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A semantic measure of the execution time in Linear Logic

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HAL Id: inria-00206099

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00206099v4

Submitted on 4 Feb 2008

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A semantic measure of the execution time in Linear Logic

Daniel de Carvalho, Michele Pagani, Lorenzo Tortora de Falco

To cite this version:

Daniel de Carvalho, Michele Pagani, Lorenzo Tortora de Falco. A semantic measure of the execution

time in Linear Logic. [Research Report] RR-6441, INRIA. 2008, pp.48. �inria-00206099v4�

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a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

0249-6399 ISRN INRIA/RR--6441--FR+ENG

Thème SYM

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

A semantic measure of the execution time in Linear Logic

Daniel de Carvalho — Michele Pagani — Lorenzo Tortora de Falco

N° 6441

janvier 2008

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Centre de recherche INRIA Nancy – Grand Est LORIA, Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique,

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