method to assess

(1)

Towards a consensual

method to assess

climate change impacts

from bio-based systems

Anthony BENOIST

(1,2)

_,

Claire CORNILLIER

(3)

(1)

_{CIRAD, BioWooEB, Montpellier, France}

(2)

_{ELSA research group, Montpellier, France}

(3)

_{FCBA, Environment & Health Department,}

(2)

Research question

Climate change

Atmospheric concentration of GreenHouse Gases (GHG)

CO

₂

CH

₄

Others

Carbon compartments / sinks

Standing

biomass

Oceans

Soils

_reserves

Fossil

…

C

CO

₂

CO

₂

uptake processes

(photosynthesis, water

dissolution)

Bio-based systems

How to assess resulting

impacts on climate change?

(3)

General approach

o

_{Critical analysis of current methods}

o

_{Framework for climate change impact assessment}

for bio-based systems

o

_{Development of a new characterisation method}

Research question:

How to assess impacts on climate change from

bio-based systems?

(4)

Critical analysis: Material & methods

7 methods considered…

Dealing with

biogenic GHG

emissions

Conventional GWP:

carbon neutrality

approach

Conventional GWP:

full accounting

approach

Time-adjusted GWP

Biogenic GWP

Biogenic Accounting

Factors (BAF)

Dealing with

land

occupation

and/or

transformation

ILCD / IPCC

recommendation for

land transformation

Müller-Wenk proposal

… according to 8 criteria

Completeness

Cause-effect chains

and C compartments

Scientific

soundness

General principles

Underlying

calculations

International

acceptance

Genericity

Application context

Modelling approach

Easiness of

use

Collecting LCI data

Generating new CF

(5)

Critical analysis: Results

GHG emissions

Land use

Ca

rbon

n

eutra

li

ty

Fu

ll

ac

coun

tin

g

T

ime

-adju

ste

d

GW

P

Biog

enic

GW

P

BA

F

IL

CD

/

IPCC

re

comm

endatio

n

Mül

ler

-W

enk

prop

osa

l

Completeness

3

4

1

3

4 Scientific

soundness

General principles

2

3

4

2

3

4 Underlying calculations

N/A

4

1

2 N/A

1 International acceptance

1

4

3

2

4

2 Genericity

Application context

2

5

4

2

4 Modelling approach

4

1

5

4

3 Easiness of

use

Collecting LCI data

5

4

1

3

2

3

5 Generating new CF

5

1

2

4

3

(6)

Bio-based system assessment framework

Fossil

emissions

CO

₂

uptake

Agriculture or forestry

stage

Harvest

Transformation into

bio-based products, and use

Biogenic carbon

emissions

Land use

impact

assessment

framework

GHG emission impact assessment framework

(current climate change assessment framework)

Conventional GWP with a full accounting approach

If needed: ILCD recommendation for delayed emissions

(based on Time-Adjusted GWP principle)

Not yet

satisfactory?

(7)

Critical analysis: Results

GHG emissions

Land use

Ca

rbon

n

eutra

li

ty

Fu

ll

ac

coun

tin

g

T

ime

-adju

ste

d

GW

P

Biog

enic

GW

P

BA

F

IL

CD

/

IPCC

re

comm

endatio

n

Mül

ler

-W

enk

prop

osa

l

Completeness

3

4

1

3

4 Scientific

soundness

General principles

2

3

4

2

3

4 Underlying calculations

N/A

4

1

2 N/A

1 International acceptance

1

4

3

2

4

2 Genericity

Application context

2

5

4

2

4 Modelling approach

4

1

5

4

3 Easiness of

use

Collecting LCI data

5

4

1

3

2

3

5 Generating new CF

5

1

2

4

3

(8)

Critical analysis: Complementarities

o

_{Müller-Wenk proposal}

Time-adjusted GWP

Müller-Wenk proposal

Completeness

4

4 Scientific soundness

4

1

3

2 Genericity

5

4

3 Easiness of use

1

5 o

_{Time-adjusted GWP}

0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 0 20 40 60 80 100 T ime -ad ju s ted GW P o f C O2 (as C O2 -eq ) Emission year

(9)

Proposal for a new characterisation method

o

_{Environmental mechanism considered}

Carbon sequestration potential

Climate change

o

_{Scientific foundations and objectives}

• Compliant with the land use framework

• Based on Time-Adjusted GWP principle

(10)

