Consultative workshops on land policy in Africa : Key massages and recommendations

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Afr'iCM0..I'~.l8t'da.. ^EcOI^iOI'IiCCornn'.eion

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Consultative Workshops on Land Policy in Africa:

Key Messages and Recommendations

- - ®

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o AUC·ECA.AIDBConsortium. lOIO

Add~AbalM..Ethiopia

All rightsreserved

FiBt printing February 2011

~bteria.lin thispublication maybefrttlyquoted or reprintedAdnowIN~Jtmltis mJUC'StN.togrtherwithacopyof thepubl.katlon.

EdltNanddnipxd bytheECAPublicationsandConfnmu Mmlgetnmt S«tioo (PCMS),

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Consultative Workshop on Land Policy

in Central ' Africa

Summary of K ey Messages and Recomm endations of t he Consultative Workshop

Ya o u nd e ,Cameroon Au gu st 6 - 8,2008

I. Introduction

LandissuesVC'causing~ingconcern to government the prtvatesec- tor,Iarmers'organizatIOnsandcivil soddyorpniutionsinCentralAfrica.

andlhtsameapplin fordtvdopmmt partners....'Wking in this region.1M needto promoee_sust~~useofthesubsuntialfornl resources,togu.ar•

amee national and forrign prtsate Investments,and meneedto _~1M impact offorc ed dispbcnnmlofpeoplemulting from armed coefhctsin theregion justifies.among othe rconsiderations, therenewedInterestofthe Central African Statesin developingandimplemen ungland refo rm s.

The Con sort iu mcomprising the African Union(AU), the- Eco no mic Com- mission for Africa (ECAl and the African Development Bank (AlD B) launched a jointland policyin itiative in 2006.'Ibe launchof aconti nen tal initiativefocusing on theland issue is justified bythe fact thai sustainable development in themain arrasof Interest in Africa cannotsucceed without tackling and dfrctivelydealing withthe land question,whichunderliesmost

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k.Olad.c:...p.o..oa-~ellc...p.~ G - L ~_ _T_.-t~

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of the- problems. The aimof th is initiative isto help the States to re-think thei r land policies in line with their national realities, and to ens ure that theyereC'1f«tr."d)"andc1ficimtlyimpleme n ted. Thecurrent issues in\'Ohin g

nt'WUndpolicies inAfricainclude consolidationofpeace. wsuinableuse0(

noIturalresocrces,

promoc:ion

ofeconomicgrowthand

pocerry

reduction.

The w-..J policytmnenve in Africahasbeendn'dopN inclosecoUabon.- tionWlth1M Rcgjon.tlEconom.ic Commu nities.11isbasedon a mulu-sctoe approadtin,.,hkhregionalconsultauonsarcheld.Im'ohingrepresentauves oithe Stiltcs.civi.I socidJandfarmers'orpnizations.traditional author'itin, the- privatesector,centresofexcellenceanddevelopmentpartntts.Through this consultative process, the AU-ECA -AIDB consortium isencouraging consensuson:

i. major land tenure problem s andspeci ficities ineach regio n;

ii. making an inventoryofland policyformulation and Implementa- lion processes;

iii, lesson sthat canbedrawnfrom these experien ces"aswell asna- tiona lor localgoodpeacuceswhichare worth sharing.Resultsof allthe regionalconsultationswillen rich the process ofdevelop- ing a framework and guidelineson land policyin Africa.

Far from cbiming to standardizelandpolidnat the continent.1.lk\Tl. the land policy framework and guidelines aim to make the appropriate ap- proachesand toolsavailabk toAfricanStat~thus nublingthem to<kvdop and unpIemmtnoItionalbndpolianthat areadaptedtoIht'ir rwionalreah- tin,fC'SpC'C1theneedtoprotect the environment andtha taregeart'dtowards tM df«tn.'e rnliutionofaspirationsto economic_~'th and povertyre- dlK1KHL.Theplannedlandpobc}'ftamtwOrk and guiddinn wiU culminate inthe-devdopmmtofmarhrsandindkaton thatwillenable the SUtcs to carTy outeffectivemonnonngand eva.luation oftheir progressin implementing their nationalland policiesandLa",,"S.

The rrgiona.l consuh auwworkshopon lan d policy inCentralAfrica. held in Yaoundt. Cameroo n from 6 to 8 August 2008.brought together about 100participantsfrom eight countries inCe ntral Africa.and from other reo glens of the co ntinen t. TheCen tral Africa workshop isthe fourth of this kindorganized bytheco nso rt ium. afterthe ones held inwlndhoek(Namib- ia.in August 2007)for _Sou~hernAfrica.Kigali (Rwand a. in January2008) for Eastern Africa.andin Ouagado ugou (Burki na Paso, in April 2008)for Western Africa.Theconsuhatfve workshopfor North Africa. scheduledfor September 2008 illend the pha.seofregionalconsultiltions and provide tMconsortfum iththe-necessary informationto begin drafting the African

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land policy frame workandguidelines. which will bemade available to the Statesand institu tions workingtowardseconomic and regionalintegration in the continent.

II. Key conclusions and recommendations from the Central Africa consultative workshop

2.1. The initiative

Participantsat the regional consultativeworkshopfor Centra lAfrica received informationon therationale foran African continental land policyinitiative andlearned about theobjectives.the approach and thecurrentstatusofthe AU-ECA-AfDB jointinitiativeon land policyin Africa.Theworksho p participants generally feltthatthis init iativewasimportantforthe Sta tes in the region.especiallyfor thosethat arecurren tly preparin gtocarry outreforms ontheir national landpolicies andlaws. The workshop participantswere of the viewthat appropriate land policies that areeffectively implementedin theCentral African States area prerequis iteforthe preser vation and consolidationofpeace in the region. the successfulachievementof food security andpovertyredu ction.as well as for effective natural resourcemanagement.

especially forests.Similarly.soun d land policiesare considered indispens- able for economicgrowth and sustainable development.The parti cipants asked theconsort ium to:

• Ensurethat beyond its consultativeappro ach.theinitiative be de- velopedasa truly participatory process;

• Getcommitmen tsfrom theStates in the region to join in the ongoing processand support those who reques t assistance in the reform of their landpoliciesand laws.

• Increase the involvement of development partners, including those workinginthe field of education.

2.2. Mainproblemsin land tenure

Thebackground report for the consultativeworkshop highlightedthe spe- cificcontext ofland problems in CentralAfrica.Thesearecharacte rizedby a numberofdifferent ecologicalcontexts(densely forested areas.savannah ) andbythe availabilityof vast na tural resources (forests. water.miner als ).

The report also described the region's complex colonial past which was characterized by French. Belgian.Portuguese. German and Span ish colo-

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niution.sometimes occurring succrui"ny in a single country.'Ibe region

is also knmm for its tensions andco nfl kts, some countries are in a post- contlKtsituation.

1Mlandproblmlsjdennfiedin tbe_~onartmany and dive rse.Thefollow- mghst...itKhisbyno means nhaustiw.incl ud esSOffit'of the-prob&mu:

Sovttrignryofthe-State0\'('1"land.especiallyinthe- rural arus;

• the role and place of omomary practices in landmarugnJl('n~

Therights of indigenous peopleand forestnomads;

• Insecurity oftenu re among local populations,

• Expropriation of land for mining orpublic ...orks,

Populauon grm....th and unequal population distribution. \..';Ih certain areas being overcrowded, such as the- coastal areas and major urban centres,

land planning and sustainable urban development,

• Finding a linkbetween land management and the management offorestecosysreme

Gend er and land.including the' statusofwome-n. the youth and the- rlde-rty;

• land and climatechange...

