❛ss❡s A✱ B✱ ❛♥❞ C s✉❝❤ t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❡❞❣❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ A ❛♥❞ B✱ ♠❛①{|A|, |B|} ≤ β(n)✱ ❛♥❞ |C| ✐s ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❱❙P ❛♣♣❡❛rs ✐♥ ❛ ✇✐❞❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s s✉❝❤ ❛s✱ ❱❡r② ▲❛r❣❡ ❙❝❛❧❡ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✭❱▲❙■✮ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱ t❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡s t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜r✐tt❧❡♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜✐♦❧♦❣②✱ s❡✲ ♣❛r❛t♦rs ✐♥ ❣r✐❞ ❣r❛♣❤s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦t❡✐♥s✳

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❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ s❡♣❛r❛t♦rs ✐s ◆P✲❤❛r❞ ❬✶✸✱ ✸✼❪✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ❡①❛❝t ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❱❙P ✭❬✺✱ ✷✻✱ ✷✽✱ ✶✻❪✮✳ ▼♦st ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ ❛ r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ t✐♠❡ ✭✇✐t❤✐♥ ✸ ❤♦✉rs✮ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✇✐t❤ ✉♣ t♦ ✶✷✺ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s✱ ❜✉t ❢❛✐❧ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ❧❛r❣❡r ✐♥st❛♥✲ ❝❡s✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r s✐❞❡✱ ♠❛♥② ♦❢ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ❱❙P✱ s❡❡ ✭❬✶✵✱ ✼✺✱ ✹✺✱ ✻✽✱ ✹✵❪✮✳ ■♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ♥❡✇ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ s❡♣❛r❛t♦rs ✐♥ ❧❛r❣❡ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ❢♦r ✉♥❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤s ❡♥s✉r✐♥❣ ❛ ✉s❡r ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❝♦♥✲ ♥❡❝t❡❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✳ ❖✉r ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✉s❡ ♥♦❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛t♦rs ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡s✳ ❲❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ s♦♠❡ ✈❛❧✐❞ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❡✲ r✐✈❡ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r t❤❡s❡ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ r❡s✉❧ts✱ ✇❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ ❇r❛♥❝❤✲❛♥❞✲❇♦✉♥❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦✲ ♥❛❧ st✉❞② ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ st✉❞② t❤❡ st✲❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✈❡rt❡① s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✭st✲❈❱❙ ❢♦r s❤♦rt✮✳ ●✐✈❡♥ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤ G = (V, E) ❜❡ ❛ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✉♥❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤✱ ✇❤❡r❡ n = |V | ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s✳ ▲❡t s ❛♥❞ t ❜❡ t✇♦ ❞✐s❥♦✐♥t ✈❡rt✐❝❡s ♦❢ V ✱ ♥♦t ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t✳ ❆ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♦❢ s ❛♥❞ t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ G ✐s ❛ s❡t S ⊆ V \ {s, t} s✉❝❤ t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦ ♠♦r❡ ♣❛t❤s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s ❛♥❞ t ✐♥ G [G \ S]✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ G [S] ✐s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ st✲❈❱❙ ✐s ◆P✲❍❛r❞✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s ✐♥ ❋P❚ ❬✻✵❪✳ ◆❛r❛②❛♥❛s✇❛♠② ❛♥❞ ❙❛❞❛❣♦♣❛♥ ❬✻✸❪ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t st✲❈❱❙ ✐s ◆P✲❈♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤s ♦❢ ❝❤♦r❞❛❧✐t② ❛t ❧❡❛st ✺ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r st✲❈❱❙ ♦♥ ❝❤♦r❞❛❧✐t② ✹ ❣r❛♣❤s✳ ❚❤❡② ❛❧s♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦✈❡❞ t❤❛t st✲❈❱❙ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❡❞ ✐s W [2]✲ ❤❛r❞✳ ❲❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ st✲ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✈❡rt❡① ✭❡❞❣❡✮ s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❲❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ s♦♠❡ ✈❛❧✐❞ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ t♦ ✜♥❞ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ st✲❈❱❙ ❛♥❞ t❡st ✐t ♦♥ s♦♠❡ ❧✐❜r❛r✐❡s ♦❢ ❣r❛♣❤s t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ❛ s❤♦rt t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ✐s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✱ ✇❡ ❣✐✈❡ s♦♠❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✱

