• Aucun résultat trouvé

3.3 COORDONNÉES POLAIRES

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "3.3 COORDONNÉES POLAIRES"

Copied!
176
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

cours 19

3.3 COORDONNÉES

POLAIRES

(2)

Au dernier cours, nous avons vu

(3)

Au dernier cours, nous avons vu

Intégrale double sur des régions non rectangulaires.

(4)

Au dernier cours, nous avons vu

Intégrale double sur des régions non rectangulaires.

Région de Type I et II

(5)

Aujourd’hui, nous allons voir

(6)

Aujourd’hui, nous allons voir

Coordonnées polaires.

(7)

Aujourd’hui, nous allons voir

Coordonnées polaires.

Changement de variables en coordonnées polaires.

(8)

Aujourd’hui, nous allons voir

Coordonnées polaires.

Changement de variables en coordonnées polaires.

Une intégrale importante en probabilité.

(9)

x<latexit sha1_base64="HA6BPTQP3UBB+d9iHJHQ4r2LiZk=">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</latexit>

y

<latexit sha1_base64="ADnGsQtcomAbrlTQt0snNnnV3IQ=">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</latexit>

(10)

x<latexit sha1_base64="HA6BPTQP3UBB+d9iHJHQ4r2LiZk=">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</latexit>

y

<latexit sha1_base64="ADnGsQtcomAbrlTQt0snNnnV3IQ=">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</latexit>

r

<latexit sha1_base64="7UIp2xsOnAsSXwKDOoBrzyEgGF8=">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</latexit>

(11)

x<latexit sha1_base64="HA6BPTQP3UBB+d9iHJHQ4r2LiZk=">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</latexit>

y

<latexit sha1_base64="ADnGsQtcomAbrlTQt0snNnnV3IQ=">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</latexit>

r

<latexit sha1_base64="7UIp2xsOnAsSXwKDOoBrzyEgGF8=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="oMWpbHW/73RUgpyF2ZqjqN+mpCA=">AAAC+3icjVLBbtNAEH1xgZZQIMCRi0WE1FPkABIco3LhWCSSVkqqynY2yVLHtux1pCjKP/RartwQ134MfwC3fkLfTjdV26iia3n99s288czsRHmiSxMEf2rexoOHjza3HtefbD999rzx4mWvzKoiVt04S7LiIApLlehUdY02iTrICxVOo0TtR8efrX1/popSZ+k3M8/V4TQcp3qk49CQ6g3MRJnwqNEMWoEsfx20HWjCrb2scY4BhsgQo8IUCikMcYIQJZ8+2giQkzvEglxBpMWusESd2opeih4h2WPuY576jk15tjFLUcf8S8K3oNLHW2oy+hXE9m++2CuJbNm7Yi8kps1tzm/kYk3JGkzI/k+38ryvztZiMMInqUGzplwYW13solTSFZu5f60qwwg5OYuHtBfEsShXffZFU0rttreh2P+Kp2XtOXa+Ff65LBVmEnV+lf1C7lDTnksv50SGu9wSR6J9ewDWQe9dq/2+FXz90OzsuuHYwmu8wQ4n4CM6+II9dJnNd5zgFD+8pffT++X9vnT1ak7zCjeWd3YBvpadag==</latexit>

(12)

x<latexit sha1_base64="HA6BPTQP3UBB+d9iHJHQ4r2LiZk=">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</latexit>

y

<latexit sha1_base64="ADnGsQtcomAbrlTQt0snNnnV3IQ=">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</latexit>