In addition to the-problems sdennfiedin thebackground report.theworkshop demonstrated thatthe following esues should abo be co ns idered as majorlandprobkmsin the rc-gion.orshouldat

Insl

be better documented.

1hC'gmdn^dimmskmina("Cn.sto

land:

Und probkmsCOCUlC'Cted 10 mining and hydroarboru;

ConstraintsoflandandnaturalresourceUSC'connected10 lbeis-- sue-oflandminnin pcst-coofbctcocntrtes,

~irthodsofsecuringprivalC'Investmentandpeople'srightsin the contestof legal pluralism and uncertainty in land tenure.

Pel le....ing the- group ...ork, itemerged tha t the issues brio... were viewedas the 6\"C'prio ritylandproblemsinCentra lAfrica:

1--lack oflandpolicies.inapp ropriat en ess ofthe existi ng te-xts and the multiplicityof dectsjonmakingauthorities intheanaof land tenure;

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gender and land.particularlywomen'saccess to land and land owner-

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3°_capacity building needs inland tenureissues, especially forlandad- ministration staff at every level(national. regional and local);

4°· insufficient human and financial resourcesand lackofappropriate land management tools;

5°_the dominance of centralizationinland management and lack ofpar- ticipation;

2,3. Land policy dev elopment and implem entation

Discussion swere held around theconcept of landpolicyitself.Oneshould notmake the mistakeof thinking that land policiesmerelyimplythewriting by the Statesof formal document son landpolicy.Land policyformulation involvesa formal orinformalconversation bypublic authorit ieswhoexpress theirvisionand the direction in which theyintend to takepublicaction with regard to land.But beyond this conversation. the unspokenland practices and interventionsfoundin theStatessho uld alsoinform landpolicy.wheth - er directly or indirectly.While acknowledgingtheState's respon sibilityand legitimacyin ensuringland policy formulation, the workshop thought this could only besuccessfulif done using a participat or yapproach.with the effective and appropriate involvement of all non-State actors.particularly civil society.farmers'organizations,traditionalauthoriti esand the private sector.

Italsoemerged from the discussionsthat landpolicyobjectives should not only beconfined to anecono mic and fiscal perspective;theyshould include ecological. socialand cultural concern swhich,generally,affectthe mostvul- nerable land stakeholders more significan tly.

The Central Africa region is characterized by the weaknessof the overall land reformsundertaken.Very few examples in the region can therefore be set up as models that can serve as an inspiration to other States.Thelaws in placeare old and inappropriate.and land is almosttotallyowned bythe State. These laws have neitherbeen formulated nor revised usinga participatory. consultative or inclusive process.Insuch a context.the existingland policies and laws have accorded little importanceto localland management practices.and have neglected good practices and capacitiesfor land adap- tation and innovation which local land use systems haveoften proved to work. One of the consequencesof not involvinglocal actorsin the process of developing land policies and laws is that people end up with a lack of information on land policiesand laws. Withouta dear.coherent and long-term

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vWonnprding land issues,mostreforms undertakenarelimitedtospecific tntervenuons to_~only1Mmost urgent landproblnns.

1M seccessful imp&nncnu.lionofland policies and lawsishampered by weak apacity in the government in~ltutions rTSporuibkfor land man- agereent, as ,,'d] asbyinstability and institutional compartmentalization.

Decentrahzanon oflandmmagnnmt remains a major challenge: for ~ St.ltn in theregion.

'Ihe ....ell-knownlack of coordination between land legislationand othersec- toral legislanon,particularlyforestryand mining. wasnotedby the workshop.Normauve contlicts,ditficulhn in the applicationof land texts on the groundand.finally. constraints in rationaland sustainablenatural resource management ere sometimes ihe resuh.

1.... Lessons learned, challences. constraints and needs

The background study for the regional workshop highlighted tbe need for the countries of Central Africa to^hal"!'access to monitoring and evaluation mechanismsfor the tmplemeetanoeoftheir land policies andlaws. With- out such tools. itisdifficult to draw rein-ant lessons from experiencesand to avoid repeaungpast mistakes.Proposals for amethodological approach hanbeenput forward. and these deserve to bedeveloped furtherinorder for them to contribute towards the development ofreferencesand indicators liable toenableW Staresto measure progressin implementing land policy and toclarifythelandreform procnsnthey envisage.

1M worbhop noted a5nTrC'ladofhuman.materialand tiruncialresources neededtoguaranteethe succtufu.l applicationof1MeasungWIdpoIKin.

Tbese_h.n'~dnnonstBtNtheirlimitations. with particuJarregard10securmg the rightsofcertaingTOUpisuchas migrants or dealing "'ith1M sp«ificity ofaetivitinwebasanimal rearing "-hichischaracterizedb)'mobility.The

same'srtuanon applirs withregardtothecapacity to ensure Uut wnrren legal standards decreedbytbe State and local practices observedbythe majority.

can Coe-DSI. The lackofIn-depth thought on the overall situation and of a long-term strategic vision oftheland problemin CentralAfrica has beena stumblingblock to any effortsto undertake thenecessaryreformsthat could providethe appropriate respon sesto such questions,Existi ng policiesand laws, as well as adjustme n ts,beve not reversedthe speculative tende nciesof theland market. and nor hantheypromotedland governance.Theinsnt u- tionalsectorisstill characterizedbymarginalization and exclusion of local actors, particularly customary staUholders.

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In ordertopromotewellbalanceddevelopment andensure the preservation of social peace, it wou ld appear tobe crucial tosecureurban governan ce and make cert ain that pocketsof urbanmarginalityareeradicated.Likewise, women'saccesstoland and land ownershipappearsto be notonlya social equityissue,but alsoan imperative of economicdevelopment.

III. Recommend ations

3.1. Re co m m e nd at io n s on revision of the document

Make adear distinctionbetween identificationof landproblems and analysis of theirca uses and effects.

• Make an inventoryofthecurrentcontext before analyzingit.

• Analyze the land and genderproblemin greater depth.

• Takeintoaccount the Human Rights dimens ion in theland issue.

• Designatea focalpoint in each countr ywithin theregiontocor- rect,supplementand update country information.

• Generally improve theillustr ation sin the reportusingvariousex- amples from all thecountries, including thosethatare Portuguese and Spanish-speaking.

• Strengthen the comparative dimen sionin theanalysis.

• Documentmore instancesof localland usepractices.

3.2 RecommendationsfortheAU·ECA·AfDB consortium

• Develop a partnership with the relevant African institutions workingintheareaoflandin CentralAfrica.

• Encourage development partners in the region to be morein- volved in theprocess,includingthoseworking in the fieldof education.

Increasethe participat ion and build capacities of farmers'and civil societyorganizations.

• Develop adatabaseof African landexperts.

• Developand providetheStates withtoolsfor formulation aswell asmonitoringandevaluation ofland policiesand laws.

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J.J. RKommend~tionsfor the SUtes

Collaboratewiththe AfricanI..ndpolicyinitiativeSecretariatto mobilizetechnicalandfinancial ilSSi5WK~forthoseSt..tes planning 10u.ndcrtaUreforms in thrirlandpolicies<andLa~

Budgt1 for•.and_financ~ thf _formul~naodimpkmmUtionof Land pobcin fromlhtirown resources, rather thandependtng tOldyon extemal fuwKing.

• BuildSWC'S·capacitinin tbeamofnqol:ialionandimplnntn- lalionofland projc'Cband

rrosnmmes

^with^dC'Vdopmml^part^-

na>.

ut.ablish. fram",,'Of'iu for consultatio n and land observatories ....-ith monitoring and eveluano n cells at natio na l. rtgion oJ.l and contmeotalIevel.