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❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t②✱ ❛♥❞ P♦❧②❤❡❞r❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r②✳ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✷✱ ✇❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❝♦♠♣❧❡①t✐t②✳ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✸✱ ✇❡ ❣✐✈❡ s♦♠❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rt❡① s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❲❡ t❤❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t✇♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ✈❡rt❡① s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ (V SP )✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❛r❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❜② s❡❛r❝❤✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ♦❢ ❛♥② ✈❡rt❡① ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ❛♥❞ ❝❤♦♦s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❡rt❡① ❤❛s ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ✇✐t❤ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♣r♦♣❡rt②✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r t❤r❡❡ s❡ts ♦❢ ❣r❛♣❤s t❤❛t ✇❡ t❛❦❡ t❤❡♠ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❛tr✐① ▼❛r❦❡t ❧✐❜r❛r②✱ ❱❙P ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❉■▼❆❈❙ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤ ❝♦❧♦r✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❣r❛♣❤s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② ❬✹✸❪✳ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✹✱ ✇❡ ❣✐✈❡ s♦♠❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ st✲❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✈❡rt❡① ✭❡❞❣❡✮ s❡♣❛r❛t♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✭st✲❈❱❙✭❈❊❙✮ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✮✳ ❲❡ t❤❡♥ ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠ ♦♥ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥✳ ❆❧s♦ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ✈❛❧✐❞ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s ♦♥ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ ❛r❡ st✉❞✐❡❞✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ✐♥ t✇♦ st❡♣s✳ ❲❡ ✜rst ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❞✐s❥♦✐♥t ♣❛t❤s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s ❛♥❞ t ❝❛❧❧❡❞ αst✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ❧♦✇❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ♦❢ ❛♥② ❝❛r❞✐♥❛✲ ❧✐t② ♦❢ ❛♥② st✲s❡♣❛r❛t♦r✳ ❲❡ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❜② ❈❤❡r❦❛ss❦② ❛♥❞ ●♦❧❞❜❡r❣ ❬✶✽❪ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ✢♦✇ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ αst✳ ❲❡ t❤❡♥ s♦❧✈❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♠✐①❡❞✲✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✉s✐♥❣ ■❧♦❣✲❈P▲❊❳ ✶✷✳✻ ❬✼✽❪ t♦ ✜♥❞ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ st✲s❡♣❛r❛t♦r✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❝❤❡❝❦ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ S✱ ✐❢ ✐t ✐s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ t❤❡♥ ✐s ❞♦♥❡✳ ❖t❤❡r✇✐s❡✱ ✇❡ tr② t♦ ✜♥❞ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s ✭♦♥❡ ♦r ♠♦r❡✮ t❤❛t ♠❛❦❡s S ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞✳

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❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶

Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❙t❛t❡✲♦❢✲t❤❡✲❆rt

❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶✳✶ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①t✐② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ P♦❧②❤❡❞r❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✸✳✶ ❇r❛♥❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❇♦✉♥❞ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✸✳✷ ❈✉tt✐♥❣ P❧❛♥❡ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✹ ❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶✳✺ ●r❛♣❤ ❚❤❡♦r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶✳✺✳✶ ❚❤❡ s❤♦rt❡st ♣❛t❤ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✶✳✺✳✷ ▼❛①✲❋❧♦✇ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ✇❡ ❣✐✈❡ s♦♠❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛✲ t✐♦♥✱ ❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t②✱ ❛♥❞ P♦❧②❤❡❞r❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r②✳ ❲❡ t❤❡♥ ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦♥ t✇♦ ♠❡t❤♦❞s t❤❛t ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥ ❡①❛❝t s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❇❆❇ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❈✉tt✐♥❣ P❧❛♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ✺

(13)

✻ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✶✳ P❘❊▲■▼■◆❆❘■❊❙ ❆◆❉ ❙❚❆❚❊✲❖❋✲❚❍❊✲❆❘❚

✶✳✶ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥

❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ✭♦r ❞✐s❝r❡t❡✮ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❛❝t✐✈❡ ✜❡❧❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥✲ t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✳ ❚❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ♦❢ st✉❞②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t♦ ✜♥❞ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❡ ✭♦r ♠✐♥✐✲ ♠✐③❡✮ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛♥② ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s s✉❜❥❡❝t t♦ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤✐♥❣ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❛t s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ❜❡❧♦♥❣ t♦ ❛ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ s❡t✱ t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❛ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❣❡rs✳ ■♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦r✲ ♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳ ▲❡t ❊❂{e1, e2, ..., en}❜❡ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ s❡t ❝❛❧❧❡❞ basic set✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❡❛❝❤ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ei ✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✇❡✐❣❤t c(ei)✳ ▲❡t Ω ❜❡ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♦❢ s✉❜s❡ts ♦❢ E✳ ■❢ π ∈ Ω✱ t❤❡♥ c(π) = Pei∈πc(ei) ❞❡♥♦t❡s t❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤t ♦❢ π✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s t♦ ❞❡t❡r✲ ♠✐♥❡ ❛♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ Ω ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡r ✭♦r s♠❛❧❧❡r✮ ✇❡✐❣❤ts✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ t❤❡ s❡t Ω ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ ♠✐♥✭♦r ♠❛①✮{c(π) : π ∈ Ω} ❚❤❡ t❡r♠ combinatorial r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ Ω✳ ■♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ t❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❣r❛♣❤✳ ❚❤❡ t❡r♠ optimization s✐❣♥✐✜❡s t❤❛t ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❡st ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ t❤✐s s❡t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ❛♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s❀ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ❡①♣❡❝t t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❜② ❡①❤❛✉st✐✈❡❧② ❡♥✉♠❡r❛t❡ ❛❧❧ ✐ts s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s t❤❡♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❤❛r❞ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ✐s t♦ ❞❡✈❡✲ ❧♦♣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ♣r♦✈❛❜❧② ♦r ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧❧② ❜❡tt❡r t❤❛♥ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r✐s❡ ✐♥ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❉❡s✐❣♥✱ ❱▲❙■ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❱✐s✐♦♥✱ ❆✐r❧✐♥❡ ❈r❡✇ ❙❝❤❡✲ ❞✉❧✐♥❣✱ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t❡ P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r✲❆✐❞❡❞ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ▼❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r✐♥❣✱ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ◗✉❡r② ❉❡s✐❣♥✱ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❚❡❧❡♣❤♦♥❡ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❆ss✐❣♥♠❡♥t✱ ❈♦♥str❛✐♥t ❉✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❘❡❛✲ s♦♥✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❇✐♦❧♦❣②✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❛s♣❡❝ts t❤❛t ❝♦♥♥❡❝t ✐t ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❆❧❣❡❜r❛✱ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ●❡♦♠❡tr②✱ ▲♦❣✐❝✱ ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛♥❞✱ ♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡✱ ♦t❤❡r s✉❜❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡s ♦❢ ❉✐s❝r❡t❡ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s s✉❝❤ ❛s ▲✐♥❡❛r ❛♥❞ ■♥t❡❣❡r

