Modélisation de la combustion turbulente via une méthode de tabulation de la cinétique chimique détaillée couplée à des fonctions de densités de probabilité. Application aux foyers aéronautiques

Texte intégral

(1)Modélisation de la combustion turbulente via une méthode de tabulation de la cinétique chimique détaillée couplée à des fonctions de densités de probabilité. Application aux foyers aéronautiques Matthieu Rullaud. To cite this version: Matthieu Rullaud. Modélisation de la combustion turbulente via une méthode de tabulation de la cinétique chimique détaillée couplée à des fonctions de densités de probabilité. Application aux foyers aéronautiques. Physique [physics]. INSA de Rouen, 2004. Français. �tel-00006868�. HAL Id: tel-00006868 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006868 Submitted on 10 Sep 2004. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2)

(3)

(4) "!#$%$'&(*)+ , -/.10 2#3, 465 798;:=<2 >?A@ CBED ?AF GIH%JKGMLN?AJPO@PQ M OHOH RTSU$V)+XW YZLN[]\%L B L^JH`_bacJH QdeGIL^fg@H h d%\%L B LiGId`_ jkd%\ JLNfg@HOHe[ml@LNOHe[ n oqpTrtsvu%wXxzyXueo|{ pP}~sex /o| Pw

(5) yXueo|{ y kTsv}C{yX}~uex P{T}b ryTopT} pT}~yxPsexzyXueo|{ pP}~sex /u%{TryXueqT}Pue ueqT}bpPryxuvsesvrt} /o|PPsvrt} pT}Cwo|{PyXueo|{PwpT}C{wuyXrCwpT}bT o|xPuesvuvyXr PPseuexzyXueo|{ x| o} w x¡r o{Px¡yXu%T}Cw []?A@GIHeJg@ B H£¢¥¤E¦¨§]@L^Jk©ªAª« ¬v®K®¯°±1²v³+°I´ µzH%Jk¶ I¥· > ?¸*He[M[]H%@ a¹qd L^GMHº¼» ¹`F LÔQAHz½mJL¿¾ÀE½|¾Áµ£¾ÃÂ Ä@LÆÅzLNJQ`Ç JQ »/È QAdzOH He\ÉÈH \ÉÈH @k»ÊË h ¾ Ì ¯ÍZ®¯V´vÎÏ±Î¿¯ÐÒÑ³Ó³ °Ô Õ FÖOH BN×g L^¹¶/?A@ × È B ¸ > ?¸*He[M[MHe@ º¼Ø1Ê h Õ OH¡Ëm?A@H%J

(6) ¾ jkL^\ÉÈH B » Ù%B HeJ[ ä Ú H GZ[]H%JL^? \%?¹`F@[ÛGILN?J

(7) º h JHe\%¹ ¾ YZHeJLN[tÜcH · J JgGMH YZL %H \vGIH%@ OH H%\ÉÈH \ÉÈH @Ý»ÊZË h º¼aÞjß©A» à@\zÜcH Ûá L^[M\ÉÈ > ?¸*He[M[MHe@ º¼Ø1Ê h Õ OH¡Ëm?A@H%J

(8) ¾.

(9)

(10) â DÁ¥á LN?AJP¹L B LiG L H|ã%Ë ¸ B HKãdef+@L d¡OH¡OH%@ Ú¹?GIHe@ [ h JH%\e¹ Ýj äAäå1©.

(11)

(12) æ ç9è ç9ékêìë

(13) ç9è ç"í;îkï ð HGIL^H%J[ñPHvÚ LN¹H ¹ P H%\e?AJJ L^[M[ J\%HqñjkH%[][ML^H%@ [`jkL^\ÉÈH Bcò L^JL^GMd`HeGjkL^\ÉÈH B àH%O?@ Ú O ?AJ@ [C O ¹ HvDÁ¥Ú á \%?AH L `HeJK GI\eH%\%[m@He\%L?BNJB L O L^GM@óLN?A[MJHe[tLNJóOHzO@ìG »tôzL ËC¾ Ø Õ HeG L^J[MLÞ¹ Dõ¥á ?L H ¹qL^[OH d B LN[]H @JHGIÈö%[MH D BNB I¥á B ðH H%¹H \%LNHà@\ZÜcH ]á LN\e[MÈTHeGtjkLN\ÉÈH B » Ù¥B H%J[ ?A@ ¹ Dõ¥á ?L ¸ L^G\%?J÷ J\eHøHeG ?@ ¥á ?L F L B^Bù ¹¹H%JKGm\%?AJO@L^Gz\eHeG]GIH`GIÈö%[MH¾

(14) Üc?G H`HvÚ d LNH%J\%Hº á ?G H£OLN[ ?JLNFL B LiGIdº á ?G H£LN¹ B L^\ GMLN?AJ HvG á ?G HÞQAH%JKGIL BNB H%[M[]H?AJKGdeGIdcOHe[ GI?A@GM[XH%[M[]H%JKGIL^H B [ ?A@ \eHÞG I¥á L B HvG ?A@ ¹qHe[ ?§]HvGI[O Dõ¥á H%JL ¾ jkHe[ He¹qH \%L^H%¹H%JKGI[ á ?AJKGCd%Q B He¹qHeJgGñGI?A@[ B He[¹qHe¹`F H%[O@|§]@ ]· ?A@ /¥á ?AL t ? GMdZ@J Q I JOkLNJKGId Mú GZñ\%HvGMGIH|deGM@OH¾ÆjkH \%L @+Ú M ? GMH%@ [%ºÖµzH%JÝ¶ I¥· HeGZÄ@LÅøLNJQÇ JQO Dõ¥á ?L HÚ ¹qL^Jdm\%HeG]GIHZGMÈö%[]Hº Õ FÖOH B^×+ LN¹;¶/?@ × È B ¸ O DÁVá ?AL Þ d%[MLÔdø\eHc§]@ Û· HvGtYZHeJLN[ÞÜcH · J JKGMHº¼jkLûå \ÉÈH B » Ù¥B H%J[%º¼à@\zÜcH Ûá L^[M\ÉÈ ?@ tá ?G HLN¹ B L^\ GMLN?AJO J[m\eH¡G I¥á L B ¾ jkH \eL @ H []?AJJH B OH h JH%\e¹ jk?GMH%@ [ ?A@ zB H%@ ¹?GIL á GILN?JßHeG B He@ d \eGML á L^GMd£O J[ \eHzG I¥á L B HeGñ»/È L^[]GM? ÈH¡¶ @O?A@L^JOH¡¹ DÁVá ?AL \%\e@H%L BNB L @§]?A@ O D Èg@LO J[C[]?AJkdefg@L H¾ ðH He¹qH \eLNHGI?@GIHe[ B H%[ H []?AJJHe[ ¥á H%\Cfg@L§ Dõ L [M[]dCO@GMH%¹ [cfg@HC\%HC[M?ALiGcO J[ B HG I¥á L B ?@kO J[ B H%[C¹?A¹H%JKGI[tOHOdvGIHeJgGMH¾ÆjkH \%Lµ L^JHºðd1§]dHeGZ»/È LN[]GMH B^B H ?A@ GI?@[C\%H%[m¹?A¹qHeJKGI[ GM?A@§]?A@ [ @[][ML Q d F B H%[cH%J á ?G Hm\%?A¹ QAJLNHºK» · L B^B H ?A@ GI?AJ LÔHCHeGcG QAH%JKGML BNB H%[][MHº+»/de\%L B H HvG h JO M`á ?A[m[MH ]á LN\eH%[mHeGm@J HvGIL^G\ B HeLNJPO Dýü L B ñðA> ?A@ GM?AJ LNOH¾ ¶/L^H%JÒ[Mþ \eH%[ He¹qH \eLNH%¹H%JKGM[ á ?AJKG¡ñGI?A@ GIH%[ B H%[ H [M?AJJH%[ de[MH%JKGMH%[¡\%HP¢¥¤E¦Þ§]@LNJ6©ªª«THeG HeJ GIL^\%@ B LNH GI?A@GMHÝ¹ ¸ ¹qL BNB Hk_Þ> º/j ¹ J