• Ensu re thatland Issuespertainingto herders.theland right s of indigenouspeoplesandthe genderdimension in the formulation andimplementation of land policy are givendue consideration.

• FacilitateaCCeM10inform ationon landpolicies andlaws.

Buildcapacitiesofthe actors in landmanagementthrou gh initial and continuouslrain ing.

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Consultative Workshop on Land Policy in Eastern

²

Africa

Summary of Key Messages and Recomm endati ons o f th e Consultative Workshop

Kigali,Rwanda January 16.18,1008

I. Introd uct io n

Given the importance of land in economic and social development as well as ensuring peace and s«urtty.the majority of African governments have embarked on landpolicyand institutional reforms with a vtew to addressing land issues in the context of national devetopmeru.The key issues thai need to be addressed in litis context are: Securing land rights to improve livelihoods and facilitate economic development. the centralityof land in agriculture development; the importance of urban land delivery and peri- urban land development; natural resourceaccess end sustainingcommon property; property rights and environmenta lsustai nab ility;equita bleland distribution and restoringalienated land :land andgenderissues: and land and conflict.

To facilitate land policyformulation and implementationwithin the framework of NEPAD and in linewith MDGs, the Consortium of the- African Union Commission (AUC).the United NationsEconomic Commission for

% "Ow ...nnthIl",""'IbftDincludedintlw~A-nnIIlbf.-..Atria WIoortIwAfrDn lJIMolI"lIIIIllUYduufiahun~ ~ThrrIDdDok:e-...~me....~ ~Madopi- car.M.rit-.Rw.nd&,~SomIba.Sudan.~_lJPIlda.

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,.

Afnea (UNECA) and the African lkvdopmmtBank (AIDB)in collaboration with RqionalEconomic Communitin have initiated apnx~of de- vdopmS a fn.rDC""'m andguiddillnfor landpolicyin Africa. The frame- workwill be supported by8<nchnwb and w<Uca.ton for as.snsml the pnforrnm.:l' oflandpoiK'yfonnuwton and impkmmt.ltion_pnx~.II.

national.n-poD.liand conunental kvds.. lhi,pI"OCl'Uinvolvl's a ....nde nngl' 01~ronsuItatioruttw~uuended10gain_c~onthe Uy ekmmrs thai should charactenze the framework and gukidinn..'Ibe con- wlUlnTworkshop for Eastern Africa i, the second in .Iseries of rqtorul workshop!.intendedtoeng~~all tbeUy~cknin the pnxn& oflit-

\-elopmgthe framn-m and gcidelines.

II. Obj ectives and Expected Outcomes

Participants in the workshopconsisted of awi de-r ang e of stakeho lderson land Issues draw n from the EasternAfrica n region and beyond. includ ing high-level represe ntat ion from nationalgovernments. civilsociety,private sector. centres of excellence. representatives of farmers organiza tions and development partners.Discussions during the workshop wereinfo rmedby

• rqionalbackground paperbasalon the assessment ofkey land issues in the Eastern Africa.Theworbhop aimed to:

• Idmbfy the key land related ,"un that should guidC'Jinformland pohcyand institution.al reforms,

• Gain consensusonkey region-specific issue$that should enrich 1Mconl.inmu.l skdc1:onframl"''Ork:;

ldmtif)·the-

Ur

gapsandchalkngn10policyand admmu.ntiVC'

..ronn..md

Exploremechanisms for_knowted~management, lesson sharing and cap..cit}- buikling in support of land reforms. including the- role of ectors.

Recommendations from the worhhopwill be used to enrich thedraftcon- tin ental framework and guidelines of the landpolicyframework and also.1-

roedrnap for the development of relevantbenchmarksand indica tors.

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III. Key Outcome s and Recommendations

Part icipantscommended the threeinstitut ions(AVC.ECA and AIDB) for theinitiativeandcalled forthe need toengageall the stakeholdersatvariou s levelsof the process.

A. Key Land Issues in Eastern Africa

I. Part icipantsagreedthatthe seven keyissuesidentifiedin the draft backgroundpaper were relevantto East Africa.Theseare:State sovereignty over land.legalpluralism in property systems.land and natural resource degradation. security of land tenure.con- Ilict,inter-andintra-generationalequity issues.and HlV-AIDS.

2. Addi tionalissuesidentified orneedingemphasis.include:urban - ization.fand rights for women.trans-boundar ynatural resource use. pastoralism. btofuels. land taxation and land investment/ markets. sectoral linkages. land information management sys- terns.Iend fragmentation.common property use.urban in for mal sett lements.climate change. governance,resettlement/compen- sat ion/expropriation.land management.illegallandacquisition.

and issues relating to theIsland States.

3. In the group discussions.four (4) key priority issues.tenure security.land administration.land rightsforwomenand land degradation wereidentified.Other priority issuesidentified bythe respectivegroups will befurth er teased out of the proceedings document when finalised.

B. Land Policy Fonnulation and Implementation

I. The workshop recogn ised the need fornationalland policiesto take cognisance of other development strategies, including vi- sions and national developmentplans.to ensure that policiesare in linewith the goals ofthe respectivecountries.In addition,the workshop noted the need to ensureharmonisation betweenland policies and other related sectoral policies. such as:agriculture.

population. resettlement, housing.enviro nment,mining. water, investment policiesand others.

2. The workshop was informed that East African countries have taken differing approac hes and strategies in their land policy fonnulation and implementation processes, noting that post- ind ependence land policies havebeen largely In fluenced bythe legacy of colonial land policies.thedevelopm ent path chosen in

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the post-colonial period and tbe

role

of donor agencies aswell as

int1unK~from western countries,

3. Theworkshopunderscored thtfollcwtngneeds inpolicy fosmu-

!ation and_~consultation and pattJCipation of all

~nin policydi&logurand policyformuLation

rroctu-

es, Pesce andpoltticalstability;goodgmonnmcr;_~mmtof ongoingpoIJcHos;Susuinabk- fundingmechanisms; lnformation andpublic a"-arnK'SS;^SoundlandLawsinlinewiththtland policy;Human resources andcapacitybuilding;Uwolmodn-nland informationsysttms;xeedof..1m basesdocumentedbyquality research

C. Key Gaps and Challeng es in Policy fonnulationand im ple m e ntati o n proce ss es

l, The workshoppointed outthatgapsin human, im ti tution al and financialcapacities areamong the mainimpedimentstoland policy fonnulation and tmplemenranon.The pertlclpant s ide ntified the following mechanism as appropriate in address ing the key gaps tdennfied bothin the reportand atthe worksho p:capoldty buildingand human resource management;knowledge and expe- neoce exdunges; collecting and allocating linandal resources for tmpeovement oflmd managetnC'nt;creanngafundforbod policy

~mmtandunplementauonwithcontributionofcountries;

consideringgetkkrperspectoesInlandpolicyformulation and impkmmtation;anting and updatingrostersofexperts; creat- ingaITgionaJresourcecenter on Land policiesandGIS,;

1. Theworkshop recommended that the framewon. paper should includethe eeed for gowrnments 10commaat least 10%ofthe nalionalbcdget10thelandsector aswasdone for the' agricu!tunl sector,It wasfurther recommended that at the regional k\'d.a continuous coordin.atio nmechanism. spearheaded bythe

REu

forland experts,to dialogue on landissues.shouldbeset up.

D. Lessons learned in Policyformulationand implementation 1. The workshop noted lessons pointing to the need for sequenc- ing land policyformulation and implementation.theWorkshop notedthe need10 recognise that theprocessis lengthy.In ad d i- tion,the Workshop acknowled ged the needforreformsofot he r sectoral policiesandloa",,,to support land policyformul.atio n as a complementary process.