r

<latexit sha1_base64="7UIp2xsOnAsSXwKDOoBrzyEgGF8=">AAAC9nicjVJNS8NAEH2N399Vj16CRfBUUhX0WPTi0YKtQi2SpGtdmiZhsymW4i/wqldv4tW/4z/Qmz/B2XEVPxDdkM3bN/MmM7MTpJHMtOc9FpyR0bHxicmp6ZnZufmF4uJSI0tyFYp6mESJOg78TEQyFnUtdSSOUyX8XhCJo6C7Z+xHfaEymcSHepCKVs/vxPJMhr4mqqZOiyWv7PFyf4KKBSXYdZAUX3CCNhKEyNGDQAxNOIKPjJ4mKvCQEtfCkDhFSLJd4BLTpM3JS5CHT2yX9g6dmpaN6WxiZqwO6S8RvYqULtZIk5CfImz+5rI958iG/S32kGOa3Ab0DWysHrEa58T+pXv3/K/O1KJxhh2uQVJNKTOmutBGybkrJnP3U1WaIqTEGdwmuyIcsvK9zy5rMq7d9NZn+xN7GtacQ+ub49lmKdDnqIOP7Id8h5LsKfdyQEjTzrdEI1H5PgA/QWOjXNkse7WtUnXXDsckVrCKdZqAbVSxjwPUOZsrXOPGuXBunTvn/s3VKVjNMr4s5+EV1lybOA==</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="oMWpbHW/73RUgpyF2ZqjqN+mpCA=">AAAC+3icjVLBbtNAEH1xgZZQIMCRi0WE1FPkABIco3LhWCSSVkqqynY2yVLHtux1pCjKP/RartwQ134MfwC3fkLfTjdV26iia3n99s288czsRHmiSxMEf2rexoOHjza3HtefbD999rzx4mWvzKoiVt04S7LiIApLlehUdY02iTrICxVOo0TtR8efrX1/popSZ+k3M8/V4TQcp3qk49CQ6g3MRJnwqNEMWoEsfx20HWjCrb2scY4BhsgQo8IUCikMcYIQJZ8+2giQkzvEglxBpMWusESd2opeih4h2WPuY576jk15tjFLUcf8S8K3oNLHW2oy+hXE9m++2CuJbNm7Yi8kps1tzm/kYk3JGkzI/k+38ryvztZiMMInqUGzplwYW13solTSFZu5f60qwwg5OYuHtBfEsShXffZFU0rttreh2P+Kp2XtOXa+Ff65LBVmEnV+lf1C7lDTnksv50SGu9wSR6J9ewDWQe9dq/2+FXz90OzsuuHYwmu8wQ4n4CM6+II9dJnNd5zgFD+8pffT++X9vnT1ak7zCjeWd3YBvpadag==</latexit>

x = r cos ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="iEUrtxMHm2EsciY7SRWG265yVO4=">AAADAnicjVI9T9xAEH04JOEjHweUNBYnpFQnXxIpNEiINJQgcYDEnSJ7WWCFz3bWa5TTiY7/kDZp00Vp+SP8A+j4CXk7WRAJipK1vH77Zt54ZnayKje1S5LLiejR5OMnT6emZ2afPX/xsjU3v1OXjVW6p8q8tHtZWuvcFLrnjMv1XmV1OsxyvZudvPf23VNta1MW225U6cEwPSrMoVGpIzX4tGr7qqz77li79EOrnXQSWfFD0A2gjbA2y9YN+jhACYUGQ2gUcMQ5UtR89tFFgorcAGNylsiIXeMMM9Q29NL0SMmecD/iaT+wBc8+Zi1qxb/kfC2VMZapKelnif3fYrE3Etmzf4s9lpg+txG/WYg1JOtwTPZfulvP/9X5WhwOsSI1GNZUCeOrUyFKI13xmcf3qnKMUJHz+IB2S6xEedvnWDS11O57m4r9Sjw9688q+Da4DllqnErU0V32Y7lDQ3slvRwROe5ySxyJ7p8D8BDsvO5033SSrbfttfUwHFNYxBJecQLeYQ0b2ESP2XzEZ3zB1+g8+hZ9j378co0mgmYBv63o4icH/aB4</latexit>

(13)

x<latexit sha1_base64="HA6BPTQP3UBB+d9iHJHQ4r2LiZk=">AAAC9nicjVJNS8NAEH3G7++qRy/BIngqiQp6FL14bMFqQUWSdFuXpklINqWh+Au86tWbePXv+A/05k9wdtyKH4huyObtm3mTmdnxk1BmynGeRqzRsfGJyanpmdm5+YXF0tLycRbnaSDqQRzGacP3MhHKSNSVVKFoJKnwun4oTvzOgbaf9ESayTg6UkUizrteO5ItGXiKqFr/olR2Kg4v+ydwDSjDrGpcesUZmogRIEcXAhEU4RAeMnpO4cJBQtw5BsSlhCTbBa4wQ9qcvAR5eMR2aG/T6dSwEZ11zIzVAf0lpDclpY110sTklxLWf7PZnnNkzf4We8AxdW4FfX0Tq0uswiWxf+mGnv/V6VoUWtjlGiTVlDCjqwtMlJy7ojO3P1WlKEJCnMZNsqeEA1YO+2yzJuPadW89tj+zp2b1OTC+OV5MlgI9jlp8ZD/gO5RkT7iXBSFFO98SjYT7fQB+guPNirtVcWrb5b19MxxTWMUaNmgCdrCHQ1RR52yucYNbq2/dWffWw7urNWI0K/iyrMc35cibPg==</latexit>