(15) º Õ J[]H B ¹Hº h ?ºÿ d%O

(16) º» L^\ L¿ºcÊH BNBi· ºÜ B º >H HeG]GIH À*Od%[]? B d ÂvºÊ?J?º × L × L¿º ò¨ GIL¿ºÞj ¹qL^Hº ò G ºc[ J[?A@F B L^H >ÈL B L HPHeGÜ B d LNHPfg@L G ?A@ á H%JKG He[Mfg@HGI?A@'§]?A@ [ B H%@ \ÉÈHe¹qL^JÒ¾^¾i¾ ½mJ Q I JO ¹qH \%Lñ¹?AJ ¹?A@ HeG ?A@ JH [ Bù \eL^GMH ÿ d%Od LNfg@H h I¥· º >@ @\eHº?A@ \eH%[§]?A@ [Ûå \eL>? ?G ¹`@[ ?A@ GM?A@[ B He[t¹q?A¹H%JKGM[ [M[]d%[ Vá H%\GI?ALE¾ aJ÷JÆº+¹H \%L ò ? Ù H ?@ ¹H d á H%L BNB H Bù Jg@LiGcHeGc¹H¸ L H ] L á H c @£G I¥á L B ñOH%[cÈH%@ H%[ L^¹ ?A[][MLNF B H%[e¾ ò ?AJPG I¥á L B H%[ÛG \%\e?A¹ B L

(17) HvG Bù£ H B ö á H M L á H£¾i¾i¾ . .

(18)

(19) . é. 9ékë. .

(20). ç.

(21)

(22) . . ç . ç9ï è. îë 9éç"ï . . !#"%$'&)(*. +. ¡W g ¨) $VW'SU$'(S ! R R R e! $VWU$VW') ) ¨ ) * ( X(W') ¢A¾i¢ àH%[tl ¹q¹H%[tOHOL @[MLN?JPñ\e?AJKG Hvå \e?A@ M JKGz¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ © ¢A¾i¢A¾i¢ à D dvGIL H%¹H%JKG B ?+\ B ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ © ¢A¾i¢A¾õ© àH ?AL^JgGOH[]G QAJ GMLN?AJ ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ ¢ ¢A¾i¢A¾ àHG @ ÚOHOLN[][ML GIL^?AJT[M\ Bù L H ¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ ¢ ¢A¾õ© àH%[tl ¹q¹H%[ d%¹d BN JQAdeH%[ Bù ¹qL^J L H%[ ¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ ¢A¾õ© ¾i¢ àH%[ Ù ?AJH%[mOH d \eGIL^?AJ ¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ ¢A¾õ© ¾õ© à £á LiGIH%[][MH¡OHzl ¹¹qH Bù ¹LNJ L H ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ ¢A¾õ© ¾ jkdeGMÈ?+OH¡ÿ>ØÉº¼ÿ Bù ¹Hz> ? B ?AJQ GIL^?AJ?¸Ø1àXYzj À L^\%fg@H B º

(23) ¢ KÂ¾¡¾|¾¡¾ ¢A¾ jkdvGIÈ?+OHe[OH\ B \e@ B OHe[ I ¹öeG He[mOH¡\e?AJKG AB H ¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾«Kª ¢A¾ ¾i¢ à ¸ M \eGMLN?AJTOH¡¹d BN JQAH ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾«Kª ¢A¾ ¾õ© à £á L F B HøO DÁ¥á J\%He¹qHeJKGC¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾« ¢A¾ý« YZL d HeJ\%He[HeJgG H B He[tl ¹¹qHe[ Bù ¹LNJ L H%[ d%¹d BN JQAdeH%[tHvGOH¡OL @[ML^?AJß¾¡¾|¾¡¾ ª ¢A¾ý«¾i¢ àH%[ d \eGML^¸*[ ¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ ª ¢A¾ý«¾õ© àH%[ ?+O@LiGI[tOH\e?A¹`F@[ÛGIL^?AJPHeG Bù GMH%¹ d I GM@ H ¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ A© ¢A¾ý«¾ àH%[ ? BNB @ JKGI[¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ A© ¢A¾ »/?AJ\ B @[MLN?J ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ ä t* ) W +* g) X$V(E( +) SÖXW$V )gW*) ¨ ) X) ( Þ ¥(*S © ¾i¢ jkdvGIÈ?+OHOH\%?¹ I L^[M?AJ#¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ Aª © ¾õ© YZL^È · O ?AQAöeJH L ÀàXH `¢'Â~¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ K© © ¾ jkdvGIÈ JH L ÀEàH £¢VÂ ¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ , .- 0/21. 3. 465. 75. 9. 8. ;:=<?>A@ CB?D. D. Y. [Z. EBF<HGCIKJMLGN<?4O@QP. [ZK\ 0/]/ [Z. 0/ ^5. CBFLG. R?4SPM:=<?4OTQJCBURV>4 ;4.TWJEB. [Z. 3X8. 3`_. ba. . ba. dc. ec. dc. dcbc dcbc. dcgf. ec. ih. ec. Ojkjbj. dcbl. nm. ec ec. of. . pf. . pf. pf. ec. pf. 3. qf. r. pf. 0/s/ [ZKt u-[/]- 05wv7- [Z. iZ6- [ZVt. X1. [Zx\ 0/]/ [Z. zy {Z 75. _0|. dl. O}. ec. O}. ~. ~. dl. dlgf.