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2. While acknowledging that private ownership of land and land titling hasworked in some areas.the workshop noted that an emphasis on individualland titling has often been done at the expense of common property users. 'secondary' rights holders.

women. children.migrants. pastoralists,etc.in some areas. 3. The workshop noted that land policieshave ahigherlikelihood

of accomplishingtheirstated objectives if they arehome grown and owned. as opposed to those that areled by donorsandothers.

However. the Workshop noted the immense contribution that has/can be made by donors working in partnership with national authorities and stakeholders.

4. The involvementof civil society was noted ascritical to policy formulation and implementation processes. In this regard. the workshop emphasized the need forgenuine and inclusive consultation.

5. The workshopnoted that local institutions have a critical role to play in land administration.They emphasizedthe need to recognize and supporttrad itionalland disputeresolutionmechanisms, notin gthatthey aremoreaccessible to the poor and other mar- ginalizedsegments of society.The workshop also noted the need to reconcile customary/ind igenousand statutory land tenuresys- tems.

6. Notingthe need for integratingprocesses and institutionsin policy formu lation and implementat ion,the workshop emphasized the need for strong institutionalandhuman capacitiesto ensurea sustainable land reformprocess.

7. Given the importanceand sensitivityof landissues.political will wasidentified as an essential prerequisiteto land reformprocess- es.

8. The workshoppointed outthat a numberof bestpracticesonland policy and administration exist that could enrich the document.

The document should therefore drawfrom thisrich resource.

9. Noting that thereare a number of evolving and innovative best practices on land policyfonnulation and land administrationin the Eastern African region. which can provide good lessons to others. the workshop acknowledged the importance of knowledge management and lesson sharing as critical to supporting development.impleme ntation and monitoringofland policies.

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..

E. Monitoring,Be n ch m a rk s and indicatorsfor Land policy fonnulation and implementation

I. Theworkshop noted thenero to institute monitoringand evalc- ation mechanisms. and todevelop benchmarks and indicatorsto facilitatetheassessment of the processes and impactsof landpolicy formulationand implementation.In developingbenchmarks and indicators,efforts shouldbe madeto drawlessons from other regions.The proceu of indicator development and monitoring should include a multiplicity of stakeholdersat differentlevels.

2. Thewo rkshop notedthat monitoringis crucial tothe effective- ness and efficiency of landpolicy formu lationand implernenta-

non

^{and tha}t monitoring sptemssho uldconsider thefollowing:

identificationof the appropriateinstitutions inchargeofrnomt or- tng,includingRECs; usingextsu ng institutio ns atnanonellevel, diversification ofthe appropr iate levelsfor mon itoringactivities (local. nation al,regional) and usingpeerreviewmechanisms

F. Role ofAct ors

I. Regardingthe role of actors,the Workshoprecognizedthat different partn ershave a kC')'role to play at differentlevels inpolicy fonnulation and implementatio nincluding:

• Locallevel-c-c-Locelcommunities. local governments,CSOs.

Farmers organizations.etc

Nationallevel-c-c-Stateshould sbowappropriatepolitical will to...a.rd land policy development and implementation and ensure sustainable resourcemobilisation in cooperationwith other partners

• Regicnel level-.- . the RECs should contribute to promoting exchanges of experiences among countries,encourage har- monizatio n when appropriate.andcreatedatabaseson best pract ices. They should promote human resource-sharing amongstcountries

• Cont inentallevel-c-c-TheAU·ECA-AfDBconsortium should ensure coordin ation of formulation and implementat ion of guidelineson landpolicydevelopment and implementation;

andassist countri esinresource mobilization andexperience sharingamong regions

Atalilevels--cs<x'shouldcontribute tothe monitoring and evaluation processes

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IV . Revision o f the Regional Bac kg rou nd Docum ent

Key Land Issues in EasternAfri ca

1. the consultative workshop examined the background paper.

took note of the sevenkeyissues identified and recommended.

that land rights for women be dealt with separately Other issues recommended for inclusion/emphasis in the report included:investment in land. ownership oflandbynon-citizens,urbanization and rural-urbaninterface. Pastoralism.trans-boundaryresource use.bicfuel production. land inform..lion management systems.

climate change. issues relating10coastalareas and island states, andglobaltzatton-c-conclusivelist to be developedfrom proceed - ings' report.

2. The workshop observed that the background paper wouldben- efit from a discussion of thekeyissues thai form the basis for the landquesnonin Eastern Africa. highlighting the common char- acteristics, similarititi and variation in the conrextualizatjon of the region.In addition. there is need for more and current country specific examples and data and a comparative analysis ofthe issues across countries in the report.

3. Participants also fell the need to improve the document in regard

10 structure, cIarity, referencing. detailed country information, and overall editing.

Land Policy Fonnulationand Implementation

I. Participants applauded the efforts made by the authors of the report. nonn g that the document had provided a highlight of the variousland policy formulationand implementationprocesses in the region.the workshop. however recommended that the report be revised and made thefollowingrecommendations to improve this section of the report:

• Include an executive summary targeted at decision makers.

Ensure the document is restructured and provides a conceptu- alframeworkbased on thepillarsoutlinedin the Background document: Economic, Social, Environmental and Political pillars.There isa need to include a section on methodology of the study

• While noting thattheKOpeof the mutative does not include detailed country specific inform anon,the workshop participants indicated the usefulness of additional areas of focus.

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,.

In this regard.countrylevel informa tion should be sou rced to ensure that the document isbasedon currentand factual information relatingto land policyprocn sn in the va rious countries.Thisisparticu1arly importantto ensuring that the report provides tbe rnlity ontheground with respect to na- tionall.andpoliciesu ,...ell asother sectoral policies. In this regard, foal points comprisedofone puticipmt from each country should providetherelevantdata in a,...m "sume.

Ensure a balanced representation ofcountries inthe analysis and examplesprovidedin the report. and ifpossibleprovide country reports as an annex.

• Ensurethat thereport add resses thepohncal-ecc oom tc environment

wnhm

which land policies artbased as tbis some- limes poses a constrain t10 formulationandlmpl ement arion , includin g:politicalinterests.change ofgovernment.political instability.

Includeananalysisofcivil society participationin policyformulation and implemen tat ionoftheEastAfrican count ries"

• A cost-benefitanalysis of policyform ulationand impleme n- tation indudingan examinationof alternativecost-effective inncvattons inthevariouscountriesto provide guidance and lessonstocountries embarking onthC'SC' processes.

Ensurea cleardistinctionisnude between policyand

"'W

^re^-

latedIssues

Put emphasis on trans-boundary natural resources and the need for harmonyintheir management.

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Consultative Workshop on Land Policy in North' Africa

Summary of Key Messages and Recommendations of the Consultative Workshop

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia December3-5.2008

I. Introduction

1. In recognition of the Importance of land in economic and social development as well as ensuring ~ce and security, many African governments are atdifferent stages of landpolicydevelopment and institutional reforms.These processesau aimed at addressing land issues in the context of national development.

including: Securing land rights to improve livelihoods and facilitate economic development, land as it relates to agricultural transformation and development. land in sustainable urban and peri-urbandevelopment.access to natural resources and sustain- ing the commons; property rights and environmental sustamebd- ity;equitable land distribution and restoringalienated land;land and gender issues; andland and conflict.While reco gnizing the efforts being made by different African countries, however.it is notab lethat only a few countriesin Africa have beensuccessful in comprehensive policy formulation and implementation.Indeed many challenges and gapsrem ain in this regard calling for efforts to provide a platform forlesson learning and sharing among Afri-

) _{~ ~}M " bemiAduoXolIiatbr:~.' Audy '"'S«1h ....to<a..." ...