(14)

✶✳✷✳ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆❚■❖◆❆▲ ❈❖▼P▲❊❳❚■❨ ✼ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✱ ●r❛♣❤ ❚❤❡♦r②✱ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ ◆✉♠❜❡r ❚❤❡♦r②✮✳ ❆❧❧ t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❛s t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♦♥ s♦♠❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡♥❡ss✳ ■♥ ❢❛❝t✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝❧♦s❡❧② r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❚❤❡♦r② ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❚❤❡♦r② ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡①t s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲ t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐ss✉❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✳

✶✳✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①t✐②

❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❚❤❡♦r② ✐s ❛ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡♦✲ r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s t❤❛t ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ ❝❧❛ss✐❢②✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡✐r ✐♥❤❡r❡♥t ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② ❛♥❞ r❡❧❛t✐♥❣ t❤♦s❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✳ ❚❤✐s t❤❡♦r② ✇❛s ❡❛r❧② ❜♦r♥ ❜② ●❛❜r✐❡❧ ▲❛♠❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✹✹✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ r❡❛❧❧② ❜❡❣❛♥ t♦ ✢♦✉r✐s❤ ✐♥ ✶✾✻✷ ❜② ❊❞♠♦♥❞s❬✸✵❪ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♦❦ ✐♥ ✶✾✼✶❬✶✾❪ t❤❛t t❤❡② ♦✛❡r❡❞ ❛ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ t♦ ❝❧❛ss✐❢② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❞✐✣❝✉❧t②✳ ■♥ ✶✾✼✷✱ ❑❛r♣❬✹✽❪ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ✷✶ ❞✐✈❡rs❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣r❛♣❤ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥❢❛♠♦✉s ❢♦r ✐ts ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥tr❛❝t❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ◆P✲❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❚❤❡♦r②✳ ❆ problem ✐s ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ q✉❡st✐♦♥ t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ✇✐s❤ t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r✳ ❚❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✉s✉❛❧❧② ❤❛s ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♦r ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ ②❡t t♦ ❜❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞✳ ❆ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐st ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ♠✉st ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✳ ❆♥ instance ♦❢ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ✈❛❧✉❡s t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛✲ ♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡❞ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❆♥ algorithm ✐s ❛ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛s ✐♥♣✉t✱ ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛s ♦✉t♣✉t ❛❢t❡r ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆ decision problem ✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡✱ ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t t❤✐s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✐ts❡❧❢ ♦r ✐ts ✈❛❧✉❡ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠s t♦ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r t♦ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛✲ t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ t❤✐s s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ yes✱ s✉❝❤ ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❞♦❡s

(15)