Proposal for a new characterisation method

o

_{Obtaining Characterisation Factors (CF)}

Step 1: Defining reference land

use, relaxation processes, and

carbon storage dynamics

Step 2: Identifying direct

and

avoided

processes

Step 3: Deriving direct

and

avoided

emission profiles from

the framework

Step 4: Applying Time-Adjusted

GWP to the resulting emission

profiles to obtain CF

(11)

CF calculations: 1

st

example

o

_{At global land use level}

Based on assumptions and data from Müller-Wenk &

Brandão (2010): 7 biomes, 3-4 land uses per biome

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 CF fr o m th is p ro p o sal ( tC O2 -eq / h a) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 CF fr om thi s pr opos al ( tC O2 -eq / (ha. yr ))

CF from Müller-Wenk proposal

Transformation CF

(12)

CF calculations: 2

nd

example

o

_{At a land use management practice level}

Case study on forestry systems, data from FCBA and CNPF

Effect of revolution period (40, 60 or 80 years)

Attributional modelling

-2,5 -2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 0 R80 R60 R40 Oc cu p atio n CF ( tC O2 -eq / (h a. yr) )

(13)

Take-home messages

o

_{Proposal for an harmonized framework for climate}

change impact assessment for bio-based systems

o

_{Proposal for a new characterisation method for}

climate change impact assessment from land use

o

_{Method description and applications}

• Available in French on ADEME website

http://www.ademe.fr/etude-preliminaire-a-realisation-bilans-environnementaux-chauffage-bois

(14)

-l

ca

.or

g

research group for environmental life cycle & sustainability assessment

Thank you for your attention!

Contact:

anthony.benoist@cirad.fr

Thanks to ADEME for its

funding.

Thanks to Alice GUEUDET

and Miriam BUITRAGO for

(15)

Main references

o Conventional GWP

MYHRE, Gunnar, SHINDELL, Drew, BRÉON, François-Marie, COLLINS, William, FUGLESTVEDT, Jan, HUANG, Jianping, KOCH, Dorothy, LAMARQUE, Jean-François, LEE, David, MENDOZA, Blanca, NAKAJIMA, Teruyuki, ROBOCK, Alan, STEPHENS, Graeme, TAKEMURA, Toshihiko and ZHAN, Hua, 2013, Anthropogenic and

Natural Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [online].

Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press. p. 659–740. ISBN 978-1-107-05799-1. Available from: http://www.climatechange2013.org/report/

o Time-Adjusted GWP

BENOIST, Anthony and DRON, Dominique, 2009, Integrating GHG dynamics in biomass-based products

LCA. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Life Cycle Management. Cape Town, South

Africa. 2009. p. 6.

KENDALL, Alissa, 2012, Time-adjusted global warming potentials for LCA and carbon footprints. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment [online]. 2012. Vol. 17, no. 8, p. 1042–1049. DOI

10.1007/s11367-012-0436-5. Available from: http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s11367-012-0436-5

LEVASSEUR, Annie, BRANDÃO, Miguel, LESAGE, Pascal, MARGNI, Manuele, PENNINGTON, David, CLIFT, Roland and SAMSON, Réjean, 2012, Valuing temporary carbon storage. Nature Climate Change [online]. 2012. Vol. 2, p. 6–8. DOI 10.1038/nclimate1335. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1335

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Main references

o Biogenic GWP

CHERUBINI, Francesco, PETERS, Glen P., BERNTSEN, Terje, STRØMMAN, Anders H. and HERTWICH, Edgar, 2011, CO2 emissions from biomass combustion for bioenergy: atmospheric decay and contribution to

global warming. GCB Bioenergy [online]. 23 October 2011. Vol. 3, no. 5, p. 413–426. DOI

10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01102.x. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01102.x

o Biogenic Accounting Factors

US EPA, 2011, Accounting framework for biogenic CO2 emissions from stationary sources. Washington DC, United States of America.

o ILCD / IPCC recommendation for land transformation

EC-JRC, 2010, International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook - General guide for Life

Cycle Assessment - Detailed guidance. Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. o Müller-Wenk proposal for land use impact assessment

MÜLLER-WENK, Ruedi and BRANDÃO, Miguel, 2010, Climatic impact of land use in LCA—carbon transfers

between vegetation/soil and air. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment [online]. 2010. Vol. 15,

no. 2, p. 172–182. DOI 10.1007/s11367-009-0144-y. Available from: http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s11367-009-0144-y

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Land use & Attributional/consequential LCA

Attributional modelling