Erfl.~~s.Iwaon..T....-.-.l.M<lro<xo.

(21)

, .

can countries. e5p«ially on innovative ways of delivering secu re land rights for the majorityof Africans.

2. Itis in recognitionof the need to support African governments in their quest to formulate and implement land policies,particularly in the context of achieving the Millen n iu m Develop- mentGoals(MDG s) and within the framework of NEPAD that the Consortiu m of the African Union Commission (AUC), the Un ited ^I'ations EconomicCo mm ission for Africa(UN ECA)and the African Development Bank (AIDS),in collaboration withRe- gional Economic Co mmunities..initiated a procrss of developing a frame-workand guidelines for landpolicyin Africa.'Ihe framework "'illbesupported byBenchmarks and Ind icato rs for assessing the performanceof land policyfor mul ation and implementation processes at national. regionaland contrne ntallevels.lhis processInvolves a wide range of stakeholde rconsultations that are inte nded to gain consens uson the keyelemen ts that sho uld charac terize the frame-work and guidel ines.TheNorth African co nsultative workshopis the- last ina series of regionalworkshops intended to engage all the key stakeholders inthe processof de-

"eloping the framework and guidelines.The discussions at the consultation werebased on a Draft Report on the Regional As- sessme ntonLandPolicyin North Africa' .

II. O bject ive s and Expected O utcom e s

I. The participants in the workshop consisted of a wide-range of stakeholders on land issues drawn from the Northern African region, including high-level rep rese ntatives fro m national governments,civi l society. and centres of excellence and regional development partners. Discussions during the ....·o rkshop were informed by a regional background paperbased on a regional assessmen tstud yon land policyin North Africa.the workshop aimedto;

Identi fy the key land related issues, lessons and gaps th at shouldguide/informlandpolicyandinstitu tio nalreforms;

Gain co nsensus on key region-specific is~ues th at should enrich the draft continental framework Guidelineson land policy;

Provide inputs for the reviston of the repo rt of the regio nal assessmentreporton landpolicyinNorthAfrica;

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Explore mechanisms for knowledge management. lesson sharing and capacity buildinginsupport of land reforms. including the' role' of actors

Provide inputs to the finalisahon of the draft Framework and Guidelines on Land PolicyinAfrica.

2. The recommendations from the workshop ~i11 be used.to enrich the draft continental framework and guidelines of the' land policyframeworkandalsoa roadmap forthe development ofrel- evantbenchmarks and indicators.Inaddition.an)' information received from participantswithin the agreed upon time frame.

willbeusedto revisethe document.

III. K ey O ut co m e s and Reco m m e nd a t io ns

A. TheAU-ECA-AfDB Land Po licyInitia tive (LPI)

I. Following apresentationofthe overview, progress madeand way forward with regard to the Land PolicyInitiative bythe Seen- tariat,thepart icipant slauded thethree institutions(AVe. ECA and AIDS) for theinitiative onlandpolicy and called for !.hem to continueengagingwith allthe stakeholdersat variouslevels of theprocess in order to ensurethe process^isparticipative'. 2. The participants further endorsed LPl's effort sto iden tify the di-

versines within countriesand the regions of Africabeforeem- barkingonthe draftingof theframework andguidelines on land policy.The workshop recommended that landpoltcy making be aparticipatory process from governme ntsworkinginclose collaborat ionwith RECs.CSOsandotherstakeholders.starting wi th the identificationof underlying issues and specificities in each country all the way topolicyformulation and implementation.

3. Theparticipantsnoted the importance ofadd ressingland issues in the contextof nationa ldevelopment.including the achieve- ment of the MDGs, calling for multi-sectoralefforts to ensure synergies andcoherence in developmental efforts

4. Participantsnoted the importance ofland policiesdue.in part to theircrit ical linkageto addressingthreats from globalisation, waterissues.conflictand post -conflictreconstru ction .

5. With regard to gender relationsin land. the' participant s noted thatmanyland lawsin North Africaareprogressivein term s of

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..

lhrir provisions allowing inheritance of landbywomen.The participantsnoted there art Inadequactesin access to Land for women relating10 inadaIlUltKens tofinanceandsome customary basedpnctkn.

6. Sotingthe impo mncC' ofpolitical "ill to tbe impkmmtingof prnious comrmtmmtt related to land policy.1M participants alkdOIlthe LPItoincrease effortsin litis regard, incollabon- lionwith otherpartntn.Thisisesp«Wly crmcal tctbebarmoo- lsingofLmdpolicin .unong cocntoesto beiliu.ltcohn-tntland managementeffortsacrossboundacn

7. Theparticipantspointed to theneedfor research to raise the un- derstanding of Lind b.iun, including customarysrstmuof tenure.

B. Key Land Issues in North Africa

l. FoIlO\..-tng aprese ntatio nbyone of the consul tan ts who wor ked onthe regional assessmentstudyon land policy in NorthAfrica.

the participan tsepprectated the- importance' of providing a context to the land question in North Africa. situating the region in tams ofitsgeography/n:oIogy;population anddtmography;his- toryandculture;resource endowments,andthreats faced.

2. Basedondiscus.siom hdd oiltheplmaryand breakout sessions, theparticipantsagreedthai lIwtsscesidentifitdin1Mdraftbad.- pound~....'n!'rdrvant10 :":orthAfrica.Thts.t indudr: population; 1M natureof~rty rightssystems;.landdistribution and sitt;wban.isation MIdpen-urbandn"dopmmt;UnJtenure and Security; Kens. to land; gender issun; water and tong)' nt'C'ds;andm\ironmmuJ Issues(sum as climatechange,deseru-

fication.

biodiv('fSity10M.coastal zonemanagement andforests).

3. The participants further recommended that consultants make reference to the information thaiwas provided during the meet- ing withregard10th e specificities of eachco unt ry.It was fun her recom mended that the report should provi de a wider coverage of examples 10 provide lesso ns. The partici pants committed to pro viding further infor matio n in thisregardupon return totheir res pective coun tries.

4. wtth regard 10th e section on gender relations. it was reco m - mendedthat in revising the report. further examinationbe'made on the e-xtentand nature of gender issuesinNorthAfrica50as 10 ensure- accurate depicuoe of the ecsnnglaws,,,·hiLt'also docu-

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menttng the actualrealitieson the ground relatingtotheir appli- cation.In thisregard it wasreco mmended that the challengesre- latingto the applicationofthe' laws and achtevtng their intended objectives be highlighted.

5. In the' group discussions, some' kry priority Issues for North Af- rica we're'identified, including: adaptingof legislation to nationalJ internationalcontext;improving cadastre/land information i)'S' terns,financing for improved land access (or marginalised groups;

outreach/collaboration between government and civil society;

sustainable natu ral resourcemanagementto combat th reatssuch as deseruficanon. climate change, biodiversity Joss; water scarcity andmanagement:andurban isation

6. Participants fu rt he r made broad recommendat ions that land policiesbefacilitativeto:agric uh ural investm ent s and pro moti ng coope ration betweencountries. Inadd ition, it wasrecommended that thematicregiona l meet ingsin the field ofland policybeen- cou raged with aview to increasing knowledge and lessons sha r- ing on land related issues as well as land policyformulati on!

implementation.

C. Und PolicyFormulation and Implementationin North Africa

1. Assummarised in the'presentatio nbyone ofthe consultantswho worked on the North Africa regionalassessment study, land pol- icyiscentral to facilitating the implemen tation ofdevelopment strategies.including visionsand nationaldevelopmentplan s.This is especially true for the purposes of spatia lplanning. critical to orderly development in sectors related to manufacturing, tour- ism, hou sin g. etc. Participants further noted the nealto ensure hannonisa lion between land pohctes and other related sectoral policies. such as:agriculture. popu lat ion,reset tlement.ho using.

enviro nmen t.mining. water. invest men t policies andoth ers.