✽ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✶✳ P❘❊▲■▼■◆❆❘■❊❙ ❆◆❉ ❙❚❆❚❊✲❖❋✲❚❍❊✲❆❘❚ ❡①✐st ♦r no✱ s✉❝❤ ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①✐st✳ ❆♥ algorithm ✐s ❛♥② ✇❡❧❧✲❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ t❤❛t t❛❦❡s s♦♠❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✱ ♦r s❡t ♦❢ ✈❛❧✉❡s✱ ❛s ✐♥♣✉t ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡s s♦♠❡ ✈❛❧✉❡✱ ♦r s❡t ♦❢ ✈❛❧✉❡s✱ ❛s ♦✉t♣✉t✳ ❆♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐s t❤✉s ❛ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ st❡♣s t❤❛t tr❛♥s❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t✳ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✐♥♣✉t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ size ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ r❡s♦✉r✲ ❝❡s ✐t r❡q✉✐r❡s✱ ❞❡❝✐❞❡s ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐s ❣♦♦❞ ♦r ♥♦t✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t✇♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✿ ✭❛✮ t✐♠❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❡❧❡♠❡♥✲ t❛r② ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ st❡♣s ✭❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ t✐♠❡ t❤❡ ❜❡st ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ r❡q✉✐r❡s t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✮✮❀ ✭❜✮ s♣❛❝❡ ✭✐✳❡✳ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ♠❡♠♦r② r❡q✉✐r❡❞✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ t❤❛t s♦❧✈❡s ✐t✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❛♥② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡❞ ✐♥t♦ s♦♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❝❧❛s✲ s❡s ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✐ts ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t②✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦st ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❝❧❛ss❡s P✲❝❧❛ss ✭♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧✮ ❛♥❞ ◆P✲❝❧❛ss ✭◆♦♥❡✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ P♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧✮ ❛r❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❞❡✲ ❝✐s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❧❛ss P ✐s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❝❧❛ss r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ✧②❡s✧ ♦r ✧♥♦✧ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❧❛ss ◆P ✐s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❝❧❛ss r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ✐s ✧②❡s✧ ❤❛✈❡ ♣r♦♦❢s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t ✐❢ ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡ ✭s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛ ✇✐t♥❡ss✮ t♦ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ❜❡✐♥❣ ②❡s✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❝❤❡❝❦ t❤❛t ✐t ✐s ❝♦rr❡❝t ✐♥ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss P ❜❡❧♦♥❣❡s t♦ ◆P✳ ❚❤❡ ♦♣❡♥ q✉❡✲ st✐♦♥ ✐s ✇❤❡t❤❡r ♦r ♥♦t ◆P ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❧❛ss ◆P − Complete ✐s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❝❧❛ss r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s X ✐♥ ◆P ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ ❛♥② ♦t❤❡r ◆P ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ Y t♦ X ✐♥ ♣♦❧②♥♦✲ ♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡✳ ■♥t✉✐t✐✈❡❧②✱ t❤✐s ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s♦❧✈❡ Y q✉✐❝❦❧② ✐❢ ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❤♦✇ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ X q✉✐❝❦❧②✳ Pr❡❝✐s❡❧②✱ Y ✐s r❡❞✉❝✐❜❧❡ t♦ X✱ ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡ f t♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s y ♦❢ Y t♦ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s x = f(y) ♦❢ X ✐♥ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt② t❤❛t t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r t♦ y ✐s ②❡s ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r t♦ f(y) ✐s ②❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❧❛ss ◆P✲❤❛r❞ ✐s t❤❛t ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ X ✐s ◆P✲❤❛r❞✱ ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ◆P−Complete ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ Y ✱ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t Y ✐s r❡❞✉❝✐❜❧❡ t♦ X ✐♥ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡✳ ❇✉t s✐♥❝❡ ❛♥② ◆P✲

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✶✳✸✳ ❊▲❊▼❊◆❚❙ ❖❋ P❖▲❨❍❊❉❘❆▲ ❚❍❊❖❘❨ ✾ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✶ ✕ ❚❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ ❛♥② ♦t❤❡r ◆P✲❈♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡✱ ❛❧❧ ◆P✲❈♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ ❛♥② ◆P✲❤❛r❞ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ♣♦❧②♥♦✲ ♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ♦♥❡ ◆P✲❤❛r❞ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛❧❧ ◆P ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐♥ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ t✐♠❡✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✶ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❲❡ ♥♦t❡ t❤❛t ♠♦st ♦❢ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r❡ ◆P✲❤❛r❞✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤♦s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐s t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ P♦❧②❤❡❞r❛❧ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳

✶✳✸ ❊❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ P♦❧②❤❡❞r❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r②

■♥ t❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❣✐✈❡ s♦♠❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r❛❧ t❤❡♦r② ♦♥ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛r❡ ❙❝❤r✐❥✈❡r ❬✻✾❪✱ ◆❡♠❤❛✉s❡r ❛♥❞ ❲♦❧s❡② ❬✻✹❪✱ ❛♥❞ ▼❛❤❥♦✉❜ ❬✺✾❪✳