(24) . © ¾ý« kj dvGIÈ JH L À Â/¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ X %)£X)£* e$¥WU$'XW')`( $V)gW )|) ¨ ) WV$'(*)+E*) ) $ W +* g) ¾i¢ »/?AJ ÷QA@ M GIL^?AJ ¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ A© ¾õ© »/?A¹F@[]GMLN?AJÄ · O ?AQAöeJH Ämd B LN@¹ L ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ ¾ »/?A¹F@[]GMLN?AJkjkdvGIÈ JH L ¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾ä t* ) W +* g) SÖW$V *)gWß*) ) WV$'(*) *) ) Ö$ W * g) «¾i¢ jkdvGIÈ?+OHOH\%?¹ I L^[M?AJ#¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢A¢A¢ «¾õ© »/?A¹ M LN[]?AJ[a¨Ú d L^H%J\eH zYZL @[MLN?J z> de¹qd Bù JQAHº B LN¹L^GMd%H%[ @ ÚO?A¹ LNJHe[ OHe[tl ¹¹qH B HeG]GIHe[tOHOL @[ML^?AJPñ£\%?AJKG Hvå \%?A@ I JKGb¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢A¢'© «¾ a¨Ú d L^H%J\eH £ÿ>Ø ¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢A¢ ! K$'&XS)ÒX)k$¥ ¨*$'(*S t* ) / *$V)+ &) ( e$VW. ¾i¢ zd%Jd I GMLN?AJTOH BN G F B H ¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢'©ª. ¾õ© »/?A¹ M LN[]?AJPÿ ò » a¨Ú d L^H%J\eH ¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢'© |S UK ¥(S "X)ß* W') ( gW) WV$'() ! R R ! T ¢ Ø JKG ? O@\eGMLN?AJ ¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ Aª ¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ ¢ © »/?A¹ ? GMH%¹H%JKGC[]G GIL^[]GIL^fg@HzOH © ¾i¢ Õ J B^· [MHO D @JH¡YøÊ h ¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ ¢ © ¾õ© GI@OHOHe[ml ¹q¹H%[§]HvGI[tGI@ F@ B H%JKGIHe[CHvÚ d L^¹qHeJgG B He[ ¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ K© © ¾õ© ¾^¢ YZde÷JL^GMLN?AJTOH BED def+@L B L^F HZOH ?@ tB¿D HvÚ d L^H%J\eH¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ K© © ¾õ© ¾Ã© »/? M d BN GIL^?AJH%JKG H¡\¡HvG ¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ K© > L^[MHzHeJk\e?A¹ GIHOH%[tl@\eGI@ GIL^?AJ[tGI@ F@ B H%JKGIHe[ ¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ Aä ¾i¢ Õ ?¥Ú LN¹ GIL^?AJ @ He¹qL^H ? O H|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ ¾õ© Õ ?¥Ú LN¹ GIL^?AJ @[MHe\%?AJOk? O H ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢¥«Kª « »/?A@ Bù QH Vá H%\ B¿D d%\e?A@ B He¹qHeJKGtGI@ F@ B HeJKG ¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢¥«¢ »/?AJ\ B @[MLN?J ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢¥« %R R ! t* )ÝR ¢A¾i¢ jk? · H%JJHe[Z\e?AJOLiGILN?JJd%He[Cñ ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢¥«Kä ¢A¾õ© jk? · H%JJHe[ZOH¡ÿ ¥á+ H ¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ « O}. GC5. . wZ. i . dlga. Z. ^5. u5. [Z\ 0/]/ [Zt. [/ [5 t u-[/]- 05wv7- [ZX3. c. pa. c. ?}. c ec. 8. r. }. paba. ?}. gf. 0/s/ [ZCt u-[/]- 05wv7- [ZCt. X1. 'Z\ 0/s/ [Zt. '/ '5 t u-[/]-b. 05wv7- [Z. Y`Y |. }. . ec. x}. ;-. X1. f. . 0/ < X1. R. [/ ^Z O. Y 30|. h. }. R 75. 9[9. Ol. 5r<WR%r. f. _. }. . {Z 75. At. @ C:=L 4.DGN<?4O@QP. [/ z. kc. Mt. Y 3`_. CBLGRW@ IKJD<?4O@QP A¢ £g¤¦¥§©¨. <VJ CIKJEL B=P< B. 3 ¡ Y ` Oc Oc Oc. ª. Oc. «7¬. . c. Oc. Oc Oc. c. Ocbj. c. f. 9[9[9 Y. gc. r. ® GCL 4 G < 4.@WP. CBF,WR ¯°r<KR. 0/s/. Y 8`8. Y 8_. ¥ §. .f.

(25) ²±. t* ) © ¾i¢ jk? · H%JJHe[Z\e?AJOLiGILN?JJd%He[Cñ ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ K© © ¾õ© jk? · H%JJHe[ZOH¡ÿ ¥á+ H ¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ t* ) ( ¿$ +) ¾i¢ a¨Ú d L^H%J\eH|OH|jk@ L Ù HvGøj@JQ B ¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ « ¾õ© »/?AJ ÷QA@ M GIL^?AJTJg@¹qd L^f+@H ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ ¾ Ä @GIHe@ [COHOde\%? B^B He¹qHeJgG ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢ ¾ý« a¨Ú+GIL^J\eGMLN?AJ ¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾|¾¡¾¡¾|¾¡¾t¢VäAª |S UK ¥(S %W E( $'(S |S UKE ¥(*S gW') Z)+W )+U$'( Ö) c) ¥U& UK( K$'(

(26) X) 3. r. 0/s/ r. ¥ §. _ 3 Y ` Ol. Olgf. r. 0/s/ [Z. . ^³ - [Z. c. 8 Y ' .a. *´. c. .abf. c ec. .akj. c. 8. R 75. R 75. ,. . uZSt. {Z 75µZ. 2¶. 75. Y ¡`3. {Z 5·v`-'5w-. Y ¡X8. ¶ [Z. Y ¡`¡. L 2Z {-[/. ^5{-. ^¸. A¹ 4V4O4. Y[º 3.

(27)

(28) ». ¼. è ç"í ê. . î ékç M

(29). àHvGMG H%[ ?¹ ^L JH%[ aGML H%¹H%JKGC¹q? · H%J aGML H%¹H%JKG B ?+\ B Õ á J\eH%¹H%JKGmOH Bù£ d \eGMLN?AJPJ? ¹ B L^[Md£À ¤ Â »/? H q\eLNHeJgGmOHOL @[MLN?JT¹q? B d%\e@ Bù L H »/? H q\eLNHeJgGmOHOL @[MLN?JGI@ F@ B HeJKGIH acJH QLNHz\%L^JdeGMLNfg@HzGI@ F@ B H%JKGIH j [M[]H|¹? BN L H > H%[][MLN?J »/?AJ[]G JKGIH¡OH%[CQ Ù¡ ¸ LiGI[eº Ë ? GC[]G ü \ÉÈLN?A¹deG LNfg@Hz¹ [][MLNfg@HzOH BN£ d \eGIL^?AJ

(30) º ÜøL^GMH%[][MHOHzl ¹¹qH BN ¹LNJ L H òÜøHeL^GM¹ H%[] [Md H M GI@ H ÿ M \eGMLN?AJT¹ [][MLNfg@HzO D @JH|He[ ö%\%H¡?A@O D @Jkd B de¹qHeJgG GI?A¹LNfg@H Ü L F B HZOH ?AQ ö%[tOH BN£ d \eGIL^?AJ ÿ M \eGMLN?AJTOH¡¹d BN JQAH. ¾¿0À. ½ £. ½7ÁÂÃ Ì. !½7ÁzÂÃ ÅÄQÆÈÇ Æ°É. ÎÍ. ÌVÒ. ÎÍ. Ó. ^£ . å. «`¬#Ê*« ¬ iË. ¾¿0À ÏCÐOÑq¾¿0À. . ÏCÐOÑq¾¿0À. . Ô. ÏCÐOÑq¾¿[Ð. Ù Ú. å%æ ç. é «. Ù ½ à ÑÖÏE×Ø ¿0À Ñeá ¿0À. XÚÜÛÜÝ'ÑqÞ Sß. ¾. è. Õ7ÑÖÏE×Ø²¿0À. «`¬ ¥. å. ¾ ¯âuã Ô ã Ê âuä Ô ä. Ï2Ñq¾¿0À. å. á. å. å. Ï2Ñq¾¿0À.

(31) ±.. àHvGMG H%[CQ H%fg@H%[ òä @+ÚPLN[][MOH%H@ OLNO[]H[ML GIL^?A?AJJTH[MO\ H Bù dL H \vGILN?J @+ ÚPOH OLN[][ML BN£GIÙ L^?AJTOH GM @ F@ HeJ\%H ¦ ò¨Ê ?A¹`F HzO d d%¹ H%JKGI[ GM?A¹qBù L^fg@H%[§B O J[ H%[ öe\%HJ B¿D ÜøLN[]\%?A[] L^GMdzO D · B J ¹LNfg@H »/? H q\eLNHeJgGm[ÛG ü \ÉÈLN?¹qdvG L^fg@H YZH%J[]L^GMd Ü L F B He[/GIÈH ¹?å \ÉÈLN¹LNfg@He[À ò º Ât?@ LN\ÉÈHe[M[]H B ? \ B H Ë ? GCO D d%fg@L áB H%J\eH?A@ ?+O@LiG ò HeHe¹¹ [C[C\\ I \v\vGIGIdd LNLN[Û[ÛGIGIL^L^f+f+@@HzHøGI¹q@ de\F @ JHeL^fgJK@G H ò He¹ [C\ I \vGId LN[ÛGIL^f+@Hz\ÉÈLN¹LNfgB @H ò @+ÚP OH\%I?A J[M?A¹ ¹ GILN?J ò¨ Ø JOLN\eH%[ ac[ öe\%H »/?A¹`F@[ÛGIL^F B H ôZÚ · O JKG?A@P\%?AJOL^GMLN?AJTOH¹d BN JQAH > ? O@L^GCOH BN` d \eGIL^?AJ aG GCLNJL^GIL B ¤ aG GCO D d%fg@L B LNF Hz\ÉÈL^¹qL^f+@H jkd BN JQAH @H%J\ÉÈL^JQ h G ü \ÉÈL^?A¹qdvG LNH h G QJ GIL^?AJ à àXH J Ë ËmL^\ÉÈ ¹H B ¹qd Bù JQH ê. ë. ¾¿0À. å. Ï Ï Ð Ñq¾ ¿[í. ì. îð ï î. â. ñ. ò. `«. ô«7¬õ«`¬. ó. öÎ÷ öÎø. ö ¬ úù. ü. û ä. ã. ý. þç iË. ÏEOØ Ë. å. ÎÍ. Ó Õ Ñ Á Ï2Ñq¾ Ã ¿0À. ø ¾ ½ Õ. ÿ. å. Ó ÕÑÖÏ¿[í. ¾¿0À ¾ ¿0À ¾ ¿0À ¾¿0À.