2. The workshop wasinformed of the status ofland refo rms. ctt- ing North Africanasa region that has unde rtaken majorland reo forms. so mestare-interve ntio nist. in the quest torecoverforeign owned land. provide limitstoland ownershipand provideinputs 10 agricultural development . Recent reforms have em phas ised privateownersh ip and development oOandmarkets. but thesere- formshavedon elittle to address challenges relatedto overlapping claims.In addition, issues related tolandfrag mentation need. to be'addressedan d lessonsare needed in this regard.

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u

3. The workshop learned thai the institulions tasked with land administration/management range from land ministries to those in charge of agriculture, and also include the' public notary and rtgistry. and local administration among others.Inadequate and archaic land cadastre and land information systems ""erecitedas an impediment to land administration and dispute resolution in particular.

4. In discussions, the participants underscored the following needs in policyfonnulation and implementanon: dra ....-ing lessons 10 facilitate decentralisation of land administration; political will and commitment at the highest levels; prioritising and incre-asing funding 10the land ministry and related de-partments. especially through budgetary." allocations;and the need for participatory approaches and stakeholder involvement including that of grassroot organisations; need to identify/address impediments to applica- tionoflaws in favour of womens land rights-including customary institutionsand harmonisation of land. marriage and inheritance laws; need for modern land information systems.

5. The workshop recommended that lessons be drawn from the realm of natural resource management. to inform participatory approaches to land administration

6. With regard to the second part of the regional assessment report for North Africa. the participants lauded the efforts made by the authors ofthe report.noting that the document had provided a highlight of the variousland policy formulation and implementation processes in the region.The workshop. however recommended that the reportbe revisedand made the following suggestions to improve this section of the report:

Highlight the need to develop a comprehensive national land policy that addresses the needs of land related sectors such as agriculture and even housing.

• Enhance this section with country based examplesand refer- ences tobeprovided by participants

Distinguish betweennational/transnatio nal land relatedcon- flictsw=

Strengt hen the sectinns related to gender. providing more coverage and closerexamination

Enhance issues related to financing and resource mobilisation for land reforms

Clarification terms such as registration versus demarcation

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Provide insightsinto mechanismsto facilitate land registra- tionand transfer of landownership

Pointtotheneedforenhancedpartnershipsandcooperation amongcoun tries

D. Lessons leamed and best practices in policy formulation!

implementation

l. The works hop agreed that comprehensive land policies. which are formulated within amulti-sectoralframework ,arecr itical to fonning a basis for theformulation of other policiesrelating to the useand management of land in asustainable manner.

2. The worksh op noted the need to harnessandshare best practices that already existfor improvedland policydevelopmentand land administrat ion

3. The workshop summarized the following askeyingredients to sound policy formulation/implementation: politicalwill.consultations,parti cipatio n,enforcement of laws. communication, and resourcemobilization

4. With regard to developingand improving capacity for land administration .the workshop proposedtraining workshopsas well as knowledge managementand sharing mechanisms

5. To furtherenhance lessonlearning and knowledge shari ng,the workshop proposed muitistakehoider fora to discuss issues related tosuccession and transferofland rights.amongothers 6. E. Challengesand gapsin policyformulation and implementa-

tion processes

While recognizingthatthe North Africanregion hasmade great effortsin land refor m.the workshop identifieda numberof challenges and gapsthat need to be add ressedin this regard,including:

l. Inadequatesynergies and coherenceamong other sectoral policiesand lawsin their development.adop tion and implementation.The workshopproposedharmonization of sectoral policies.

2. Lack of continuous,valid and reliableland information.including gee -spatialdata needed for policyformulat ion.land adminis- trationand monitoring progress made by theseprocesses 3. Poor human and institutio nalcapacitiesfor land policyformula-

tionand implementation.The high turnoverof staffin depart- mentsof land administration wasnoted as a challenge.Inaddi- tion there is need to train personneland raise their awareness

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,.

to encourage innovationandSlrat~thinking in execunng land policies

-I. Insufficitntfiru.nciaJ resourcescoupledwithpoorpriontysetung,

11UI'I1bC'becauseofthe'bdofrecogruuon0(the pceenualbenefits ofimr&mxnttngpoliciesthat K'CUC'C' land right'- to facilitate in- ttStmC'nls.amongotherareas.

S. Inadequate monitoringof procC"S.SCS relating to landpobcy (or- mulationand impkmmU!ion

F. Monitoring.Benchm arks and india t o n for Land policy fonnulation and implementation

I. The workshop called (or monitoring, verification and evaluation mechanisms,and the development ofbenchmarks and indicators 10 facilita te the assessment of the processes and impactsof land policyformula tion and imple mentat ion.

2. With regard to benchma rks and in dica to rs. the works ho p sug- gestedthe use of comprehensive indicators that span the critical pillarsof economic.social,environment and political realms.

Theworkshopmadesome suggestions of possible indicators and pointed to theIV'C'dtoadlptand/ordevelopindicators (or track- ingprogress,

3. The workshop suggested tome mechanisms (or (rackingprogress lndudingAlfsAfrican Pen Rmew~techanWn.

G. RoleofActon

I. Theworkshoprecoenmeeded thatallstakthoklen be invotwdin

aU stepsofpolicydevdClJ'Tntnt and implementatton. Further, it wasrecommendedth~the LPIregionalpartnen dissnninale the outcomes of the consuhauons to member stain

2. The workshopproposedthat the Framework andGujdehnesbe usn) as a basis for mhancing partnerships among governments, civilsociety.AU. ECA, AIDS RECs.. etc.insupport oflandpolicy developm ent/implementat ion

H. A Framewo rk andGu ide line s onLand Policy InAfr ica.

I. In the presentauonon the draft Frameworkand Guidelines on Land Policy in Africa. the ",·orkshopwas informedof the Pw- poseofthe document, whichfirstand foC'C'mOSI recognisesand

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respects the." sovereignty of member states.The document aims to provide~ basis for commitment and consensus building on important iuunrelatedtolandpolicy;and .engaging partners on policydevelopment,_capaci~- building and management ofland resources. Italso prtnidn a framf:work for nogtoNI consensus and convergence on issuesrelatedtoshart'd resources among na-

noes.

2. The presentaoon furtherprovidedhighlightsofthe." differentS«-

lions of document,indudingthe." background.thecontext ofthe landquestion.land in therationaldevelopment process;the process of landpoIiq'development, landpolicyimplementation and trackin g progress in land policy development and trnplementa- tio n.

3. In discussion s that followed the preseot eu on . the wor kshop agreed on thenecessity of the document to definethe term 'lan d policy' and provid eclarification to indicate that it addressesis- sues relating to land ownership.use.administration and management .

4. In dosingthe."discussion.thesecretariatencou raged the participants to send furthercomments and revisionsonthe."frame work andguidelinesto the secretariatbyDecember IS.2008.

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Consultative Workshop on Land Policy in Southern" Africa

Sum m ary of K ey Mess ages a nd Recommendations

of the ConsultativeWor kshop Safari Court Hotel,Windhoek.Namibia

August 29 -) I, 2007

I. Introducti on

Cognizant of the centrality of land to achievingeconomic and social de- velopmentas well asensuring peaceand security, the majorityof African governmentshave embarkedon land policyand institut ionalreformswitha view to addressingland issues in the contextofnational development.particularly onissuesrelatedto: secu ring land rightstoimprovelivelihoodsand facilitate econom icdevelop ment;dealing with the centrality ofland to agriculture; add ressing the importanceof urbanland deliver y and peri-urban land development; natu ral resourceaccessand susta ining commo n property; propertyrightsandenviro nme ntalsustainability;achievingmo re equi- tableland distri buti onand restoringalienatedlan d;land and gender issues;

andland andconflict.

