• Aucun résultat trouvé

Essai sur la structure de l'Iran

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "Essai sur la structure de l'Iran"

Copied!
48
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

Article

Reference

Essai sur la structure de l'Iran

SCHROEDER, Jean-William

SCHROEDER, Jean-William. Essai sur la structure de l'Iran. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 1944, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 37-81,pl.I-II

DOI : 10.5169/seals-160495

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:154757

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

1 / 1

(2)

(VVDL VXU OD VWUXFWXUH GH O,UDQ

SDU -HDQ

:LOOLDP

6FKURHGHU &RQFKHV*HQqYH

$YHF SODQFKHV ,²LO HW ILJXUHV GDQV OH WH[WH

7DEOH GHV PDWLqUHV

3DJHV

,QWURGXFWLRQ

%pVXPp

, /HV 8QLWpV WHFWRQLTXHV GH

O,UDQ

/D 7DEOH DUDELTXH

/HV 3OLV %RUGLHUV ,UDQLHQV

/HV (FDLOOHV j 3DOpR]RwTXH

/D =RQH GX )OYVFK

/D =RQH j 5DGLRODULWHV HW 2SKLROLWHV

/D =RQH GH +DPDGDQ

/D =RQH 8UPLDK'XNKWDU

/,UDQ &HQWUDO RX /HV $QDWROLGHV

/(OERXU]

/D 3ODWHIRUPH UXVVH

,/ /+LVWRLUH

VWUDWLJUDSKLTXH HW OHV GLIIpUHQWHV ]RQHV

,,,

/D 7HFWRQLTXH WUDQVYHUVDOH GH

O,UDQ

*pQpUDOLWpV

/HV WUDQVYHUVDOHV

/HV WUDQVYHUVDOHV HW OHV IDFLqV GDQV OHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV 7UDQVYHUVDOHV UpJLRQV PLQpUDOLVpHV HW EDVVLQV SpWUROLIqUHV

,9 /HV %HODWLRQV WHFWRQLTXHV HQWUH

O,UDQ

HW OD 7DEOH DUDELTXH

9 'HUQLqUHV YXHV WHFWRQLTXHV

6LWXDWLRQ WHFWRQLTXH JpQpUDOH GH O,UDQ

'X 3DVVDJH HQ 7XUTXLH GHV XQLWpV WHFWRQLTXHV

%pORXWHKLVWDQ $IJKDQLVWDQ 2PDQ

/HV FRQILQV RULHQWDX[ GH OD 3HUVH

(QWUH OHV VRFOHV DUDEH HW UXVVH

&KRL[ ELEOLRJUDSKLTXH

,QWURGXFWLRQ

$X FRXUV GH PRQ VpMRXU HQ 3HUVH GH VHSWHPEUH j

MXLOOHW

MDL

HX ORFFDVLRQ GH SDUFRXULU XQH WUqV JUDQGH SDUWLH GH FH SD\V

4XH OHV GLUHFWHXUV GHV GLIIpUHQWHV DGPLQLVWUDWLRQV LUDQLHQQHVS \\

YHXLOOHQW

ELHQ UHFHYRLU LFL PHV VLQFqUHV UHPHUFvPHQWV SRXU ODLGH TXLOV

PRQW

DSSRUWpH

,UDQ HVW OD GpQRPLQDWLRQ SROLWLTXH PRGHUQH GH OD 3HUVH

(3)

4XH PHV LQQRPEUDEOHV K{WHV OHV YLOODJHRLV GH OD SURYLQFH GH .HUPDQ HW FHX[ GX .KRUDVVDQ OHV GLUHFWHXUV UpJLRQDX[ HW OHV LQJpQLHXUV GX &KHPLQ GH )HU VRLHQW WRXV DVVXUpV GH PRQ PHLOOHXU VRXYHQLU

4XH PHV DPLV

+HQUL *REORW

'U +

%LHEHQ

'U

:DUGD %LUFKHU 'U(

*

%RQQDUG

HW 'U (

'LHKO

VRLHQW FHUWDLQV GH QRV VRXYHQLUV OHV SOXV FRUGLDX[

0RQ YLHX[ FDPDUDGH GpWXGH OH 'U +

*LQGUDW

D ELHQ YRXOX GHVVLQHU OHV

ILJXUHV HW MH OH UHPHUFLH VLQFqUHPHQW

-pWDLV j ERQQH pFROH DYHF 0 OH 'U

+LUVFKL

DX FRXUV GH QRV UDQGRQQpHV

FRPPXQHV HQ ,UDQ

&H

WUDYDLO

GDQV VD IRUPH

SULPLWLYH

pWDLW WHUPLQp j 1RsO GpMj &HVW VHXOHPHQW GH UHWRXU HQ 6XLVVH HQ DXWRPQH TXH MH

WURXYDL

FKH] PRQ PDvWUH 0 OH 3URI

/

:

&ROOHW

DX /DERUDWRLUH GH *pRORJLH GH

O8QLYHUVLWp

GH *HQqYH ODWPRVSKqUH QpFHVVDLUH j ODFKqYHPHQW GH FHW HVVDL %LHQ QHVW SOXV UpFRQIRUWDQW TXH GDYRLU UHWURXYp FKH] 0

&ROOHW

OD VROOLFLWXGH

TXLO

PHYRXD YRLFL PDLQWHQDQW GpMj GL[ DQV

$

0 OH 3URI (G

3DUpMDV

MH GRLV GDYRLU pWp

LQLWLp

j GH QRPEUHXVHV

PpWKRGHV GDQDO\VHV JpRORJLTXHV RULJLQDOHV

0 OH 'U :

%HUQRXOOL

DYHF VD PDvWULVH KDELWXHOOH D YHLOOp j OLFRQRJUDSKLH

TXLO

VRLW YLYHPHQW UHPHUFLp

/D )DFXOWp GHV 6FLHQFHV GH

O8QLYHUVLWp

GH *HQqYH D KRQRUp FH

WUDYDLO

HQ PH GpFHUQDQW OH

3UL[

'DY\ HQ

MXLQ

7RXW

FRPSWH

IDLW

OD

OLWWpUDWXUH

JpRORJLTXH VXU OD 3HUVH HVW FRQVLGpUDEOH

'HSXLVSOXV GXQ VLqFOH OHVJpRJUDSKHV OHV H[SORUDWHXUV HWOHV JpRORJXHVUXVVHV DQJODLV IUDQoDLV DOOHPDQGV VXpGRLV LWDOLHQV RX VXLVVHV VH VRQW VXFFpGpV GDQV FH SD\V

2Q GRLW OD SUHPLqUH H[SORUDWLRQ JpRORJLTXH HW JpRJUDSKLTXH GH OD 3HUVH DX FRXUV GX H VLqFOH SULQFLSDOHPHQW j GHV JpRJUDSKHV RX JpRORJXHV DQJODLV HW j TXHOTXHV YR\DJHXUV IUDQoDLV UXVVHV HW DOOHPDQGV

$SUqV FHWWH SUHPLqUH SpULRGH YLHQQHQW OHV SUpFLHXVHV H[SORUDWLRQV GH -DFTXHV GH

0RUJDQ

GRQW OHV QRPEUHXVHV HW SUpFLVHV UpFROWHV GH IRVVLOHV RQW pWp pWXGLpHV ORQJXHPHQW SDU

+ 'RXYLOOp

'LHWULFK

SS HW

$VNOXQG %URU

QRXV RQW SUpVHQWp OHV UpVXOWDWV SDOpRQWRORJLTXHV HW VWUDWLJUDSKLTXHV GH OH[SORUDWLRQ GX 'pVHUW FHQWUDO SDU 6YHQ

+HGLQ

2Q

GRLW

j

1LHGHUPD\HU

GH VHV UDQGRQQpHV j WUDYHUVS OHV GpVHUWV GH

O,UDQ

FHQWUDO GHV UpFROWHV WUDYDLOOpHV SDU

.UXPEHFN

0LWWHOKRO]HU

QRXV D UDSSRUWp GH[WUDRUGLQDLUHVSKRWRVDpULHQQHVGXQYR\DJH SDU DYLRQ

*DEULHO

D SDUFRXUX

O,UDQ

GXUDQW OD GHUQLqUH GpFDGH 'HV REVHUYDWLRQV

SpWURJUDSKLTXHV VRQW SDUVHPpHV GDQV VRQ WH[WH LOOXVWUp GH PDJQLILTXHV SKRWRJUDSKLHV 'HV SDOpRQWRORJLVWHV FRPPH

3RKOLJ %RGOHU

HW VXUWRXW 0HFTXHQHP RQW pWXGLp OD IDXQH SRQWLHQQH GH 9HUWpEUpV GH 0DUDJKp

- :