(32) ±O. j? · H%JJH%[. kj ? · H%JJHOH¡ËCH · J? B O[%º jk? · H%JJHOH¡ÿ ¥á+ Hº º ÿ B @\vGI@ GILN?J @GM?A@ OH Bù ¹? · H%JJH|OH|ËCH · J? B O[ ÿ B @\vGI@ GILN?J @GM?A@ OH Bù ¹? · H%JJH|OH|ÿ ¥á+ H Êm?A¹`F H%[C[ J[COLN¹H%J[]LN?AJ Ê?A¹`F HzOH h \ÉÈ¹LNO GCOH B¿D H%[ ö%\eH ]º Ê?A¹`F HzOH¡àH CL^[mOH BED He[ ö%\eH ]º Ê?A¹`F HzOH¡Y ¹ × È B H º Ê?A¹`F HzOH¡ËCH · J? B O[%º Õ F d á GIL^?AJ[ »ÿŸ »/?A¹ @G GMLN?AJ B ÿ B @LNOY · J ¹LN\%[ »tjÝ» »/?AJOLiGILN?J B j?A¹qHeJKGø» B ?A[M@ H »>c½ »/H%JKG MB > ?+\%H%[][ML^JQ½mJL^G|À Â YZÊ h YZL H%\eGÊm@¹qH L^\ B h LN¹`@ Bù GMLN?AJ ÿ ¡j ÿ Bù ¹H zH%JH I GMH%OÝj JLi¸*? B O ÿ¨>cØ ÿ Bù ¹Hz> ? B ?AJQ GIL^?AJ?¸Ø1àXYzj ÿ ò » ÿ Bù ¹H ò F@ BN GIHeOk»/ÈH%¹LN[ÛG ]· ËCØ ËCH%[]H \ÉÈÝØ J[ÛGILiGI@G Ù Ø1àXYzj Ø JgG L^J[ML^\àX? OLN¹H%J[]LN?AJ B j JL^¸*? B O Ø h Õ ò Ø J h LiGI@ Õ O G GML á H ò F@ Bù GMLN?AJ àXa h à QAHaOO · h LN¹`@ BN GIL^?AJ >Þ»tj > H%[]@¹qHeOß»/?JOL^GMLN?AJ B jk?¹qHeJgGM[ >cYøÿ > ?AF FL B LiG · YH%J[]L^G · ÿ@J\vGIL^?AJ Ë Õ Ê h ËmH · J? B O[ Õ á H I QAH¡Ê Vá L^H h GI? × H%[ Ñ. . Ñ . . . .

(33) . ñ ?Ê ñ. . å £ û û. . Ì ½ Ú=. . i¾ ¿0À. {h. h. Nh. h. . å å. ?ü å £ û î Ê Á^ñ Ì û Ã ?ü 0 û Ê Ázñ Ì û Ã `Ì ½ ö6÷ Ê ö ¬ `Ú= ñgé Ê ç gç î. å å ÀEµ B ^L ¹qHeJ × ? J OÝ¶/L B QAH º ¢ KÂ Ojbjbj. À á JÝôzL §]H%JPHeG B ¾iº¼©ªAª¢ Â À zLN\%fg@H B HeG B ¾^º©ªAªAªKÂ ÀE¶/? C¹ JkHvG B ¾iº

(34) ¢ AÂ À¿j A [ JOÝ>? Hº¢ A© Â ÀE>? Hº¢ AÂ ²h. Ojkjga. . Ojbj. jbjga.

(35)

(36) é. . è .