y

<latexit sha1_base64="ADnGsQtcomAbrlTQt0snNnnV3IQ=">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</latexit>

r

<latexit sha1_base64="7UIp2xsOnAsSXwKDOoBrzyEgGF8=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="oMWpbHW/73RUgpyF2ZqjqN+mpCA=">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</latexit>

x = r cos ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="iEUrtxMHm2EsciY7SRWG265yVO4=">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</latexit>

y = r sin ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="FLSFl8OgX1eHh8XrB3DRpt0td5c=">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</latexit>

(14)

x<latexit sha1_base64="HA6BPTQP3UBB+d9iHJHQ4r2LiZk=">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</latexit>

y

<latexit sha1_base64="ADnGsQtcomAbrlTQt0snNnnV3IQ=">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</latexit>

r

<latexit sha1_base64="7UIp2xsOnAsSXwKDOoBrzyEgGF8=">AAAC9nicjVJNS8NAEH2N399Vj16CRfBUUhX0WPTi0YKtQi2SpGtdmiZhsymW4i/wqldv4tW/4z/Qmz/B2XEVPxDdkM3bN/MmM7MTpJHMtOc9FpyR0bHxicmp6ZnZufmF4uJSI0tyFYp6mESJOg78TEQyFnUtdSSOUyX8XhCJo6C7Z+xHfaEymcSHepCKVs/vxPJMhr4mqqZOiyWv7PFyf4KKBSXYdZAUX3CCNhKEyNGDQAxNOIKPjJ4mKvCQEtfCkDhFSLJd4BLTpM3JS5CHT2yX9g6dmpaN6WxiZqwO6S8RvYqULtZIk5CfImz+5rI958iG/S32kGOa3Ab0DWysHrEa58T+pXv3/K/O1KJxhh2uQVJNKTOmutBGybkrJnP3U1WaIqTEGdwmuyIcsvK9zy5rMq7d9NZn+xN7GtacQ+ub49lmKdDnqIOP7Id8h5LsKfdyQEjTzrdEI1H5PgA/QWOjXNkse7WtUnXXDsckVrCKdZqAbVSxjwPUOZsrXOPGuXBunTvn/s3VKVjNMr4s5+EV1lybOA==</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="oMWpbHW/73RUgpyF2ZqjqN+mpCA=">AAAC+3icjVLBbtNAEH1xgZZQIMCRi0WE1FPkABIco3LhWCSSVkqqynY2yVLHtux1pCjKP/RartwQ134MfwC3fkLfTjdV26iia3n99s288czsRHmiSxMEf2rexoOHjza3HtefbD999rzx4mWvzKoiVt04S7LiIApLlehUdY02iTrICxVOo0TtR8efrX1/popSZ+k3M8/V4TQcp3qk49CQ6g3MRJnwqNEMWoEsfx20HWjCrb2scY4BhsgQo8IUCikMcYIQJZ8+2giQkzvEglxBpMWusESd2opeih4h2WPuY576jk15tjFLUcf8S8K3oNLHW2oy+hXE9m++2CuJbNm7Yi8kps1tzm/kYk3JGkzI/k+38ryvztZiMMInqUGzplwYW13solTSFZu5f60qwwg5OYuHtBfEsShXffZFU0rttreh2P+Kp2XtOXa+Ff65LBVmEnV+lf1C7lDTnksv50SGu9wSR6J9ewDWQe9dq/2+FXz90OzsuuHYwmu8wQ4n4CM6+II9dJnNd5zgFD+8pffT++X9vnT1ak7zCjeWd3YBvpadag==</latexit>

x = r cos ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="iEUrtxMHm2EsciY7SRWG265yVO4=">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</latexit>

y = r sin ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="FLSFl8OgX1eHh8XrB3DRpt0td5c=">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</latexit>

r<latexit sha1_base64="fWAe7a2GRrHwICXqOBj4AZb7j+I=">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</latexit> 2 = x2 + y2