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✶✵ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✶✳ P❘❊▲■▼■◆❆❘■❊❙ ❆◆❉ ❙❚❆❚❊✲❖❋✲❚❍❊✲❆❘❚ P♦❧②❤❡❞r❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r② ❞❡❛❧s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ s❡ts ♦❢ ▲✐♥❡❛r Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ polyhedra✳ ◆♦✇✱ P♦❧②❤❡❞r❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r② ♠❛② ❜❡ ✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❛s ❛ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❝♦♥✈❡① ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ❜r❛♥❝❤ ♦❢ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s t❤❛t st✉❞✐❡s ❝♦♥✈❡① s❡ts✱ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ s❡ts t❤❛t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡ s❡❣♠❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♣❛✐r ♦❢ ✐ts ♣♦✐♥ts✮✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t✇♦ ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r❛ ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧②t♦♣❡s✳ ❙♦♠❡ t❡①ts ❜❡❣✐♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♣♦❧②t♦♣❡ ❛s ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡① ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥ts✳ ❖t❤❡rs✱ ❜❡❣✐♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦❧②❤❡r❛ ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✜♥✐t❡❧② ♠❛♥② ❤❛❧❢ s♣❛❝❡s✳ P♦❧②❤❡❞r❛ ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ❡❛r❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✐st♦r② ✭s✉❝❤ ❛s P②r❛♠✐❞s✱ t❤❡ ❞✐❝❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r s✐❣♥s ♦❢ ❝✐✈✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ✭❛s P❧❛t♦✱ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✱ ❆r❝❤✐♠❡❞❡s✮✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛❧❧ t❤❡s❡ ✇❡r❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r❛✳ ❊✈❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞❞❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ 18th ❝❡♥t✉r②✱ ❊✉❧❡r ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❤✐s ❢❛♠♦✉s t❤❡♦r❡♠ ✭❱✲❊✰❋ ❂✷✮ ✇✐t❤♦✉t s♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r❛ t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐t ❛♣♣❧✐❡s✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ 19th_{❝❡♥t✉r②✱ t❤❡ ❝❡♥t❡r ♦❢ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥} ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r❛ s✇✐t❝❤❡❞ t♦ ✭♠♦r❡✲♦r✲❧❡ss ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ❞❡❝❧❛r❡❞✮ ❝♦♥✈❡① ♦♥❡s✳ ❲❡ s❤❛❧❧ ✜rst r❡❝❛❧❧ s♦♠❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r❛❧ t❤❡♦r②✳ ●✐✈❡♥ n ❜❡ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❛♥❞ x ∈ Rn✳ ❲❡ s❛② t❤❛t x ✐s ❛ ❧✐♥❛r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ x1, x2, ..., xn ∈ Rn ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐st m s❝❛❧❡r δ1, δ2, ..., δm s✉❝❤ t❤❛t x = P m i∈1δixi✳ ■❢ Pm i∈1δi = 1✱ t❤❡♥ x ✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❛✣♥❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ x1, x2, ..., xm✳ ✐❢ δi ≥ 0✱ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ i ∈ {1, ..., m}✱ ✇❡ s❛② t❤❛t x ✐s ❛ ❝♦♥✐❝ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ x1, x2, ..., xm✳ ✐❢ x ✐s ❛✣♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✐❝ ✱✇❡ s❛② t❤❛t t❤❡ x ✐s ❝♦♥✈❡① ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ●✐✈❡♥ ❛ s❡t S = {x1, x2, ..., xm} ∈ Rn×m✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡① ❤✉❧❧ ♦❢ S ✐s t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ♣♦✐♥ts x ∈ Rn _{✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥✈❡① ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ x} 1, x2, ..., xm ✱ t❤❛t ✐s conv(S) = {x ∈ Rn_{| x} _{✐s ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡① ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ x} 1, x2, ..., xm} ✭s❡❡ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✷✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♣♦✐♥ts x1, x2, ..., xm ∈ Rn ❛r❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r❧② ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥ts ✐❢ t❤❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ Pm i=1δixi = 0 ✐s δi = 0✱ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ i ∈ {1, ..., m}✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ❛r❡ ❛✣♥❡❧② ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✐❢ t❤❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ Pm i=1δixi = 0✱ Pm i∈1δi = 1✱ ✐s δi = 0✱ ✇❤❡r❡ i = 1, ..., m✳ ❆ s✉❜s❡t P ♦❢ Rn _{✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐sts ❛♥ m × n ♠❛tr✐① A ❛♥❞} ❛ ✈❡❝t♦r b ∈ Rn _{✭❢♦r s♦♠❡ m ≥ 0✮ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t P = {x ∈ R}n _{| Ax ≤ b}}_{✳ ❚❤✉s✱ P ✐s ❛}

(18)