*UHJRU\ )UHFK

HW

$UWKDEHU

HW FHV GHUQLqUHV DQQpHV

'RXJODV

3 7 &R[ / 5 &R[ 'DYLHV

.LQJ

HW 6SDWK RQW SUpFLVp SDU OHXU pWXGHV

SDOpRQWRORJLTXHV OD VWUDWLJUDSKLH SHUVDQH

-HDQQHW

HW

-XQJ /HXSROG (UQL 6WHKOLQ 0RUHOOHW $UDPERXUJ

7D

OREUH 5XWVFK

HW 6FKHQFN 'HVLR

3DURQD

RQW pWXGLp TXHOTXHV SRLQWV GH

VWUDWLJUDSKLH RX GH SDOpRQWRORJLH SHUVDQHV

'HV JpRORJXHV FRPPH

/RIWXV

SS

7LHW]H 6FKLQGOHU

)XFKV

%ODQIRUG *ULHV

EDFK

%RJGDQRYLWVFK

HW

2YFLQQLNRY

pWXGLqUHQW GH JUDQGHV FRQWUpHV GH OD 3HUVH + 5LHEHQ;RWVVVXU OD *pRORJLH GX ;RUGGHO,UDQ +DOVH\ 0HPRULDO3UHVV$PHULFDQ 3UHVE\HULDQ 0LVVLRQ (ODW (ERORZD &DPHURXQ 3XEOLFDWLRQ UHoXHGXUDQW OLPSUHVVLRQ

(4)

6758&785( '( /,5$1

,O IDXW

DUULYHU DX[

WUDYDX[

GpWDLOOpV HW GH JUDQGH HQYHUJXUH GHV

6WDKO

VXU OD3HUVH FHQWUDOH GHV

3LOJULP

HW

7LSSHU

VXUOD SURYLQFH GH.HUPDQJ GHV GH

%|FNK

/HHV

5LFKDUGVRQ

HW

+DUULVRQ

VXU OD PRLWLp PpULGLRQDOH GH OD 3HUVH HW GHV

%LHEHQ

VXU O$]HUEHLGMDQ SHUVDQ

%LYLqUH

VXU O(OERXU]

.KQ

VXU OH /LDV OH 7ULDV OHV %XGLVWHV HW OH 0LRFqQH GXQ &ODSS VXU OD PRLWLp RULHQWDOH GH

O,UDQ

PRGHUQH HW HQILQ GH

)XURQ

SRXU TXH QRV FRQQDLVVDQFHV GH OD JpRORJLH GHV SURYLQFHV

SHUVDQHV IDVVHQW XQ JUDQG SDV

%RHKQH

pWXGLH OHV JLVHPHQWV GH FKDUERQ

%DLHU

OD UpJLRQ GH <H]G

%REHN

SXEOLH GLQWpUHVVDQWV UpVXOWDWV GXQH H[SORUDWLRQ DX

.XUGLVWDQ

HW HQILQ 5DEFHZLF]

GHV QRWHV GH JpRORJLH DSSOLTXpH j OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHV FKHPLQ GH IHU