(15)

x<latexit sha1_base64="HA6BPTQP3UBB+d9iHJHQ4r2LiZk=">AAAC9nicjVJNS8NAEH3G7++qRy/BIngqiQp6FL14bMFqQUWSdFuXpklINqWh+Au86tWbePXv+A/05k9wdtyKH4huyObtm3mTmdnxk1BmynGeRqzRsfGJyanpmdm5+YXF0tLycRbnaSDqQRzGacP3MhHKSNSVVKFoJKnwun4oTvzOgbaf9ESayTg6UkUizrteO5ItGXiKqFr/olR2Kg4v+ydwDSjDrGpcesUZmogRIEcXAhEU4RAeMnpO4cJBQtw5BsSlhCTbBa4wQ9qcvAR5eMR2aG/T6dSwEZ11zIzVAf0lpDclpY110sTklxLWf7PZnnNkzf4We8AxdW4FfX0Tq0uswiWxf+mGnv/V6VoUWtjlGiTVlDCjqwtMlJy7ojO3P1WlKEJCnMZNsqeEA1YO+2yzJuPadW89tj+zp2b1OTC+OV5MlgI9jlp8ZD/gO5RkT7iXBSFFO98SjYT7fQB+guPNirtVcWrb5b19MxxTWMUaNmgCdrCHQ1RR52yucYNbq2/dWffWw7urNWI0K/iyrMc35cibPg==</latexit>

y

<latexit sha1_base64="ADnGsQtcomAbrlTQt0snNnnV3IQ=">AAAC9nicjVJNS8NAEH3Gr/pd9eglWARPJVVBj0UvHluwVahFkritS9MkJJtiKP4Cr3r1Jl79O/4DvfkTnB1XUYvohmzevpk3mZkdLw5kqhznacwan5icmi7MzM7NLywuFZdXmmmUJb5o+FEQJSeem4pAhqKhpArESZwIt+8F4tjrHWj78UAkqYzCI5XHot13u6HsSN9VRNXzs2LJKTu87FFQMaAEs2pR8RWnOEcEHxn6EAihCAdwkdLTQgUOYuLaGBKXEJJsF7jCLGkz8hLk4RLbo71Lp5ZhQzrrmCmrffpLQG9CShsbpInILyGs/2azPePImv0t9pBj6txy+nomVp9YhQti/9J9eP5Xp2tR6GCPa5BUU8yMrs43UTLuis7c/lKVoggxcRqfkz0h7LPyo882a1KuXffWZfsze2pWn33jm+HFZCkw4Kj5Z/ZDvkNJ9ph7mRNStPMt0UhUfg7AKGhulSvbZae+U6rum+EoYA3r2KQJ2EUVh6ihwdlc4wa31qV1Z91bD++u1pjRrOLbsh7fAOhamz8=</latexit>

r

<latexit sha1_base64="7UIp2xsOnAsSXwKDOoBrzyEgGF8=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="oMWpbHW/73RUgpyF2ZqjqN+mpCA=">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</latexit>

x = r cos ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="iEUrtxMHm2EsciY7SRWG265yVO4=">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</latexit>

y = r sin ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="FLSFl8OgX1eHh8XrB3DRpt0td5c=">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</latexit>

r<latexit sha1_base64="fWAe7a2GRrHwICXqOBj4AZb7j+I=">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</latexit> 2 = x2 + y2 r = p

x2 + y2

<latexit sha1_base64="mFSXM/lHQZXuEK1ufeXdCc8ENfc=">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</latexit>