(37) . . ç. â vÐÆ²v° Î¿²zÐ É²É´É´%ÎÏ°I²z³ Í¯± ²v³+°É´¡Ñ VÎ¿¯ÐÒ²É´v± vÐ v° É²/®° i É¯Í %³g´v±Î¿¯ÐßÑ³ v°I¯V´ vÐÆ² ÎÏÐ± v°Î¿²v³ °qÑ ³+Ð ¥¯Ôg²v°q v°I¯ÐÖ³+±EÎ %³² Ì ²v±E± ²T¯ AÔÑK±EÎ¿¯ÐìÑ +ÔÑ°I¯ M° %³+°I²²É´v±ZÎÏÐÖÑÎN´ ®²vÐ´% N²³ v¯Ð ¥¯Ð v±Î¿¯ÐÐÆ²vÍ²vÐ±øÑ+² VÎ¿¯Ð mÍÎN´T² N²P²É´v±z³K´É´vÎ ¯°vÎ ÎÏÐÆ²Ñ+² i ¥¯°Í±EÎ¿¯ÐìÑ ²É´ ® É²É´ +ÎÏÍ£Î %³²É´Z®¯ ³Ð± ²É´²v±mÐÆ¯ vÎ ²É´Z®¯³+° ¯Í£Í² Ö¯³ ± É¯Í£Í² N²É´³ ±°I²É´Í¯Ôg²vÐ´Ñ+²±°MÐ´ ®¯°± VÎ¿¯Ð ²É´v±t²vÐq®°±EÎ¿²¡°I²É´ ®¯Ð´% N²¡Ñ³ Ð +²vÍ²vÐ± ÎÏÍ±Î %³¼² ÞÔß %³¼² %³²É´ÐÐ É²É´ z²vÐó°]ÎN´V¯ÐìÑ³ ÐÆ¯Í %°I²°I²É´v±E°I²vÎÏÐ±ZÑ VÎ¿¯Ð´T²v±zÑ³ É¯Ð±1¯³+°ÐÆ²vÍ²vÐ± Ñ+²É´ ¯ÐÆ²É´³ ° ÉÎÏÐÆ²É´ iz®Ö°É¯%Ñ³ v±Î¿¯Ð6Ñ+²É´ vÍ£ÎN´É´vÎ¿¯Ð´/®¯ ³Ð±1²É´/®° N²É´¡Í¯±1²v³+°I´| v°I¯ÐÖ³ ±Î %³¼²É´ Ð v±¿ÎÏ± %³¼²¡±° É´t®²v³ É¯Ð´vÎÑ v° É² ³Ó¥¯³ °]Ñ +³+Î É²É´ vÍ£ÎN´É´vÎ¿¯Ð´Z®°v±Î vÎõ®²vÐ± zÑ+²qÍÐÎ v°I²ÐÆ¯ÐóÐ Î +²M N² iÒÑ °]KÑK±EÎ¿¯Ð ²vÐ VÎÏ°I¯ÐÐÆ²vÍ²vÐ±¿ N² Ñ+¯Ð± i|®°±CÑ+²É´` VÎ¿¯Ð´£²É´v±m²É´v±ÎÏÍ É² Ñ³ ¥¯° ' +²|°]KÑÎ±Î ¡± ¯±¿ ÎN´É´v³ÝÑ+²± ¯³ ± ²É´` v±EÎ VÎÏ± É´ +³+ÍÎÏÐÆ²É´ â ³ Í²vÐ± ±Î¿¯ÐPÑ³±E°] Z v°Î¿²vÐ ]²vÐ VÎÏ°I¯Ð ®°Ð É¯Ð±°]ÎÏÐ± `ÑÎÏÍ£ÎÏÐ³¼²v° N²É´mÐÆ¯°Í²É´ Ñ+²t®¯ ³+±Î¿¯Ð ²v±C¯ Î +²¡ÎÏÐ´vÎ N² É¯Ð´v±E°³ v±1²v³+° q°I²vÐÖÑ°I²z´V²É´Í¯±1²v³+°I´t® ³g´ É¯ N¯ Î %³²É´ Ì ²É´v± ¯° KÐÎN´%±EÎ¿¯Ð Ñ+² VÎ±Î¿¯Ð vÎ VÎ N²`ÎÏÐ±1²v°ÐÖ±Î¿¯ÐÖ N² Ì %³+Î²É´v± ° É²Ñ+²Ñ cÐÎÏ° N²É´TÐÆ¯°Í²É´Ñ vÍ£ÎN´É´vÎ¿¯Ð´¡®¯ ³Ð± ²É´ tâX²É´`®Ö°ÎÏÐ vÎõ®³ ®¯ ³Ð±*´ %³ Î´V¯Ð± *Ó¥² v± É´Ñ+²É´ ¥¯ÔK²v°I´q v°I¯ÐÖ³ ±Î %³²É´ Z²v± %³ Î ¥¯Ð± ¯ EÓ¥²v±Ñ+² É¯Ð±° N² /´V¯Ð± N²É´£Í¯ÐÆ¯ AÔÑ+²É´Ñ ¯± ²²v± N²v³+°É´ Ñ v°Î É´ N²É´£Í¯ÐÆ¯ AÔÑ+²É´Ñ+² M° v¯ÐÆ² Ì N²qÑÎ¿¯ AÔÑ+²Ñ+² M° v¯ÐÆ² N²É´|´v³ Î¿²É´q²v± N²É´ +ÔÑ°I¯ M° %³ °I²É´ÎÏÍ %° É´ â ÎÏÐÖÑ³K´v±E°Î¿² v°I¯ÐÖ³ ±Î %³²|q° M ÎN´ ¡Ñ ÎÏÍZ®¯°±¿Ð±*´®Ö°I¯ ° É´`²vÐß° MÑ³+ÎN´%Ð± É¯Ð´vÎÑ v°M N²vÍ²vÐ± i É¯Ð´V¯Í£Í±Î¿¯ÐTÑ+² v°I¯V´ vÐÆ²ø²v±c²vÐ ÎÏÍ£ÎÏ± Ð± N²É´ vÍ£ÎN´É´vÎ¿¯Ð´Ñ +ÔÑ°I¯ M° %³ °I²É´ø²v±Ñ+²mÍ¯ÐÆ¯ AÔAÑ+² Ñ+² M° v¯ÐÆ² Ì ²É´Í Î¿¯°]±EÎ¿¯Ð´T¯Ð±c®Ö°vÎÏÐ vÎõ® N²vÍ²vÐ± v± k¯ %± ²vÐ³²É´T²vÐ9ÑÎÏÍ£ÎÏÐ³Ð± N²q°]v®K®¯°± ²vÐ±°I² N²Ñ %ÎÏ±mÑ+² É¯Í %³K´v±EÎ N²q²v±mÑ+² É¯Í %³+°MÐ±mÑ+¯Ð ²vÐóÍ Î¿¯°]Ð± i É¯Í %³g´v±Î¿¯Ð ³Ý´V²vÎÏÐ Ñ+²É´ ¥¯Ôg²v°I´k v°I¯ÐÖ³+±EÎ %³²É´ Ì ² ®²vÐÖÑKÐ± z³+Ð ± ³ óÑ+²kÑÎ ³+±Î¿¯Ð"±E°I¯É® N² ®²v³ ±`²vÐ±°MÎÏÐÆ²v°Ñ+²É´ . )4. 5. ,. +6. . !#". $. % /6. (. !". "#:. % &. 87. ;)4 &. 87. E)?). 9. " ?&. >)B7. PO. K7. T. F)4 :. D". 1. S". ( 9. ) #<. K). . ` 6. 87. " ,. ) F". D". @7. m6. $. (. ) -". j" ,. 9. F). (,. 87. 9. N". ). W1. (. !W) B. 0,) #<@2A). X R2+YZ<W[J\. 36. c<". '2. +[=\. (. !". /". ,. $. nE) #<. (W. ^] . 6_. ). kq<d). $. cj7. (. E)?). ;". d). 9. *"#:. j7. g). ) %. 1. +). 8,). 9. 4 1. %) *. !". -, 87. 87. f) F#" E) 4 87. ) jb#k T L. ClE9. X>). X". D1#". >H. e2. d)4 ,. X". 87. d.0. %. % &. i" ?& ?). E)?). #<. 0,). X". ). * 5. -,. ?<. % :. !". Z$. 3r Ð <g). . a". P). P). ( 0,). ,. $. ,. t). X>). ?). % O. ,. ". (>H. C #" 5. $. -, Ms()U 9. . *6. Jb D&. h)4 &. ( ?& eoFkp$Z<a). :. ^à" (. %. (. ,. 32. 9. . X). 1. F). K">). ?<. &. ,) B. g)4. *". (. /.0. ;) C6. E)?). W". (" ?& 5 *:. . J"#:. R. U<" V. E)?). 9 G. -,. B. -,. #<Q). D&. ". @2A)4. ! #<. ,. % :. *) +". % :. >)?). 0,). J7. !. $. =<. ?<I)4 & LM). '( ! . d) A". -,. u>) >&. vxwyZzM{| }~EIyE{qx | yE EzM| } >{3 }>}{Ix| xW}xyWI}aZ 8^Kz>y}z>{e0 x{^ }qWz}z#| }>qye |WxaKx} azM| }wygh#t45D^KEd Z¡z>¢p£qx¤x|'p xW ¥4¦ {{x¨§'©%ª¬«! ®#¯?°²±³¯U´B®#µR¶>°Q·8¸ °³µZ¹^´ºW®#µEµ»°³¼d°xµE¯©D yaª8ª¬½!¼K´¾W¾5´B®MµC¶>°³¾p¼a®M¯¿°xÀ²¾Q¶¸ Á#¹4´BÁ#¯U´B®#µ@£qzK³ >{x{ | } >{* ^zM| }>£K z}zM| } >{*³}}¨}{| ^ {EzM| } >{Ez>.

