Black leaf streak disease and eumusae leaf spot: two destructive and invasive leafspot diseases of bananas

Black leaf streak disease and

eumusae leaf spot:

eumusae leaf spot:

two destructive and invasive

l f

d

f b

leafspot diseases of bananas

C.ABADIE,

M-F. ZAPATER, S. ROBERT,

M F. ZAPATER, S. ROBERT,

V.RAVIGNE, F.BONNOT, J.CARLIER

UMR BGPI

Invasive Alien species symposium, 5 July 2011

Mycosphaerella

leaf spot diseases

S f li di f b l i

• Severe foliar diseases of bananas large necrosis • due to ascomycete fungi

•

3 Mycosphaerella

3 Mycosphaerella

1 t _{d ti t i t / t ti}

• 1st production constraints / exportation

M.eumusae

Eumusae leaf spot

M.fijiensis

Black leaf streak

M.musicola

Sigatoka disease

Eumusae leaf spot

Ô Fruit weight flowering delay

Mycosphaerella

leafspot diseases impact

Early ripening

yield reduction (Ô 100 % depending on varieties and

y p g

climate) _{Ripened fruits on bunches}

25 30 a a b 15 20 if e ( d ay s)

high disease level l di l l

b

10

g

reen

l low disease level

0 5

Sigatoka disease Black leaf streak disease

Eumusae leaf spot BLSD-Black Sigatoka

Mycosphaerella

leafspot diseases infectious cycle

hydric conditions

After Agrios 2005

Infection on young leaves

- Infection on young leaves

- Long incubation time (>2 weeks)

- Symptoms : streaks ymp m necrosis

- Abundant sporulation (conidia and

Occurence of 2 dispersal modes

Mycosphaerella

sp. dispersal modes

f

p

m

•

infected material (suckers, leaf fragments)

non limited in space

human

Homme

non limited in space

i d i

human

Homme

limited in space

•

spores

wind, rain

Many studies on

M.fijiensis

plot Abadie

et al

region Halkett

et al

Rieux

et al

et al.,

global (world) Robert

et al

Average dispersal distance : conidia : 3 m

Recent invasive diseases from South-East of Asia

Mycosphaerella

sp. origin and distribution

Recent invasive diseases from South-East of Asia

- Black Sigatoka: 1963

_g

BLSD has always invaded Sigatoka

disease area BLSD

INTRODUCTION ZONE

INTRODUCTION ZONE ORIGIN AREAORIGIN AREA

Fidji Honduras Îprogressive replacement of SD by BLSD Fidji 1963 Afrique 1973? 1972 SD

Lesser Antilles safe of BLSD Lesser Antilles safe of BLSD (<2010)

Mycosphaerella fijiensis

worldwide dispersal

Understanding the global dispersal history to

optimize the surveillance networks in safe areas

9 Sampling

23 l i (20 30 i l l li ) 700 i d 21 microsatellites markers

23 populations (20-30 isolates per locality), 700 ind.

C.Ivoire Gabon Cameroun Nigeria Uganda Malaisie Philippines PNG I d é i Panama Costa Rica Jamaique Mexique Honduras Colombie Venezuela Rep. Dom Gabon Comores _Australie N. Caledonie Fidji Indonésie Colombie

Phylogeography approach

(Structure software)

M. fijiensis

worldwide dispersal

Phylogeography approach

(Structure software)

PhD S.Robert

COM UGA CAM CAM CIV GAB NGA COL CR HND HND MEX PAN VEN

JAM RD _{IND MYS PHL PNG}

Fst = 0.57 Fst = 0.40 He = 0.35 He = 0.22 _{He = 0.65} PNG : origin Fst = 0.26 Fst = 0.26 Fst = 0.28 Fst = 0.21 center? FIJ NCL AUS Fst = 0.20 He = 0.32 1 introduction several i d i / _F st = 0.42 1 introduction introductions/ admixture

t

1 (1990 2000) l i th G

t

A till

M. fijiensis

dispersal in the Caribbean

step 1 (1990-2000) :slow in the Greater Antilles

(from west-east)

step 2 (>2000) : rapid in the Lesser Antilles

(f

h

h)

(from south-north)

Introduction

hypothesis from 1990 Cuba 1996 Republique

Dominicaine 1990 Cuba 1996 Republique Dominicaine 2 safe bananas producing yp Honduras ; through infected m teri l 1995 Jamaïque 1999 Haiti 2004 Porto Rico 2010 Martinique 2009 St l i 1995 Jamaïque 1999 Haiti 2004 Porto Rico 2010 Martinique 2009 St l i producing countries material 2003 Trinidad 2005 Grenade 2009 Ste lucie St Vincent 2003 Trinidad 2005 Grenade 2009 Ste lucie St Vincent Ioos et al., 2011

• Since 2008 in Martinica and 2009 in Guadeloupe

• Surveillance based on visual diagnosis on sentinels plots and molecular

M. fijiensis

Surveillance based on visual diagnosis on sentinels plots and molecular diagnosis on sampled doubtfull leaves.