(16)

x<latexit sha1_base64="HA6BPTQP3UBB+d9iHJHQ4r2LiZk=">AAAC9nicjVJNS8NAEH3G7++qRy/BIngqiQp6FL14bMFqQUWSdFuXpklINqWh+Au86tWbePXv+A/05k9wdtyKH4huyObtm3mTmdnxk1BmynGeRqzRsfGJyanpmdm5+YXF0tLycRbnaSDqQRzGacP3MhHKSNSVVKFoJKnwun4oTvzOgbaf9ESayTg6UkUizrteO5ItGXiKqFr/olR2Kg4v+ydwDSjDrGpcesUZmogRIEcXAhEU4RAeMnpO4cJBQtw5BsSlhCTbBa4wQ9qcvAR5eMR2aG/T6dSwEZ11zIzVAf0lpDclpY110sTklxLWf7PZnnNkzf4We8AxdW4FfX0Tq0uswiWxf+mGnv/V6VoUWtjlGiTVlDCjqwtMlJy7ojO3P1WlKEJCnMZNsqeEA1YO+2yzJuPadW89tj+zp2b1OTC+OV5MlgI9jlp8ZD/gO5RkT7iXBSFFO98SjYT7fQB+guPNirtVcWrb5b19MxxTWMUaNmgCdrCHQ1RR52yucYNbq2/dWffWw7urNWI0K/iyrMc35cibPg==</latexit>

y

<latexit sha1_base64="ADnGsQtcomAbrlTQt0snNnnV3IQ=">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</latexit>

r

<latexit sha1_base64="7UIp2xsOnAsSXwKDOoBrzyEgGF8=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="oMWpbHW/73RUgpyF2ZqjqN+mpCA=">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</latexit>

x = r cos ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="iEUrtxMHm2EsciY7SRWG265yVO4=">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</latexit>

y = r sin ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="FLSFl8OgX1eHh8XrB3DRpt0td5c=">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</latexit>

r<latexit sha1_base64="fWAe7a2GRrHwICXqOBj4AZb7j+I=">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</latexit> 2 = x2 + y2 r = p

x2 + y2

<latexit sha1_base64="mFSXM/lHQZXuEK1ufeXdCc8ENfc=">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</latexit>

tan ✓ = y x

<latexit sha1_base64="lFRGYnnat8P+gY7+c9dY+eUs7RE=">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</latexit>

(17)

x<latexit sha1_base64="HA6BPTQP3UBB+d9iHJHQ4r2LiZk=">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</latexit>

y

<latexit sha1_base64="ADnGsQtcomAbrlTQt0snNnnV3IQ=">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</latexit>

r

<latexit sha1_base64="7UIp2xsOnAsSXwKDOoBrzyEgGF8=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="oMWpbHW/73RUgpyF2ZqjqN+mpCA=">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</latexit>

x = r cos ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="iEUrtxMHm2EsciY7SRWG265yVO4=">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</latexit>

y = r sin ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="FLSFl8OgX1eHh8XrB3DRpt0td5c=">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</latexit>

r<latexit sha1_base64="fWAe7a2GRrHwICXqOBj4AZb7j+I=">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</latexit> 2 = x2 + y2 r = p

x2 + y2

<latexit sha1_base64="mFSXM/lHQZXuEK1ufeXdCc8ENfc=">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</latexit>

tan ✓ = y x

<latexit sha1_base64="lFRGYnnat8P+gY7+c9dY+eUs7RE=">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</latexit>

✓ = arctan ⇣ y x

<latexit sha1_base64="qruMrD7WrwjhEzSwjhdkaxxhPKs=">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</latexit>

(18)

x<latexit sha1_base64="HA6BPTQP3UBB+d9iHJHQ4r2LiZk=">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</latexit>

y

<latexit sha1_base64="ADnGsQtcomAbrlTQt0snNnnV3IQ=">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</latexit>

r

<latexit sha1_base64="7UIp2xsOnAsSXwKDOoBrzyEgGF8=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="oMWpbHW/73RUgpyF2ZqjqN+mpCA=">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</latexit>

x = r cos ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="iEUrtxMHm2EsciY7SRWG265yVO4=">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</latexit>

y = r sin ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="FLSFl8OgX1eHh8XrB3DRpt0td5c=">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</latexit>

r<latexit sha1_base64="fWAe7a2GRrHwICXqOBj4AZb7j+I=">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</latexit> 2 = x2 + y2 r = p

x2 + y2

<latexit sha1_base64="mFSXM/lHQZXuEK1ufeXdCc8ENfc=">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</latexit>

tan ✓ = y x

<latexit sha1_base64="lFRGYnnat8P+gY7+c9dY+eUs7RE=">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</latexit>