-H YRXGUDLV LQVLVWHU SOXV ORQJXHPHQW VXU FH TXH OHXU GRLW j WRXV XQ JpRORJXH YHQX DSUqV HX[

3RXU OHV FRQWUpHV OLPLWURSKHV MH PH VXLV IRQGp VXU OHV

WUDYDX[

JpQpUDX[ GH

$UQL

HW

3DUpMDV

SRXU OD 7XUTXLH GH

$ELFK 2VZDOG

HW

%RQQHW

SRXU O$UPpQLH HW OD 7UDQVFDXFDVLH GH

5HQQJDUWHQ /HXFKV

HW

*XQGODFK

SRXU OH &DXFDVH OH EORF

G8VW8UW

HW OH .RSHW'DJK 'DQV OD ELEOLRWKqTXH ODLVVpHSS

j 7pKpUDQ SDU ) * &ODSS j OD PLVVLRQ DPpULFDLQH

MDL

FRQVXOWp GHV SXEOLFDWLRQV PRGHUQHV UXVVHV VXU OHV FRQWUpHV DGMDFHQWHV DX[ IURQWLqUHV

M

VHSWHQWULRQDOHV GH OD 3HUVH

3RXU OD SODWHIRUPH DUDELTXH QRXV QRXV HQ VRPPHV WHQXV DX[ RXYUDJHV JpQpUDX[

GH

%ODQFNHQKRUQ .UHQNHO

/DPDUH

3LFDUG

HW

3DUpMDV

(Q RXWUH

MDL

FRQVXOWp VXUWRXW *ULHVEDFK

+D\GHQ 1RHWOLQJ %ODQIRUG 9UHGHQEXUJ )XURQ

GH

&L]DQFRXUW

HW

7ULQNOHU \

SRXU

O$IJKDQLVWDQ

HW OH

%HORXWFKLVWDQ

/RUV GH QRWUH VpMRXU GH DQV HQ 3HUVH QRXV DYRQV HX ORFFDVLRQ GH IDLUH

GHV REVHUYDWLRQV GDQV OD SURYLQFH GH .HUPDQ GDQV OD UpJLRQ GH %HQGHU$EEDV

*ROIH 3FUVLTXH GDQV OD UpJLRQ GH 4XP OD HW GDQV FHOOH HQWUH 7pKpUDQ HW 4XP FODQV O(OERXU] GDQV OH .KRUDVVDQ VHSWHQWULRQDO GDQV O$]HUEHLGMDQ HW VXU OH WUDFp GX 7UDQVLUDQLHQ HQWUH 6DUL HW $KZD]

1RWUH HVVDL QH GRLW SDV rWUH FRQIRQGX DYHF XQH PRQRJUDSKLH EHDXFRXS GH TXHVWLRQV VRQW HIIOHXUpHV RX ODLVVpHV GH F{Wp j FDXVH GX PDQTXH GH GRQQpHV SRXU

OHV GLVFXWHU &HOXL TXL FRQQDvW OD JpRORJLH GH

O,UDQ

H[FXVHUD OHV LPSHUIHFWLRQV GH PD WHQWDWLYH VDFKDQW FRPELHQ GH FRQWUpHV VRQW HQFRUH j SDUFRXULU HW FRPELHQ GH

VpULHV VWUDWLJUDSKLTXHV VRQW HQFRUH jGpFKLIIUHU GDQV XQ SD\V GRQW OD VXUIDFH FRXYUH TXDUDQWH IRLV FHOOH GH OD 6XLVVH

%pVXPp

$ 2Q SHXW UHFRQQDvWUH HQ ,UDQ OHV ]RQHV VXLYDQWHV GX 6XG DX

1RUG

/D 7DEOH DUDELTXH

VRFOH FRQWLQHQWDO SUpFDPEULHQ j FRXYHUWXUH

VpGLPHQWDLUH VSRUDGLTXH SDOpR]RwTXH PpVR]RwTXH HW WHUWLDLUH HVW O$YDQW3D\V GH

O,UDQ

/HV 3OLV %RUGLHUV

VXFFHVVLRQ

GDQWLFOLQDX[

HW GH V\QFOLQDX[ VRQW IRUPpV GH VpULHV VpGLPHQWDLUHV DOODQW GX &UpWDFp DX 7HUWLDLUH HW GRQW OHV IDXQHV VRQW PpVR JpHQQHV /HV URFKHV GHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV UHSUpVHQWHQW OH WDOXV VpGLPHQWDLUH

ODYDQW

IRVVH GXQ VLOORQ JpRV\QFOLQDO SUREDEOH FRQVWLWXp SDU OH V\VWqPH GHV ,UDQLGHV

$X[

WHPSV PLRFqQHV FHWWH DYDQWIRVVH HVW GHYHQXH OH UpFHSWDFOH GHV GpWULWXV GHV

,UDQLGHV pPHUJpHV HW VRXPLVHV j OpURVLRQ VpULHV )DUV HW

%DNKWLDU\

D ;RXV VXLYRQV HQJpQpUDO ORUWKRJUDSKH DQJODLVH

(5)

/HV (FDLOOHV

j

3DOpR]RwTXH

TXL VXUJLVVHQW GH SURIRQGHXU VXU OH IURQW

GHV ,UDQLGHV SHXYHQW rWUH LQWHUSUpWpHV FRPPH pWDQW OD FRXYHUWXUH VpGLPHQWDLUH GH OD PDUJH DIIURQWpH 1( GX VRFOH DUDEH UHIRXOpH SDU OHV ,UDQLGHV