(38) Â. ÎÏÐ´v±¿ %Î ÎÏ± É´²v±øÑ+²É´T² A±ÎÏÐ v±Î¿¯Ð´ N¯ M N²É´qÑ+² i Í£Í² ®¯³ Ð±Z N²v°tÓ³K´ %³ °° v± É¯ÍZ® N²v± Ñ³ Í¯±1²v³+° mÎÏÍZ® Î %³Ð±ZÑ+² N¯³+°MÑ+²É´ É¯Ð´ %³²vÐ É²É´ câX² É¯Ð´v±E°³ v±1²v³+°Ñ+²Í¯±1²v³+°I´Ñ VÎ¿¯Ðó°É² ²v° ² ®° É¯Ð´ %³¼²vÐ± /³ Ð É¯ÍZ®Ö°I¯Í£ÎN´m®²v°Í²v±E±¿Ð± iÍ£ÎN´V²q²vÐ /³ V°É²Ñ+² ¥¯ÔK²v°I´ v°I¯ÐÖ³ ±Î %³²É´£² M É²É´ Æ® ³g´ É¯ N¯ Î %³²É´± ¯³ ±C²vÐÒ´É´v³+°MÐ± N²v³+° %Î ÎÏ± `²v³ ²É´ZÑ+²m°I² ²v° ²ø²v±Ñ+²ZÑ ² N¯É®K®²vÍ²vÐ±

(39) ´V¯Ð±³ ±Î ÎN´ É´Z cÐÑ ¯É®Ö±EÎÏÍ£ÎN´V²v° N²É´ Í %°I²É´ Ñ+² É¯Í %³K´v±Î¿¯Ð N²É´ v±E³Ñ+²É´£² e® v°ÎÏÍ²vÐ± N²É´ N²É´Z´vÎÏÍ£³ i±Î¿¯Ð´Ð³+Í v°vÎ %³²É´ â ¯³+±EÎ ÎÏÐ ¥¯°Í±Î %³¼²²É´v±¡Ñ+²® ³K´Ý²vÐ ® ³K´´V¯ Î vÎÏ± ®¯³+° i É¯Ð É² ®Ö±Î¿¯ÐÑ+²É´TÍ¯± ²v³ °I´Ý²vÐ °]ÎN´V¯Ð Ñ+²É´ É¯ +±*´ É´Ñ+²É´®Ö°I¯±1¯±Ô®²É´q²v±mÑ+²É´£± ² +ÐÎ %³¼²É´£Ñ+²£Í²É´v³+°I²É´q² e® v°ÎÏÍ²vÐ±¿ N²É´q²v±mÑ+² i`°]v®ÖÎÑÎÏ± ±1¯³Ó¥¯³ °I´ v°I¯ÎN´É´%Ð±1² Ñ+²É´¡¯°]ÑÎÏÐÖ± ²v³ °I´Z´É´V¯ vÎ É² `³+ÐÆ²øÍ Î¿¯°M±Î¿¯Ð É¯Ð´v±¿Ð±1²ZÑ+²É´ Í¯%Ñ N²É´zÐ³ Í v°Î %³²É´ âX²±°] Î ®Ö° É´V²vÐ± ÑKÐ´ É²ÍÐ³K´ v°ÎÏ± É¯Ð É²v°vÐÆ² N²|Ñ ² N¯É®K®²vÍ²vÐ± iÍ£ÎN´V²²vÐ /³ V°I²²v± i ÎÑK±EÎ¿¯ÐPÑ+²tÐÆ¯³ ² N²É´ ¥¯°vÍ£³ i±Î¿¯Ð´®¯³ °tÍ¯%Ñ ÎN´V²v° i É¯Í %³g´v±Î¿¯Ð±³ ° %³ N²vÐ±1²z²v±´vÎÏÍ£³ N²v° Ñ+²É´ ¥¯Ôg²v°I´ v°I¯ÐÖ³ ±Î %³²É´ Ì ²v±±1²ß± É´V²k´ ÎÏÐ´ v°ÎÏ±ÑKÐ´ N² MKÑ°I²ÒÑ ³+ÐÆ² É¯Ð ²vÐ±Î¿¯Ð Ì ¬ É¯ i v¯°]±Î¿¯Ð ²vÐ±E°I² N² Ì ¬ k¬ Ì m¬ ²v± Ì ÞâX²É´±°] ³ k° M ÎN´ É´³ °I¯Ð±ZÑ+¯Ð Z®¯³+° ¯ M±EÎ¿¯Ð v®K® Î M±Î¿¯Ð i É¯Ð É² ®Ö±Î¿¯Ð Ñ+²É´ Í %°I²É´Ñ+² É¯Í %³g´v±Î¿¯ÐÒ v°I¯ÐÖ³ ±Î %³²É´ 0, ?) 5. ^$. <. "#:. "#: #<. 87. !". h) " ). f) 87. X". -). 47. ?<. h) eÃ. +". 47. #<. !" 9. Z$ $. #"#:. F" -, Ì ) . "#:. ^$ D. ?). X 87. 6. (1>). % &. >H. (. ÇH. ?) . ^`. %. d) "#:. -,. 9. 87. f). f). E)?) W" 5 #"#:. ". X 87. &. ?). . ³. (. 87. :D1. k aL T HÑmÒ. D. @H. !". 87. #<. ^$ D. " W @2. C". Ç& >)?) !6. 6. /) N". ). X>). Í". 9. ) 3& ). f) W". a6. f). ) #<. Ç). 5#<. )4. NÆ (&. Å *". Q` 0, ?) 59. (>& >). X" Es ;>)U>&. ). D". d). I). 7 Q 2Ä)4. SË. ) C. Ì. )?). j". ". ÈÉ" (" #< f) R#" E) 4 87. Ê. (&. ". !". K". !". (). *). (>& >). (>). d) F". ?<). -,. SÆ (&. , (). (). 9. o PÓÕÔ0ÔÖ×. J2X) V". ". A) Î". dÓØo@Ð. F"#:. %. Î". Ò T 9. -,. D&. &. F". -,. L#Ï gÐQ<;" E)?) 0,. $. # ) (. J). !". 87. 9. h& ".

(40) `í;îé. M¼d. Ù. ê îkë í

(41). ¼. à []LN¹`@ Bù GMLN?AJPOHe[Zl ¹¹qHe[mGM@ F@ B HeJgGMH%[ @k¹q? · H%J OH B¿O D ?AH@Ú GIH%L ¹B LNJ¸*H? º ¹ GI÷L^QAf+@@HtH [ D ¢ H%[]G de@[M§]H%?AJK@ GMH O D HÈ+@\ L QA\%de@Jd MO B @L^[MJdeHÝH¾ l Õ ¹qGML^¹G HH DGI@ F@ HeJKBGIHOBN d%\ ?+\ÉÈ d%HqO @ J F þ He@ B º d B LN[]B d D H%\@J H å ?+\ÉÈBHË Õ Ê h ÀËmH J? OD [ Õ H B QAH Ê LNHB h GI¥? á H%[IÂv¾»/HeG]GIH l ¹¹qHøHe[]G?AFGMH%Jg@·H B H%\ Hzá ¹I? Oö HZO¥Há \%?A ¹`F@×[]GMLN?AJPOd Hvå ? d/O J[\%H/¹qde¹q?AL VáHÞH%J B ?¥Ú LNB ¹ GIL H%¹H%JKG¢tÈH%@ Htá OH B\ \% @ ¾