• Surveilance on export plantations, plantain plots and backyards plots

In Guadeloupe every municipality is surveyed monthly In Guadeloupe, every municipality is surveyed monthly

Spatial spread in 2011

Focus point

p

p

Medium to low severity

p

Genetic populations approach

M. fijiensis

dispersal in the Caribbean

group 1 : north 9-20 Populations (20-30 Sampling isolats/loc) 500 ind 1990 Cuba 1996 Republique Dominicaine 1999 1990 Cuba 1996 republic dominican

linked with central America

21 mi s t m k s isolats/loc), 500 ind. - From Caribbeans and central-latin america 1995 Jamaïque 1999 Haiti 2004 Porto Rico 2005Grenade_l2009_i 1995 Jamaïica 2004

Porto Rico _{2010 Martinica}

2010 Ste Lucia

St Vincent

- 21 microsat. markers

2005 Grenade_lucie

Mex. Hond. C.Rica Pan. Col. group 2 : south

O

f 2 diff

t

ti

th

Ven. St VincentSte Lucia

• Undergoing studies with more populations/country and

•

Occurrence of 2 different genetic groups: north

and south

Undergoing studies with more populations/country and every infested country to suggest hypothesis on

Historical data analysis

Substitution of

M.musicola

by

M.fijiensis

9 Survey in 9 countries • Replacement duration : 3 to 8 years ---100millas (160km) ---2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 ---100millas (160km) ---2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 ---100millas (160km) ---2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 y depending on:

modes and introductions numbers

-35millas (56 km) -35millas (56 km) modes and introductions numbers Control methods

Bananas areas structure

-(9000km²) -(9000km²) (9000km²) 50

•Calculation of spread speed /country35

40 45 Trinidad:3 km/month f p p y L a ti tu d e 5 2 0 25 30 05 1 0 1 5

• Understanding the substitution of SD by BLSD could help to

brake the spread in newly infested islands

Longitude

60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5

Second recent invasive

Mycosphaerella

Mycosphaerella eumusae

invasion

Second recent invasive

Mycosphaerella

Eumusae

SYMPTOMS

similar to those of SD but similar to those of SD but

Primary brown lesion

Oval necrosis (low pressure) p HOST RANGE

HOST RANGE various:

Cavendish Gros-Michel (highly infested) Cavendish, Gros-Michel (highly infested) Plantains

Sucrier

TAXONOMY

Mycosphaerella eumusae

pathogen

TAXONOMY

perfect stage :

M.eumusae

imperfect stage :

Pseudocercospora eumusae

imperfect stage :

Pseudocercospora eumusae

(revised after Septoria)

DIAGNOSIS

h l

f

idi

d

idi h

- morphology of conidia and conidiophores

conidiophores septate

idi thi

d h t

th

th

Zapater et al., 2008

p

p

conidia thiner and shorter than others sp.

- molecular markers

quantitative PCR

quantitative PCR

ORIGIN

S th E t f A i

Mycosphaerella eumusae

origin and distribution

South-East of Asia DISTRIBUTION

ELSD d ib d i 2000

G hi ll l t d t S th t A i

ELSD described in 2000

on samples collected between 1989 and 2000 Geographically located to Southeastern Asia:

India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, South Malaysia + Mauritius and Reunion

*

* *

*

+ Mauritius and Reunion + Nigeria (Onne)

The Caribbeans safe of ELSD

C

titi

ith

ith SD

_*

BLSD

- Competition either with SD or BLSD

_*

Many information and development of tools occur on

Invasion

Mycosphaerella sp.

leafspots perspectives

- Many information and development of tools occur on

M.fijiensis

Further studies on

M fijiensis

M.fijiensis

of dispersal in the Caribbeans

For

M eumusae

- For

M.eumusae,

(

Recent phylogenetic studies showed:

Commun ancestor for 3 main species 20 species of

Mycosphaerella

on bananas

Arzanlou et al., 2008

CIRAD TEAM ON

MYCOSPHAERELLA

Modeling Epidemiology, modeling