✓ = arctan ⇣ y x

<latexit sha1_base64="qruMrD7WrwjhEzSwjhdkaxxhPKs=">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</latexit>

x<latexit sha1_base64="CqmjzSUxxjGGlkiWVDqIet9p89Q=">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</latexit> 0 si

(19)

x<latexit sha1_base64="HA6BPTQP3UBB+d9iHJHQ4r2LiZk=">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</latexit>

y

<latexit sha1_base64="ADnGsQtcomAbrlTQt0snNnnV3IQ=">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</latexit>

r

<latexit sha1_base64="7UIp2xsOnAsSXwKDOoBrzyEgGF8=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="oMWpbHW/73RUgpyF2ZqjqN+mpCA=">AAAC+3icjVLBbtNAEH1xgZZQIMCRi0WE1FPkABIco3LhWCSSVkqqynY2yVLHtux1pCjKP/RartwQ134MfwC3fkLfTjdV26iia3n99s288czsRHmiSxMEf2rexoOHjza3HtefbD999rzx4mWvzKoiVt04S7LiIApLlehUdY02iTrICxVOo0TtR8efrX1/popSZ+k3M8/V4TQcp3qk49CQ6g3MRJnwqNEMWoEsfx20HWjCrb2scY4BhsgQo8IUCikMcYIQJZ8+2giQkzvEglxBpMWusESd2opeih4h2WPuY576jk15tjFLUcf8S8K3oNLHW2oy+hXE9m++2CuJbNm7Yi8kps1tzm/kYk3JGkzI/k+38ryvztZiMMInqUGzplwYW13solTSFZu5f60qwwg5OYuHtBfEsShXffZFU0rttreh2P+Kp2XtOXa+Ff65LBVmEnV+lf1C7lDTnksv50SGu9wSR6J9ewDWQe9dq/2+FXz90OzsuuHYwmu8wQ4n4CM6+II9dJnNd5zgFD+8pffT++X9vnT1ak7zCjeWd3YBvpadag==</latexit>

x = r cos ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="iEUrtxMHm2EsciY7SRWG265yVO4=">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</latexit>

y = r sin ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="FLSFl8OgX1eHh8XrB3DRpt0td5c=">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</latexit>

r<latexit sha1_base64="fWAe7a2GRrHwICXqOBj4AZb7j+I=">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</latexit> 2 = x2 + y2 r = p

x2 + y2

<latexit sha1_base64="mFSXM/lHQZXuEK1ufeXdCc8ENfc=">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</latexit>

tan ✓ = y x

<latexit sha1_base64="lFRGYnnat8P+gY7+c9dY+eUs7RE=">AAADDXicjVLLbtRAEKyYR0J4LSBx4WKxQuK08hIkuCBFcOEYJDaJlI2i8WQ2GcVrW+NxFMvsN/APXOHKDXHlG/gDuPEJ1DQTBEQIxvK4prqr3d3TeV3YxmfZ56Xk3PkLF5dXLq1evnL12vXBjZubTdU6bSa6Kiq3navGFLY0E299YbZrZ9Q8L8xWfvQs2LeOjWtsVb70XW125+qgtDOrlSe1N7g99aqc+kPj1ZPpzCndd4v+ZLE3GGajTFZ6FowjGCKujWrwDVPso4JGizkMSnjiAgoNnx2MkaEmt4uenCOyYjdYYJXall6GHorsEfcDnnYiW/IcYjai1vxLwddRmeIeNRX9HHH4Wyr2ViIH9m+xe4kZcuv4zWOsOVmPQ7L/0p16/q8u1OIxw2OpwbKmWphQnY5RWulKyDz9pSrPCDW5gPdpd8RalKd9TkXTSO2ht0rsX8QzsOGso2+LrzFLg2OJ2v3Mvpc7tLTX0suOyHOXW+JIjP8cgLNg88FovDbKXjwcrj+Nw7GCO7iL+5yAR1jHc2xgwmxe4Q3e4l3yOnmffEg+/nBNlqLmFn5byafvTWSk8A==</latexit>

✓ = arctan ⇣ y x

<latexit sha1_base64="qruMrD7WrwjhEzSwjhdkaxxhPKs=">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</latexit>