/HVJ

,UDQLGHV

FKDUULpHV VXU OHV 3OLV %RUGLHUVS

HW OHV (FDLOOHV j 3DOpR]RwTXH FRPSUHQQHQW D OD =RQH GX )O\VFK E OD =RQH j %DGLRODULWHV HW 2SKLROLWHV HW F OD

=RQH GH +DPDGDQ &HV WURLV ]RQHV D E F SUpVHQWHQW GH WUqV QRPEUHX[ FDUDFWqUHV JpRV\QFOLQDX[ 7RXW GDERUG OH )O\VFK GkJH HRFqQH pYHQWXHOOHPHQW SOXV DQFLHQ D OHV FDUDFWqUHV OLWKRORJLTXHV W\SLTXHV GXQ )O\VFK RQ HVW GRQF HQ

SUpVHQFH GXQ ©IDFLqV RURJpQLTXH ª RX GH IHUPHWXUH GH JpRV\QFOLQDO /HV %DGLRODULWHV

HW OHV 2SKLROLWHV VRQW GHV URFKHV W\SLTXHV GXQ JpRV\QFOLQDO

(QILQ

OD ]RQH GH

+DPDGDQ GpPRQWUH SDU GHWUqV QRPEUHX[ IDLWV OH[LVWHQFH GXQ JpRV\QFOLQDO 2Q \ UHQFRQWUH GHV PDUEUHV GHV SK\OOLWHV GHV FKORULWRVFKLVWHV GHV JQHLVV GHV LQWUXVLRQV RSKLROLWKLTXHV HW JUDQLWLTXHV /kJH PpVR]RwTXH GHV VpULHV PpWDPRUSKLTXHV HVW YUDLVHPEODEOH HW OHXU DVSHFW UDSSHOOH FHOXL GHV VpULHV SHQQLTXHV GHV $OSHV

/D =RQH 8UPLDK'XNKWDU

SS SS HVW XQH FLFDWULFH HUXSWLYH VpSDUDQW OHV

,UDQLGHV GH

O,UDQ

&HQWUDO 2Q \ UHQFRQWUH GHV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV YROFDQLTXHV DX &UpWDFp VXSpULHXU HW DX 7HUWLDLUH &HOOHV\\

TXL RQW HX KHX DSUqV OH GpS{W GX *\SVR6DOLIqUH 0LRFqQH GpWULWLTXH GH

O,UDQ

&HQWUDO RX j OD

ILQ

GH FHOXLFL RQW ODLVVp GHV IRUPHV YROFDQLTXHV W\SLTXHV &HWWH FLFDWULFH HUXSWLYH

GRLW

pYLGHPPHQW VRQ H[LVWHQFH j

OD SUpVHQFH GH GLVMRQFWLRQV LPSRUWDQWHV j OD

OLPLWH

,UDQLGHV,UDQ &HQWUDO

/,UDQ &HQWUDO

HVW O$UULqUH3D\V SOLVVp GHV ,UDQLGHV

,O GRLW

rWUH FRQVLGpUp

FRPPH XQ VRFOH FRQWLQHQWDO GRXp GXQH SOXV JUDQGH SODVWLFLWp TXXQ YLHX[

ERXFOLHU 'HV SOLV GH FRXYHUWXUH VLOORQQHQW

O,UDQ

&HQWUDO HW GHV SOLV FLH IRQG

VXUJLVVHQW VXUWRXW GDQV OD PDUJH DIIURQWDQWH PpULGLRQDOH &H VRFOH D pWp UHFRXYHUW SDU OHV PHUV SDOpR]RwTXHV PpVR]RwTXHV HW WHUWLDLUHV PHUV GDQV OHVTXHOOHV VH VRQW GpSRVpHV GHV VpULHV pSLFRQWLQHQWDOHV RX ELHQ GHV VpULHV GpQRWDQW OD SUpVHQFH GH QRPEUHXVHV WHUUHV pPHUJpHV SDU H[HPSOH DX 'pYRQLHQ OH 9LHX[ *UqV URXJH DX /LDVOHV &RXFKHV j SODQWHV HW DX 0LRFqQH OHV VpULHV GpWULWLTXHV J\SVLIqUHV HW VDOLIqUHV GX *\SVR6DOLIqUH

/HV VpGLPHQWV GH

O,UDQ

&HQWUDO

QRQW

SDV VXEL GH PpWDPRUSKLVPH DOSLQ 'HV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV YROFDQLTXHV SULQFLSDOHPHQW DQGpVLWLTXHV HW EDVDOWLTXHV RQW HX OLHX j

SDUWLU

GX &UpWDFp VXSpULHXU MXVTXDX 0LRFqQH

/(OERXU]