✶✳✸✳ ❊▲❊▼❊◆❚❙ ❖❋ P❖▲❨❍❊❉❘❆▲ ❚❍❊❖❘❨ ✶✶ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✷ ✕ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡① ❤✉❧❧ ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ R2 ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ P ✐s t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r s②st❡♠ Ax ≤ b✳ ❆ ♣♦✐♥t x ♦❢ P ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❧s♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P ✳ ❆♥② ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t② αT_{x ≤ β} _{✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞} ✈❛❧✐❞ ❢♦r P ✐❢ αT_{x ≤ β} _{❤♦❧❞s ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ x ∈ P ✳ ❆ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ P ✐s ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ ✐❢ t❤❡r❡} ❡①✐st ❧✱✉∈ Rn _{s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ❧ ≤ x ≤ ✉ ❢♦r ❛♥② x ∈ P ✳ ❆ s✉❜s❡t P ♦❢ R}n _{✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛} ♣♦❧②t♦♣❡ ✐❢ P ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡① ❤✉❧❧ ♦❢ ✜♥✐t❡❧② ♠❛♥② ✈❡❝t♦rs ✐♥ Rn_{✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r ❛ s❡t P ✐s} ❛ ♣♦❧②t♦♣❡ ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ P ✐s ❛ ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥✳ ❆ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ P ♦❢ Rn_{✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✐❢ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❛✣♥❡❧②} ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ P ✐s k + 1✳ ❲❡ t❤❡♥ ✇r✐t❡ dim(P ) = k✳ ■❢ ❞✐♠✭P ✮❂♥✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣♦❧②❤❡r❞r♦♥ P ✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❢✉❧❧✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t② ax ≤ α ✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❢♦r ❛ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ P ∈ Rn _{✐❢ ✐t ✐s} s❛t✐s✜❡❞ ❜② ❡✈❡r② ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ P ✱ t❤❛t ✐s P ⊆ {x ∈ Rn _{: ax ≤ α}✳} ▲❡t ax ≤ α ✐s ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t②✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥✿ F = {x ∈ P : ax = α} ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛ ❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ P ✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ s❛② t❤❛t F ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t② ax ≤ α✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♠♣t② s❡t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣♦❧②t♦♣❡ P ✐ts❡❧❢ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❢❛❝❡s ♦❢ P ✳ ❆ ❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ P ✐s s❛✐❞

(19)

✶✷ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✶✳ P❘❊▲■▼■◆❆❘■❊❙ ❆◆❉ ❙❚❆❚❊✲❖❋✲❚❍❊✲❆❘❚ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✸ ✕ ❋❛❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❢❛❝❡ts✳ t♦ ❜❡ ♣r♦♣❡r ✐❢ ✐t ✐s ♥♦♥✲❡♠♣t② ✭F 6= φ✮ ❛♥❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ P ✭F 6= P ✮✭s❡❡ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✸✮✳ ■❢ F ✐s ❛ ♣r♦♣❡r ❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ dim(F ) = dim(P ) − 1✱ t❤❡♥ F ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛ ❢❛❝❡t ♦❢ P ✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ s❛② t❤❛t ax ≤ α ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ❛ ❢❛❝❡t ♦❢ P ♦r ✐s ❛ ❢❛❝❡t ❞❡✜♥✐♥ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t②✳ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❢❛❝❡t F ♦❢ P ✱ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ F ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P ✳ ❆ ✈❡❝t♦r x ∈ Rn _{✐s ❛♥ ❡①tr❡♠❡ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ❛ ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ P} ✐❢ ✐t ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛s ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡① ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✈❡❝t♦rs ✐♥ P ✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ ❛ ♣♦✐♥t x ♦❢ ❛ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ P ✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❡①tr❡♠❡ ♣♦✐♥t ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦t t✇♦ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s x1 _{❛♥❞ x}2 _{♦❢ P ✱✭x}1 _{6= x}2_{✮✱ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t x =} 1 2x 1₊ 1 2x 2_{✳ ■t ✐s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t} t♦ s❛② t❤❛t x ✐♥❞✉❝❡s ❛ ❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ✵✳ ❆ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ P ❤❛s ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❡①tr❡♠❡ ♣♦✐♥ts✳ ❲❡ s❛② t❤❛t t❤❡ ✈❡❝t♦r x ∈ Rn _{t❤❛t s❛t✐s✜❡s Ax ≤ b ✐s ❛ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡} ❧✐♥❡❛r s②st❡♠ Ax ≤ b✳ ❚❤❡ ❢❡❛s✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❛ s②st❡♠ Ax ≤ b ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s ✐s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❜② ❋❛r❦❛s′ _{❧❡♠♠❛✳} ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ✶✳✸✳✶ ✭❋❛r❦❛s′ _{▲❡♠♠❛✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r s②st❡♠ Ax ≤ b ✇✐t❤ A ∈ R}m×n _❛♥❞ b ∈ Rn ✐s ❛ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ ✭yTb ≥ 0✮ ❤♦❧❞s ❢♦r ❛♥② ✭y ≥ 0✮ ✇✐t❤ ✭yTb = 0✮✳

(20)