✓ = arctan ⇣ y x

⌘ + ⇡

<latexit sha1_base64="ipGQ3QMlADbujFmGkT5G7EX4518=">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</latexit>

x<latexit sha1_base64="CqmjzSUxxjGGlkiWVDqIet9p89Q=">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</latexit> 0 si

(20)

x<latexit sha1_base64="HA6BPTQP3UBB+d9iHJHQ4r2LiZk=">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</latexit>

y

<latexit sha1_base64="ADnGsQtcomAbrlTQt0snNnnV3IQ=">AAAC9nicjVJNS8NAEH3Gr/pd9eglWARPJVVBj0UvHluwVahFkritS9MkJJtiKP4Cr3r1Jl79O/4DvfkTnB1XUYvohmzevpk3mZkdLw5kqhznacwan5icmi7MzM7NLywuFZdXmmmUJb5o+FEQJSeem4pAhqKhpArESZwIt+8F4tjrHWj78UAkqYzCI5XHot13u6HsSN9VRNXzs2LJKTu87FFQMaAEs2pR8RWnOEcEHxn6EAihCAdwkdLTQgUOYuLaGBKXEJJsF7jCLGkz8hLk4RLbo71Lp5ZhQzrrmCmrffpLQG9CShsbpInILyGs/2azPePImv0t9pBj6txy+nomVp9YhQti/9J9eP5Xp2tR6GCPa5BUU8yMrs43UTLuis7c/lKVoggxcRqfkz0h7LPyo882a1KuXffWZfsze2pWn33jm+HFZCkw4Kj5Z/ZDvkNJ9ph7mRNStPMt0UhUfg7AKGhulSvbZae+U6rum+EoYA3r2KQJ2EUVh6ihwdlc4wa31qV1Z91bD++u1pjRrOLbsh7fAOhamz8=</latexit>

r

<latexit sha1_base64="7UIp2xsOnAsSXwKDOoBrzyEgGF8=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="oMWpbHW/73RUgpyF2ZqjqN+mpCA=">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</latexit>

x = r cos ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="iEUrtxMHm2EsciY7SRWG265yVO4=">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</latexit>

y = r sin ✓

<latexit sha1_base64="FLSFl8OgX1eHh8XrB3DRpt0td5c=">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</latexit>

r<latexit sha1_base64="fWAe7a2GRrHwICXqOBj4AZb7j+I=">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</latexit> 2 = x2 + y2 r = p

x2 + y2

<latexit sha1_base64="mFSXM/lHQZXuEK1ufeXdCc8ENfc=">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</latexit>

tan ✓ = y x

<latexit sha1_base64="lFRGYnnat8P+gY7+c9dY+eUs7RE=">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</latexit>

✓ = arctan ⇣ y x

<latexit sha1_base64="qruMrD7WrwjhEzSwjhdkaxxhPKs=">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</latexit>

✓ = arctan ⇣ y x

⌘ + ⇡

<latexit sha1_base64="ipGQ3QMlADbujFmGkT5G7EX4518=">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</latexit>

x<latexit sha1_base64="CqmjzSUxxjGGlkiWVDqIet9p89Q=">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</latexit> 0 si

x <<latexit sha1_base64="cQH+0IONzV2JTlIzbNz8pPqU/gQ=">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</latexit> 0 si

(21)
(22)

plan cartésien

(23)

plan cartésien plan polaire

(24)

plan cartésien plan polaire

(25)

plan cartésien plan polaire

(26)

plan cartésien plan polaire 1 < x < 1

<latexit sha1_base64="eLN5nXcirXB7lc6AUpvXLqZlddQ=">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</latexit>

(27)

plan cartésien plan polaire 1 < x < 1

<latexit sha1_base64="eLN5nXcirXB7lc6AUpvXLqZlddQ=">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</latexit>

1 < y < 1

<latexit sha1_base64="aVjvtCGR9i1Gz0yo8/2833fGn7g=">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</latexit>

(28)

plan cartésien plan polaire 1 < x < 1

<latexit sha1_base64="eLN5nXcirXB7lc6AUpvXLqZlddQ=">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</latexit>

1 < y < 1

<latexit sha1_base64="aVjvtCGR9i1Gz0yo8/2833fGn7g=">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</latexit>