In order to support thesenational efforts soasto catalyzeland policyfor - mulation andimplementation ,withinthe frame workofN EPAD andin line withMDGs.theConsortiumofthe Africa nVnionCommission(AVC) ,the

4 1Mo;ou.DlrWs!halh.a~b«nind""Nin1M~awna.mmt5tudyb SouttwmAincaan;Angola.

Rouwalla,D.omocnlic~iccl

Con""

^L.nolho.Madaguar.Malawi. Mauritius.Moumhoquo!'.Namibia.

SoulhAfria.Swuiland. Ta=ani&,Zambia andZimbab_.

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..

United•'uionsEconomic Commission (or Afria. (UNECA )andthe Afri- can Development Bank (AIDB) in collaborat ion With Regional Economic Commu n ities have engaged in a process of developing a (~rkand JUiddines (orland policyin Africa.'Ibe franxwork will beA.Ipported by benchmarksandindicalors (or u.snWlg performanceolLand polKy(ormu- latioaand i.mplnnmtahon procrun at natiorul. _~n.a.Iand coounentel In-ds.AnimporUnt_eI~mm1oithiSprocessisthrmulti-suhholdt-rconsultations aimedat gainingconsen sus oneMkqelements that should consu- nnetilt(ramnomand JUiddll'ln.

II. Objectives, Modalities and Expected Outcomes

TheWorkshop brough t togeth er awide-range of stakeho lderson land issues in the regio n. includi ng high- level representatio n (rom natio nal government s.civil soc iety. private sector,centres ofexcellence and developmen t partners,A region al discussion pa~r basedonthe assess mentofkey land issues inthe Southern Africa formedthe basis for discussio n,Thewor ksh op aimedto reach a consensus on:

1M'regional spec illcittn.. iruuanves and lessons Ihal should be included in thecontinentalfram~

1M'knowlnig!'. in stitutional and resourcepopsas well aslessons from on-goingland 1I1Itiathrn inthe region. critical toWkntifying capac11ynttdiand dltYdoping stnkgin for impltmmtation, A consensus on the roadmap for the ckvdopmmt of relevant bmchmarb andindicaton.andmedunisms for uwuingper- formanceofbnd processes inthe regionbasedon the-outcome'of theExpeTtGroup MMlI1gonLandIndicators,

Thekeyoutcome of the rqponal consultations is recommendauons onthe revision oftheregional background documentwhoseelements will enrich the draft continental framework and guidelines of the land policy and a roadmapfor the developmentofrelevant benchmarksand indicato rsaswell as mechanisms for afo.'>C'fo.\ing performance of land processes.The regional backgroun ddocument willalso outline the key elements, mechanismsand processes thatareneededinthemed ium andlong-term tofacilita tethe implementat ion ofthe framewo rk.

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III. Key O ut co m e s and Recommendations

A. Region~ Ba ckvound Docu m e nt

I. Tht consuhauve 'h'OrUhop .lJ"PI'cd.attd the findings of the regional~t on 1md policyin Scetbem Africa. However•

.InumberofPP''hTre idmtiMd and an lutedin Annu L'Ihe 'h-orbhop expressed the need10 addrns thesegapsin the final report.

2. Inaddition tothewgaps.the finalreportshouldreflecttbe cor- recuons noted WIth regard to country-specific d.lta and liaison should be made wuh the respective country focal peens to provide updatesandcorrections.

B. KeyLand Issue sIn SouthernAfri ca

3. Participant sagreed that thelandissuesldennfied in theregional asse ssment _wer~relevantan d important. Theseissues are:Stale sovereigntyover land;unequal distribut io n ofland;dualism in properrys~tems.;ten ure security:urban and peri-urban issues;

sustainable managememofthe environment.protecting the commons; enhancing me productivity of agriculture; addressing gee- der bWn; managing the impact of HIV/AIDS;and m.an.aging landinpost<onflkt reccnstrucuoe.

-4. However,

amtt

iuun ofequal import.ance and nol ad~dy

highlightedan idmhbed as follow5: Historicalcolonial kpcy;

absentee bndJords lforrignns and citizens}; nc"W political and otherditts acqw ring ~ bod hoklings; bod pressurt C'Sp('-

cially due 10popuWK:mgrowth, migration andotherdyTwnics;

bodas apovertymten'mtion for the youth;inheritance andland rights for vulnenbk groups (orphans,widows,aged. intnnally displaced persons, 01.00 nw-ginaliud groups(fo mt dlo,'eUen»;

decentrahsanon and capacity issues; land transactio ns and markets;andintegrationofland issues withothe rsectorsofthe«on- omy.Ensureland as a sou rce ofcon flict as a sourceofconflict is treated

5. Participants believe thai all of the land issues ide ntified have stro nglyinfluencedeconomic developmentin the sub-region and therefore member staresshould give more attention to land is- suesandidentifythosethat art of more significanceandaddress them. Regionalbodes,such asthe SADCLandReformTechni-

..

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cal Support Facility,should focus on prior ity regional land issues as identified by the ....-orksbop.

6. Participantsdiscussed and ran ked the priority land issues from amongthosein theregional assessment plus those identified during working group discussions . The following four priority issues ....-e-rtidentified by the majorityof working groups(fulltable is in Annex11): Unequal distributionof land; tenure security;his- tori cal colonial legacy;and sustainable management of natural resources.

7. In viewof the sign ifica nce of theland related issues in the sub- region.the continen tal frameworkshould recognize the unique colonialhistorical co ntext of the land question in thesub-regio n andits implicationsforland policy and land reforms.

C. Benchmarks and Targets

8. The workshop recognised the need to develo p dear guidelines and benchmarks with indicatorsofgood practicefor land policy and institutional reformsthat would accompanythe continental frameworkand guidelines for land policy.Withrespectto South- ern Africa.the workshop underscored the need for monitoring processes relatedto land policyformulationand implementation in orderto draw lessonsand assessprogressmade.

9. Followingthe presentation of theRoadmap for the development of benchmarks,targetsand indicators"the workshop underscored the need for implementingthe dements of the roadmep.including:

a. Revising theConcept Paper on land indicators and tncorpo- rating commentsand vtews of variousstakeholders

b. Refining of benchmarks andind icators and pilotingin select- ed countries.from all regionsof Africa;

c. Exploring mecha n ismsfor assessingthe progress of coun t ries against the ind icato rs atnation al and regionallevels,

d, Assessing human reso urces capacity in key inst itutions at the country levels anddevelop me nt of plans to address con- st raints

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e. ExplorelinkageswithNEPAD programs and otherconune n-

u.IJ~na1mechanisms

10 .The '''IIOrbhop ldcntified some pre'liminary benchmarks and

tugrts and recommended thatin the furtherdevelopment and pilotingofbmch.nu.rks. targets and lrK1iuton.. the consortium should workdosdywith 1M SADCl...and Facilityand countries insouthnnAfrica.

D. GapsandChal lenp sin UndReform

II. The ....,orbhopendorsedall thechaJkngnandgaJ".as presented inthedraftRtgional AssessmentonLandPolicyin Southern AI- rica' .In addition.tht' foUowing factors wnt' idermfied asUyto the SouthernAfrica Region.as describedbelow.