(42) à H%[ d%[M@ G GI[ H ¹HeG]GIHe JgG¡O Hv Ú á ?AL^GMH GIHe¹ d å GI@B Hº B He[C\%?AJ \eH%JKGB GIL^?A J[C O H%[ öe\%H%[\ÉD ÈLN¹B LNfg@Heø[%º BN H%[t\ÉÈ ¹ M [ OH L^GMB H%[M[]Hº LNJKGIHeMJ [MLiGIdOH D GI@ F@ H%J\eHº H%[ ?AB JHe[Ò H dvå \ eGMLNá ?AJPHeGCGM?AB¿@D GIHe[ @G H%[ áBù L F B H% [¹B ? · H%JJB H%[e¾ÆÙY J[ Bù ¹q Hå [M@ Hk? \eH%[\ B \%@ B [£[M?AJKG H de[MH%JKG GILi¸*[qOHe[ Èd%J?A¹qöeJH%[ GI@ È · F[]@ LNfgHe@JKHeGI[£HºHeG`H%\É[ ÈLN¹LNfgJK@G H%QA[¡H%[M[qH O @ ?+JO@GMH L^[ ?AJK@G|GMOL J?A[|@ @J?Hl GIL^ ¹q¹qL^¹[MH H H%[t\ÉÈ B ¹`F H%[mB OHV\%á?A ¹`F @[]GMLN?AJPD [M?JgGmdB LÔH%JKBtGM[% ¾ B á »/H HeJO JKG%ºtL B H%[]GPJd%\%He[M[ L H OHß¸*? ¹@ B H OHe[PÈ ·+ ?å GIÈöe[MH%[ ÷J"O D LNJKG ? O@L Hºc[M?A@[¸*? ¹H¹ GMÈd%¹ GMLNfg@Hº B H%[ GI@ Èd%FJ@ ?A¹qHeJKöeGIJHH%¾t[ »/ HeÈ GMGM· H []LNfg@?+He[\%deHeOGk@ \ÉHÒÈLNHe¹[]G LNfg@He[ÝH Od%H HìBùãe ¹\%?+?AO¹`d FLN@[ []GMGILNLN?A?JJ |¢ Ì ÍZ® Ñ+²6± ²vÍZ® v°M OH Bù \%B ?A¹F@[]GMLN?AJ`GM@ F@ B HeJgGMHKã¾àH/Od á H B ?B H%¹H%JKGcOB H J?A@ å ±³+°É²`Í¯Ôg²vÐ Ñ ³+ÐÆ² tÍ£Í²´v³K´ á H @ Ú ¹q?+Oö B H%[PH%[ÛGßL^JL^GMLNd kBN \e?A¹ deÈH%J[]LN?AJ OH6\%H%[ ®²vÐÖÑ³²Í v± ÐÆ² ÎÏ° Èd%J?A¹qöeJH%[ @¹q? · H%JTOH á L^[M@ B LN[ GIL^?AJ[cHeGtO Dõ J B^· [MHe[OH l ¹q¹H%[GM@ F@ B HeJgGMH%[CHeG BN ¹qL^J L H%[e¾ YZH h ?+HeGMH À h ?+HeGMHº¢ AÂ|Odv÷JLiG Bù \%?¹`F@[ÛGILN?Jó\%?A¹¹qH@J H%J[]H%¹`F B HPOH d \eGMLN?AJ[£\ÉÈLiå ¹LNfg@He[%ºOLiGIHe[td B de¹qHeJKG L H%[eº ?A@ tBù ¹ §]? L^GIdZFLN¹? B de\%@ BN L H%[eº+[]H¡GMH ¹qL^J JKG CBED ?¥Ú · O GIL^?AJ O D @J d \eGML^¸ LNJLiGIL B H B dt\%?¹`F@[ÛGILNF B H¡ÀÈ · O ? \ F@ HVÂ @J\%?å d \eGML^¸ H B dm\e?A¹`F@ I JKG À Âv¾Ö»/H ? \eH%[][M@[mH%[ÛGm÷J B He¹qHeJKGCå¿G ö%[ÛåÞHÚ ?GIÈH ¹LNfg@H¾ »à. ÚIÛ?ÜdÝ SÞ. :. D H. %. X ?:. IÃ. aß. >H. 9. Ojkjga. r Ð.

(43) á. a BNB HøH%[ÛGCLNJLiGIL^d%H @J ? GO D deJH QALNH B ? \ B Hº H B d BNB @¹ QHº @L^[t[MHzOd á H B ? H OH%[ d \vGILN?J[HeJ\ÉÈ JH¾ > HvÚ He¹ B Hº B¿D ?¥Ú · O GIL^?AJO D @JÈ · O ? \ F@ HÀ*¹qdvGIÈ JHº × d ?A[MöeJHVÂ []@MIL^GM H\ÉºMÈ§]H @[]B H%f+[ @ ñ GM?A¹GMGMH%H%[LNJO O D È Hc· O@J|?Ad%QAfgöe@JLHºgLNF \eHmHfg\É@ÈL LN¹ H LNfg ¹q@H HvG BùH%\/¸*? @ J¹ H ¹ GMLN?A§]J? O L^GMDõ d@OG H H%[Þ?+¹qO? @B L^d%GM\e[@ OB HeHÞ[%\%º?AHv¹`G FLN@J[][]GMLLN?AOJ H À B¿D H @ßÀ D Âº B HmOLN?¥Ú · OHøHeG B Hm¹qB ?J ?¥Ú · OHOHø\ ¥ á FÖ?AJH`À º Â]Âv¾+àHZJ?¹`F HmO DÁ GI?¹qHe[/OH \ FÖ?AJHO J[ B HZ\e?A¹`F@[]GIL^F B HmHeG Bùá L GILN?JqOHe[d B d%¹H%JKGI[ GI?A¹LNfg@He[øÀÄ|º»Zºô`º ÊøÂÞO J[ B H%[ Od Hz ¹q\vGILi? ¸*[Zd%\eLNJ@ L^GIHeL [ @ \ÉÈÚPLN¹¹LN@ fgB @GMLHe[B LNfgH%@JKL G B H%H%[ø@ \eH%?AJK¹`G FL^G J HøLN[]¸*?A? J¹[ d% He?[ [M[ML^H%F JB HeO [ZJgHeJgG G He[ \%?A ¹GI?AF¹@[]H%GM[eLNº ?AHvJÆGø¾O> ?@J[/\ \%B H|HJJ?A?A¹`¹`FF HH B B á ú N B B He[]Gd B H á dº B @[ B HJ?A¹`F HOH d \vGILN?J[[MH M LN¹ ? G JKG¥¾½mJ HvÚ He¹ B HqOH[M\ÉÈd%¹ \%L^JdeGMLNfg@H d ?A@ \vcGIL^BN?A J\e[m?Ad ¹`deF¹q@[ÛHeGIJKL^G ?AJL ¹qH%[ dvGIÈd H JH [ML^F HeL [É Â¾ÆHe[]½mG JÝ GIdeH [MHe[]Jg\ÉGMÈdød%O ¹ J[ \%L^BEJDõ deJGMLNJfgHv@Ú H¡H [MqH À*« ¡@HeGM[L LN[Mö%d\eH%O [/\ÉJÈ[ZLN¹\eHLNfg¹@H%d%[e¹º+?A© L H ?A @ [ML^¹`@ B H @JHÝ \É È ¹` F á HÝ OHkB \%?A¹`F@[]GMLN?AB J d ?AJ @GMLNfg@H¾/àH%[ I d \eGMLNB ?AJ[q\É ÈLN¹LNfg@He[qdvG JK G \e?AJJg @He[%º/L B ¸ @Gq¹ LNJK GIHeJ JKG\ \%@ H L^GMH% [M[] H ñ fg@H H ?AJKG G H¸*? ¹d%He[ H%[H%[ öe \%He[ Bù BNB á ú B \ÉÈLN¹LNfg@H%[e¾ B B B Bùßá Zâ. ã. Ð r. 3r Ð. }. 3r. f. gj. bakj. à H%[ á L^GIHe[M[]H%[/OHm¸*? ¹ GILN?J£HeGOHOH%[]G @\vGIL^?AJ

(44) ºgOHm\ÉÈ fg@HZHe[ ö%\eHZ\ÉÈL^¹qL^f+@Hº H ¹HeG]GIHeJgGOH \ B \e@ B H B HÞG @ Ú|OH d \eGIL^?AJ ÀHeJ ÂÀµHeH/HvG B ¾^ºK¢ KÂv¾»/He[LNJ¸*? ¹ GIL^?AJ[ HeQ ?@ deH%[O J[ B H|defgGMH@ L ¹LNF HPH|ãe\e\ÉLNÈJL^dv¹qGIL^L^f+fg@@HHº \ÉÈ? L^¹q[MfgL^f+@@H HKã|H%[Z[]?AGMJKH%Gz¹ H%[][ø[MH%OJKH|GMLN¸*H ? B^B He¹ [øH%GIJ L^?A\eJÝ?A¹ÒH%F[ø@He[Û[GIL^?Aö%J