0<latexit sha1_base64="rosckR68qzTRWtScWKQDgrg1xhk=">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</latexit>  r < 1

(29)

plan cartésien plan polaire 1 < x < 1

<latexit sha1_base64="eLN5nXcirXB7lc6AUpvXLqZlddQ=">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</latexit>

1 < y < 1

<latexit sha1_base64="aVjvtCGR9i1Gz0yo8/2833fGn7g=">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</latexit> 0  ✓ < 2⇡<latexit sha1_base64="VrO14SMbwEnnbiRlXR9KgoyINFU=">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</latexit>

0<latexit sha1_base64="rosckR68qzTRWtScWKQDgrg1xhk=">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</latexit>  r < 1

(30)
(31)

dx<latexit sha1_base64="04sGZVEbtthbG6zjtHPZS/cJILQ=">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</latexit>

(32)

dx<latexit sha1_base64="04sGZVEbtthbG6zjtHPZS/cJILQ=">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</latexit>

dy<latexit sha1_base64="CrCoOs5W3zo05ogWP67EdjT+JoU=">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</latexit>

(33)

dA<latexit sha1_base64="3fDvLflcrYK3QXuBg6CIAk07ysc=">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</latexit> = dxdy

dx<latexit sha1_base64="04sGZVEbtthbG6zjtHPZS/cJILQ=">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</latexit>

dy<latexit sha1_base64="CrCoOs5W3zo05ogWP67EdjT+JoU=">AAAC93icjVI9T9xAEH0YSICEcCRlGotTpFQnHyCREkFDCVHuDglQZPv2YIXPtuw1knXiH9BCS4fS8nP4B9DxE3g7LIgPIbKW12/fzBvPzE6UJ7o0QXA15o1PTH74ODU98+nz7Je5xvzXbplVRaw6cZZkxXYUlirRqeoYbRK1nRcqHEaJ6kWH69beO1JFqbP0j6lztTcM91M90HFoSP3u138bzaAVyPJfg7YDTbi1mTVusYs+MsSoMIRCCkOcIETJZwdtBMjJ7WFEriDSYlc4xgy1Fb0UPUKyh9z3edpxbMqzjVmKOuZfEr4FlT5+UJPRryC2f/PFXklky74VeyQxbW41v5GLNSRrcED2Pd2D5//qbC0GA/ySGjRryoWx1cUuSiVdsZn7T6oyjJCTs7hPe0Eci/Khz75oSqnd9jYU+7V4WtaeY+db4cZlqXAkUevH7Edyh5r2XHpZExnuckscifbLAXgNuout9lIr2Fpurq654ZjCdyzgJydgBavYwCY6zGaAE5zizKu9c+/C+3fv6o05zTc8W97lHQ/Wm60=</latexit>

(34)

dA<latexit sha1_base64="3fDvLflcrYK3QXuBg6CIAk07ysc=">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</latexit> = dxdy

dx<latexit sha1_base64="04sGZVEbtthbG6zjtHPZS/cJILQ=">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</latexit>

dy<latexit sha1_base64="CrCoOs5W3zo05ogWP67EdjT+JoU=">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</latexit>

Références

Documents relatifs

Les techniques les plus utilisées pour résoudre les problèmes de programmation stochastique sont les méthodes d’approximation stochastique[6] et les méthodes

Téléchargé sur https://maths-pdf.fr - Maths Pdf sur Youtube Exercice de maths en terminale. Probabilité et loi

Téléchargé sur https://maths-pdf.fr - Maths Pdf sur Youtube Exercice de maths en terminale. Probabilité et loi

Téléchargé sur https://maths-pdf.fr - Maths Pdf sur Youtube Exercice de maths en terminale. Probabilité et loi

Téléchargé sur https://maths-pdf.fr - Maths Pdf sur Youtube Exercice de maths en terminale. Probabilité et loi

Téléchargé sur https://maths-pdf.fr - Maths Pdf sur Youtube Exercice de maths en terminale. Probabilité et loi

Téléchargé sur https://maths-pdf.fr - Maths Pdf sur Youtube Exercice de maths en terminale. Probabilité et loi

Téléchargé sur https://maths-pdf.fr - Maths Pdf sur Youtube Exercice de maths en terminale. Probabilité et loi