Participant s recogn ised the _c~ntrality of land in addressing economic, politicalan d social develop ment as ...ell as environmental management in a balanced manner, which remains a challenge in the sub-region. Participantsidentifieda needfor rro-poorland policy reformstrat~in.. In addition.

thcr

recommended that the internal monitoring system of the land policy developmeruand tmplementanoe should be in consultation ....nthallsta1ldK>kl~.(S«ondly.thC'y^recom- mendedtht linbto the ContiM'nta1lR~ionalte-..d,PM're-

viewnlC"Chmism1:1<aplort'd).

l~w.t~ bnd administration s~tnns.land hold ings and bnd ^US(' ttrWUtmg from a colonial kgacy (highlightother imraetsofthe-colonwl~)thatdidnot takeinto account customuy syslemsoften ure.TheWor kshopidentified thisas a corutramt to implnnentationof land policyreform.

• Participants pointed out theInadequacies in some National Land poIicin in the Southern Africa region in the provi- sion for s«urity oftenure for vulnerable groups (includ ing Wom en , orphans. ....ndows,aged _~rson_$,internallydisplaced person s. farm work ers, informal settlers, youth) With the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in theregion.the population ofvulnerablegroupshas significantly increased.It isneces- sarythat land reform processesensur esecurityoftenure for thesegroups.

• With regards to rapid demographic changes cou pled ....nth competingLend Uses, it ....rasrecommended that the Frame-

~.- ...:-:--~,-:A-_....,W:::-

..

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work takes into constderanonan Integrated approach to lan d useplan ni ng to support land policy and reform.

12.The participantspointed out that gaps in human and institutional capacity _pr~nta major challenge to land policy reform and therefore should featurehighly inthe framework,Arelated challenge to capacity is the failure of governments to retain staff.es- pectellyafter they havebeentrai ned. Toaddress this,participants recommended that landreforms bealigned with broader public sector reforms.

E. Mechanisms(orAddressing knowledge Managementand LessonSharing

13.the workshop undersco red the importance of kno wledge management and lesson shari ng as critica l to supporting develo p- ment, impleme ntation and monitoring ofland policie s,To this effect the workshoprecognised the need for regular updating of in form atio n, whichshouldbegende r dtsaggregated .on various aspectsofland suchas; landuseIlandcover,landsu itab ility, land degrada tion hotspots,land registers,deedregisters. andcommon property resources,

14.In view of the requirementfor enormous amount of data and information for proper implementation ofland policies. particularly with the shift towards decentralized land administration systems.

the workshop recognised the need for effective and functional national land managementinfonnation systems and supporting spatialdata infrastructure.

15_The workshopackno...ledged that there art' a number of evolving and Innovativebestpractices on land policy and land administration in SouthernAfrica regio n. which can provide good lessons to others. However.these good lesso ns are not properly documented and therefore not available for sharing.'Ibe ....crkshop noted that there is a mechanism in the region. the SADC Re- gional Land Refor m Tech nical Support Facility (SRLRTSF) that has been designed to facilitate the exch angeof exp eriences an d lessonslearn ing within theregion .TheSRLRTSF'sprogramme is complemen tary totheAfricaLand Policy initiative and the work- shoprecommended thatitshould facilitate:

The analysisof thepresent Nat ional Land Policies

Research in supportof policy for mulation and implementatio n

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Documentationofbestpractices;

• Impl ementatio n of the outcomes ofthe Africa Land Policy Initiative(guid eline. benchmarksand indicator s;

• Creation ofawareness ofland policies.laws andrightsthrough nationalstru ctures;

• Exchangeof experiences (study tours,documentation sharing)

• Accessto globa land otherregionaldata systems;and

• Develo pme ntof national land management information systems (includ ing web based) includin g support to regional/

national data captureprogramme

16.The workshop agreed on the need to explore mechani sms for sharing lessons across regio ns and harnessing ofthecontinental process.

IV . Way Forward

A\.tll>ns/Act lvl lll~S Suggested Actors Ttmeltne Comment

Comments from countnes10inform thereportandcom- pleteinformalion ReviseRegional Document

SADC;Nationalfocal 30 Septe mber2007 persons

AU-ECA-AIDBAfrican 20 Octobe r,2007 Task Force,SADC

Subject to discussion with ta sk- force

AU-ECA-AIDB,SADC November2007

AU-ECA-AIDB.SADC Ongoing Reviewofthe

conceptpaper on benchmarksand indicators

Countrycirculation ofthe assessment report

Explore Mechanisms ofsharing experienc- eswithinthe region

AUG·EGA-AmB.

SADC

December, 2007

Subjec t to completing ofe-discus- stons

Ongoing

33

(36)

..

A n ne x I: Revisions to the Regional Background Document

Thefin.IReport>houId,

I_ Reflect acountry-sp«ificdiscwsion0(tbe milt inthailedto the dn-dopmnltoflandpolkinintach0(thtoSA DCmemberstates, Thiscould_~tohdpin1M better undtnlandmg0(tbestatus reflectedonlabI~on~gt22;

2. Provideaddlnitionof importanttermsandconceptsusedanda revtseibe toneand language asapproprialr;.

3_ Ensure nnrh~ison the historical/colonial cont exts unique10 SAOC memberslatn;

4. Discuss the natureof land marketsandassociated Issues,includ- ingthe real estatesub-sector with inthe region;

5. Enrichthe discussion regardingstate sovereignly inthe context ofvesting rad icalntlein communities;

6. Capturethe need forappropriate legalframewor kto support issun relating10redistribution ofland.rights of windowsand orphans.vulnerable groups. customarytenure and any others thai mayrequire specul artenuon,

7. Amplifytheneedfor member statts to l'C"Vit'w and develop ap- propnate landinformation management s)"I mu to support the formulation/impkmmtaboo of thrir land ro1kin in reference to the:' guiddinn recentlydevelopedby ECAwith the input of memberstain;

8. Rdkct tbeneed

r...

^th<R<gion.Iconvergence(hMmoni..oon).

and not oectssarity unanimity,ofthe breeder

rrponal

cancans

(rivtts, 1akes,ocean, nwironmmt, climate,cross-bordalanduse

rtc);

9. Bring out the Impact of apartheid on land tenure in South AfricaJ Namibia;

10.Emph asizetherole and Importanceof land in drivingthe econom icdevelopm entin the region;

II. Include a preambl e to Chapter6 to con textualize land issues in relation to MOG's and overall developmentin the region;

12.Reflect the SAOC land technical facilityas an importan t partof the landreformprogrammeinthe region;

13_Includehighlights ofbestpracticeswithin the region (th is could beboxedwithin appropriatepartsof thereport):

(37)

14.Include a critique o( the land policies within the region as part o£Table 2;

15.Rdkct population pressure as a kq issue in MI coenmes and highlight pressurespotsand tbetr effect on land tenure;

16. Proode a discussionofthecriteria (or resettlement inthediffer- ent countries in the region;and

17.Discus! land as a sourceofemployment and livdihood (or the

)'OUthintheregion.

..

(38)

,.

Annex II • Priority land issues in the region

PriorityLandItMtn Group I Group 2 GroupJ Group" (lvn'aJl

s,,~

l:ntqualdwnbwaon (Xl X X X

,

0I1ond

Tmurc'S«unIJ X X X (Xl

,

CoIonJal kgacl X X (X)

,

Suslairul* manage- X X X

,

meatofland(andagri- culture'productJvt'!")

SUtc_Tfeapty X X 2

DuoIUm (Xl X 2

\\'ocMnaDdland X X 2

Copodty... X I

... -

^X ^I

...

0rpW

p o"'" """'"

^X

X-IIlnlbOrlrdIpf('dicaDyby1Mcroup (Xl-l.anJuap: rruuwdW'lthu.anoI:Mrpnonty

Consultative workshops on land policy in Africa : Key massages and recommendations

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