(45) \%¾He[|½[]J ?AJK\ Gz [ LNJ B L^÷¹qJLiLNGI¹HH%H%JK[ÛG G GMGML^H%OL^JgH%G%[eº¾ BEYD ö%[fgB @H He[ d \eGML^¸*[`[]B ?AJK G¹qL^[B H%J \e?AJK G \vGñ d%\É ÈH H¹q? d%\e@ L HºL [¡¸*? ¹H%JKG£L^J[]G IJK G Jdvå B ¿ B D N B B B ù B B ¹H%JKG/OH%[ ?+O@L^GM[OHø\%?A¹F@[]GMLN?AJÆº [ J[ [M[]H t OHe[H%[ öe\%H%[CL^JgGMH ¹qdeOL L He[ M OL^\ BN L H%[%¾ »/H G LNJ[¹q?+Oö B H%[ÞOH\%?A¹`F@[]GMLN?AJ

(46) º HvÚ He¹ B Hø»àXa À¿»/?A¹F@[]GMLN?AJàLN¹L^GIdeH B¿D acfg@L B L^F H¥Â ÀË ¥á HeG JO ÜcH ]á LN[]\ÉÈ

(47) ºÞ¢ AäKÂZ[]?AJKGF [Mde[[M@ \eHeGMGMHqÈ ·+ ?GIÈöe[MHOHq\ÉÈL^¹qL^H£LNJ÷JLN¹H%JKG I LNOH¾ àHe[\%?J\%HeJgG I GMLN?AJ[O D H%[ öe\%H%[HeG BN GMH%¹ d I GM@ H[M?JgG|O?AJ\OdvGIH ¹qL^Jd%He[@JLNfg@H%¹H%JKG ¥á H%\ BNÝ? [ø d%LNOJKL^G \eGI? L^?AOJ@L^GMOH@ó¾X»/¹Hvd GMBNGI H JQAH¾¨L à F H¸ Mfg \e@ GMLNJK?AGMJ L^÷OH H¹deG d BùG JOQAH£Hº¹¨d º/ÀEJ¶/QA@ H£]×HeJgH G H JO He[h \ÉÈgGI@?¹¹qHeJ[zJ

(48) Oº@ ¢ \eA?A©¹`äKÂ¡F@He[][ÛGå GMLNB F HHvG H%[ GI?A¹H%[ZO@Ò\%á?A¹` F @ B JKG%ºÆ fg@H fg@HB¿D [M?A LiG ¹? BNd% \%@ H¡O J [ B fg@ H HL [[MH`G ?A@ H%JKG¥¾ à B ¸ I \vGILNB ?J OH¹qd Bù JQHHe[]G@JIHZ fg@ JKGML^GIBd B ?+\ B HCJBù? ¹ B BLN[MdeHCB HeGH BNB H BNH% @ G ú GB^B HøOB de÷JL^H ¥á Heá \ø?A@ [ J[\%?A¹`F@[]GMLN?AJ

(49) ¾¼Y J[ B H\%?A¹F@[]GMLNF B H @ À[ J[ @G H¡He[ ö%\eH`\ÉÈLN¹LNfg@H¥Âvº `¢AºHvGZO J[ B H \e?A¹`F@ I JKG @ º zª¾ Õ J?GMH ºfg@H B fg@Hq[M?ALiG B H deQALN¹H£OH\%?A¹`F@[]GMLN?AJ

(50) º Bù ¸ I \vGIL^?AJ OH¹d BN JQAH£\ I \eGId L^[MH Bù LN\ÉÈHe[M[]H B ? \ B H _ ô H%[]G BNáB H%@ OH Bù ¸ M \eGMLN?AJTOH¹d BN JQAH @ ?AL^JgGC[ÛG ü \ÉÈL^?A¹qdvG LNfg@Hº\ D H%[]GÛå1ñå OL H B ? [ O D @JH|\e?A¹`F@[ÛGIL^?AJP\%?A¹ B övGIH ?A[][MLNF B HzOHe[ d \vGIL^¸*[e¾ h @ mBN ÷QA@ H|© º BN GIHe¹ d M GI@ HzO D d%fg@L B LNF HøH%[ÛGCG I \%d%HHeJP¸*?J\eGMLN?AJTOH BN ¸ I \vGIL^?AJTOH¹qdå BN JQAHÀ*G I LiGÂ ?A@ Bù \%?A¹`F@[]GMLN?AJk¹qdvGIÈ JH L ¾¼àXH de[M@ B G GH%[ÛGø?AFGMH%Jg@ ¹LNJL^¹qL^[ GMLN?AJ úù. W¾ ¿0À. Ojkjbl. Ojbj. . Oj. ` ~. ` ~. ò. ò . *à¥. ¥. Á ôÄ. ø. x}. ¥ Ã. Á Ä. ¥. ¥. ø. øÃ.

(51) ä. 2300. Temperature. 1800. 1300. 800. 300. 0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1. © ²vÍZ® v°]±E³+°I²PÑ %³+Î Î %°I² ]²vÐ £² VÎÏÐ 6²vÐ ¥¯Ð v±Î¿¯Ð Ñ+² i °] v±EÎ¿¯Ð"Ñ+²PÍ iÐ +² Ì ¯Í %³K´v±Î¿¯Ð Í v± ÐÆ² ÎÏ° ² C¯ÎÏÐ±Î `°I¯³ +² z°É¯ÎÏ± ²Ñ+² C³+° K²q²v± +³ ÍÐÐ C³+° K²ÐÖÑ +³ ÍÐÐ tâÎ ÐÆ²qÐÆ¯ÎÏ°I² %³+Î Î %°I² +ÎÏÍ£Î %³²z®°Í£ÎÏÐÎÏÍ£ÎN´%±EÎ¿¯Ð Ñ+² i ¥¯Ð v±EÎ¿¯ÐÒÑ+² Î v´ OH BN ¸*?AJ\vGILN?JTOH L^FF[%º B¿D H%JKGIÈ BN L^H B L^F H¾>?@ @JP¹qd Bù JQHZ÷Ú dº B¿D H%JKGMÈ BN LNHøHvG Bù` H%[M[]LN?AJ []?AJKG/[]@ ?A[MdeH%[\%?AJ[ÛG JKGMH%[%¾»/HeG]GIHmOde÷JL^GMLN?AJH%[ÛG/\e?A¹ deHñ\%H BNB HtLNJLiGIL B H%¹H%JKG ? ?A[]d%H ¶@ M× HmHvG h \ÉÈg@¹ JJH%JP¢ A©ä£ÀE¶@ M× H JO h \ÉÈg@¹ JJ

(52) º¢ K©äKÂX? Bù GMH%¹ d I GM@ HHvG B He[H%[ öe\%He[ \ÉÈLN¹LNfg@H%[z[]?AJKG¡[M@ ?A[]d%H%[ ú G H B L^Jd L He[ ¥á He\ BN ¸ I \vGILN?J6OH£¹qd Bù JQHº

(53) \ zB He[ Èd%J?A¹qöeJH%[ OH¡OLN[M[]? \eL GMLN?AJTJH¡[]?AJKG [ L^[tH%J\%?A¹ GMH¾ YZH @L^[Z\%He[z© OH JLNö He[ JJd%He[%º B HOd á H B ? He¹qHeJKGøOH Bù \ÉÈLN¹LNHzOdeG L BNB d%H H ¹LN[C@JH ¹?+Od B LN[ GILN?J B @[ d B LN[ÛGIHOH BN \%?A¹`F@[]GMLN?AJzGI@ F@ B H%JKGIH¾YZH%[X¹? Oö B He[[M?AJKG @[eº'GM?A@§]?A@ [ F [Mde[m[]@ CB Hz¹d BN JQAHÀ>HvGIH [%º¢ ä KÂ/¹ LN[ H ¹HeGMG JKGCOH¹qHe[M@ H tB H%[tH HeGM[OHz\ÉÈLN¹LNHøJ?AJ å L^J÷JL^¹qHeJKG I LNOH¾