✶✳✸✳ ❊▲❊▼❊◆❚❙ ❖❋ P❖▲❨❍❊❉❘❆▲ ❚❍❊❖❘❨ ✶✸ ▲✐♥❡❛r ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s ♠❛①✐♠✐③✐♥❣ ♦r ♠✐♥✐♠✐③✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ cT_x _{♦✈❡r ❛ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ P ❤❛s t❤❡ ❢♦r♠} ♠❛①{cTx : x ∈ P }✳ ❚❤❡ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ P ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ r❡❣✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❛♥② ✈❡❝t♦r ✐♥ P ✐s ❛ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉✲ t✐♦♥✳ ■❢ t❤❡ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦♥❡♠♣t②✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ cT_x_{✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳} ■❢ ✐t ✐s ❦♥♦✇♥ t❤❛t P = {x ∈ Rn _{: Ax ≤ b}✱ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛❧s♦ ❤❛s ❛♥} ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❢♦r♠ ❛s ❜❡❧♦✇✳ max{cT_{x : Ax ≤ b, x ≥ 0}.} _{✭✶✳✸✳✶✮} ❆ ✈❡❝t♦r x ∈ Rn_{✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ✐❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡❣❡r✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ✐❢ x ❜❡❧♦♥❣s} t♦ Zn_{✳ ▼❛♥② ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❛s ♠❛①✐♠✐③✐♥❣} ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ cT_x _{♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ✈❡❝t♦rs ✐♥ s♦♠❡ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ P = {x|Ax ≤ b}✳} ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤✐s t②♣❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❛s✿ max{cT_{x : Ax ≤ b, x ∈ Z}n_}. _{✭✶✳✸✳✷✮} ❛r❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡② ❝♦♥s✐st ♦❢ ♠❛①✐♠✐③✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝t✐♦♥ P ∩ Zn _{♦❢ ❛ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ P ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❡t Z}n _{♦❢ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ✈❡❝t♦rs✳} ◆♦ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐s ❦♥♦✇♥ t♦ ❡①✐st ❢♦r s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✳ ■♥ ❢❛❝t✱ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ◆P✲❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡✳ ❆ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ P ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ ✐❢ ✐t ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡① ❤✉❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ✈❡❝t♦rs ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ P ✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t t♦ P ✐s r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡❛❝❤ ❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ P ❝♦♥✲ t❛✐♥s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ✈❡❝t♦r✳ ❙♦ ❛ ♣♦❧②t♦♣❡ P ✐s ✐♥t❡❣❡r ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✈❡rt❡① ♦❢ P ✐s ✐♥t❡❣❡r✳ ■❢ ❛ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ P = {x : Ax ≤ b} ✐s ✐♥t❡❣❡r✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ max{cT_{x : Ax ≤ b}} _{❤❛s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ♦♣t✐♠✉♠ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✐❢ ✐t ✐s ✜♥✐t❡✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱} ✐♥ t❤❛t ❝❛s❡✱ max{cT_{x : Ax ≤ b, x ∈ Z}n_{} = max{c}T_{x : Ax ≤ b}✳}

(21)

✶✹ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✶✳ P❘❊▲■▼■◆❆❘■❊❙ ❆◆❉ ❙❚❆❚❊✲❖❋✲❚❍❊✲❆❘❚

✶✳✸✳✶ ❇r❛♥❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❇♦✉♥❞ ▼❡t❤♦❞

❚❤❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❜♦✉♥❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤❛t ✐s ❢♦r ✈✐r✲ t✉❛❧❧② ❛❧❧ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❚❤❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❇♦✉♥❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❛r❡ ❛❧♠♦st ❛❧✇❛②s ♣r✐♠❛❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡♥s❡ t❤❛t t❤❡② ♣r♦❝❡❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ✉♥t✐❧ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧✐t② ✐s ✈❡r✐✜❡❞✳ ■♥ ❢❛❝t✱ t❤❡② ♦❢t❡♥ ✜♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ♦r ♥❡❛r ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐✲ ♦♥s ❡❛r❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❛♥❞ s♣❡♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ✈❡r✐❢②✐♥❣ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧✐t②✳ ❚❤❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❇♦✉♥❞ ❤❛s ❢♦✉r ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❛r❡✿✭❛✮ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ✭♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥✮ ✐♥t♦ s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ✭❜✮ r❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥ ✭✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞✐♥❣✮✱ ✭❝✮ ❢❛t❤♦♠✐♥❣ ♦❢ s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✭❧♦✇❡r ❜♦✉♥❞✐♥❣✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✭❞✮ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✭❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣✮✳ ❚♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡s❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✱ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❜② S = {x : cT_{x : Ax ≤ b, x ∈ Z}n_}_✳ ■♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❛tt❡♠♣t✐♥❣ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ♦✈❡r S✱ t❤❡ s❡t ✐s s✉❝❝❡ss✐✈❡❧② ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ s♠❛❧❧❡r ❛♥❞ s♠❛❧❧❡r s❡ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt② t❤❛t ❛♥② ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ s♦✲ ❧✉t✐♦♥ ♠✉st ❜❡ ✐♥ ❛t ❧❡❛st ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡ts✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇❡ ❝r❡❛t❡✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ✐ts s✉❜♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛s t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❜♦✉♥❞✳ ■❢ ✇❡ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ▲P r❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ x0_{✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐s ♥♦t ✐♥t❡❣❡r✳ t❤❡ ❝♦st} c(x0)♦❢ t❤✐s s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ x0 ✐s ❛ ❧♦✇❡r ❜♦✉♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ❝♦st c(x∗)✭✇❤❡r❡ x∗ ✐s t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✵✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✐❢ x0 _{✇❛s ✐♥t❡❣❡r✱ ✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡✳}

✶✳✸✳✷ ❈✉tt✐♥❣ P❧❛♥❡ ▼❡t❤♦❞

❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❢♦r s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐s t♦ ❛❞❞ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥❡s t♦ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠✱ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ✈❛❧✐❞ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s✮✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡❣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠✳ ❍✐st♦r✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ❛♥ ❡❛r❧② ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✇❛s t❤❡ ●♦♠♦r② ❈✉tt✐♥❣ P❧❛♥❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢r♦♠ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✶✾✻✵✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧❧② ❛ ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ str♦♥❣ ✈❛❧✐❞ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ❛♥ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ♣♦✲ ❧②t♦♣❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥s st❛rts✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♥❣ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s

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✶✳✸✳ ❊▲❊▼❊◆❚❙ ❖❋ P❖▲❨❍❊❉❘❆▲ ❚❍❊❖❘❨ ✶✺ t♦ t❡st ✇❤❡t❤❡r s♦♠❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✈✐♦❧❛t❡s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ✐s t♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♦❢ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t♦r✐❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ✐t ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❞✐✣❝✉❧t t♦ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ t❤❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ ❜② ❛ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ✐❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ◆P✲❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ✈❡r② ❧✐tt❧❡ ❤♦♣❡ ♦❢ ♦❜t❛✐♥✐♥❣ s✉❝❤ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ❡✈❡♥ ✐❢ ✐t ✐s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞✱ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ ❛ ✈❡r② ❧❛r❣❡ ✭❡✈❡♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧✮ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ✐t ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ t♦t❛❧❧② ✉s❡❞ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛s ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ❝✉tt✐♥❣✲♣❧❛♥❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧❧②✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛♥ ■♥t❡❣❡r ▲✐♥❡❛r Pr♦❣r❛♠ ✭■▲P✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ✭✶✳✸✳✷✮✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ■▲P ❛r❡ t✇♦ ♣♦❧②❤❡❞r❛s✿ ✲ P := {x ∈ Rn _{: Ax ≤ b}} ✭t❤❡ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ r❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✲ PI := {x ∈ Zn : Ax ≤ b} ✭t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡① ❤✉❧❧ ♦❢ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ✐♥t❡❣❡r s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✮✳ ❆ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥❡ ✐s ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t② ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s s❛t✐s✜❡❞ ❜② ❛❧❧ ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ PI✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✐s ♥♦t s❛t✐s✜❡❞ ❜② ❛❧❧ ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ P ✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❛❧ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❜❡❣✐♥s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ■▲P ❞❡♥♦t❡ ❜② ˆx✳ ❚❤❡ ˆx ♠✉st ❜❡ ❛♥ ❡①tr❡♠❡ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ P ❛♥❞ PI✳ ■❢ ♥♦ s✉❝❤ ˆx ✐s ❦♥♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡♥ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♠✉st ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ✜♥❞ ♦♥❡✳ ■❢ ˆx ✐s ❛ ❞✉❛❧ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡✱ ˆx ✐s ❛♥ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ st♦♣s✳ ■❢ ♥♦t✱ t❤❡♥ ❛ ♥♦♥✲❜❛s✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❝♦st ✐s s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠❡ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s✳ ❆❧s♦ t❤❡ ✉s✉❛❧ ♣r✐♠❛❧ s✐♠♣❧❡① ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥ ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t ❛ ❜❛s✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❧❡❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❛ ♣r✐♠❛❧ s✐♠♣❧❡① ♣✐✈♦t ✐s ♠❛❞❡✱ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✈❡❝t♦r x∗_{✳ ■❢ x}∗ _✐s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✱ t❤❡♥ ✐t r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ■▲P s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ❜❡❝♦♠❡s t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ˆx✳ ■❢ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧✱ t❤❡♥ ❛ ❝✉tt✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥❡ ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝✉ts x∗_✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❛tt❡♠♣t ✐s ♠❛❞❡ t♦ ♣✐✈♦t ❢r♦♠ ˆx✱ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t x∗_{✱ ❛♥❞ s♦} ♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t❡r♠✐♥❛t❡s ✇❤❡♥ ˆx ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦✈❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❞✉❛❧ ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡✭✶✳✹✮ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ❈✉tt✐♥❣ P❧❛♥ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳

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✶✻ ❈❍❆P❚❊❘ ✶✳ P❘❊▲■▼■◆❆❘■❊❙ ❆◆❉ ❙❚❆❚❊✲❖❋✲❚❍❊✲❆❘❚