HVW XQ SOL GH IRQG j PDWpULHO 'pYRQLHQ &DUERQLIqUH

0pVR]RwTXH HW (RFqQH FRQVWUXLW VXU OHPSODFHPHQW GXQH ©ULGH UHODWLYHPHQW SHX

SURIRQGH GXQ DQFLHQ VRFOH ª 3ODWHIRUPH UXVVH

,UDQ &HQWUDO

/(OERXU] IXW

SSpPHUJp HW VRXPLV j OpURVLRQ DYDQW OH 0LRFqQH

/,UDQ

&HQWUDO HW O(OERXU] SRXUUDLHQW rWUH FRPSDUpV GDQV XQH FHUWDLQH

PHVXUH OH SUHPLHU j OD 0HVHWD LEpULTXH HW OH VHFRQG DX[ 3\UpQpHV

/D 3ODWHIRUPH UXVVH

HW VHV DQQH[HV OH SODWHDX

G8VWXUW .DUDNXP

HWF HVW O$UULqUH3D\V WDEXODLUH GH

O,UDQ

/D FRXYHUWXUH VpGLPHQWDLUH GH VD

PDUJH PpULGLRQDOH HVW SOLVVpH GDQV OHV 0RQWV 7XUNPqQHV .KRUDVVDQV

% /HV ]RQHV j VRQW VRXPLVHV DX[ HIIRUWV UpVXOWDQW GHV SRXVVpHV GH OD 3ODWHIRUPH UXVVH YHUV OD 7DEOH DUDELTXH

/,UDQ

RULHQWDO j

O(VW

GXQH OLJQH SDVVDQW DSSUR[LPDWLYHPHQW SDU %HQGHU$EEDV HW 0HFKHG D pWp PRGHOp SDU OHV PrPHV IRUFHV TXH O$IJKDQLVWDQ HW OH %HORXWFKLVWDQ ILOHWV WRXUDQLHQV GH $UJDQG

& 1RXV DYRQV UHFRQQX HQ ,UDQ SOXVLHXUV WUDQVYHUVDOHV GpSULPpHV HW VRXOHYpHV

&KDFXQH GHOOH HVW PDUTXpH GDQV OD PRUSKRORJLH GDQV OK\GURJUDSKLH FODQV OD VWUXFWXUH HW GDQV OD OLWKRORJLH /H ORQJ GHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV VRXOHYpHV VH UHQFRQWUHQW OHV UpJLRQV PpWDOOLVpHV HW

VXU

OHV

WUDQVYHUVDOHV GpSULPpHV VDOLJQHQW

OHV

EDVVLQV SpWUROLIqUHV

(6)

6758&785( '. / ,5$1

' /D WDEOH DUDELTXH pWDQW

O$YDQW3D\V

GHV FKDvQHV LUDQLHQQHV YX TXH OHV VWUXFWXUHV HQ JUDQG GH

O,UDQ

RQW pWp PRGHOpHV SDU GHV IRUFHV GLULJpHV JURVVRPRGR GX

1(

DX 6: OHV SDUWLFXODULWpV GH VD VWUXFWXUH GpWHUPLQHQW FHOOHV GHV FKDvQHV LUDQLHQQHV D DX ODUJH GX PDVVLI GX 1HGMG RQ FRQVWDWH XQH H[DOWDWLRQ GHV FKDvQHV LUDQLHQQHV GDQV OH VHJPHQW PpGLDQ GH

O,UDQ

WDQGLV TXj JDXFKH HW j GURLWH WRXUQp YHUV OD 7DEOH DUDELTXH GX PDVVLI GX 1HGMG OHV FKDvQHV LUDQLHQQHV VH SOLVVHQW IDFLOHPHQW HQ DUFV j FRQYH[LWp WRXUQpH YHUV OD 7DEOH DUDELTXH j GURLWH E FHX[

GX

/RXULVWDQ.XUGLVWDQ

HW j JDXFKH F FHOXL GX /DULVWDQ)DUV

&HWWH VXEGLYLVLRQ

WULSDUWLWH

GH

O,UDQ

GXH j OD FRQIRUPDWLRQ GH OD 7DEOH

DUDELTXH VH

IDLW

VHQWLU HQFRUH GDQV OHV FKDvQHV SOXV LQWHUQHV TXH FHOOHV FLWpHV FLGHVVXV D OH VHJPHQW GH O(OERXU] DOODQW GH )LUX]NXK j XQH OLJQH UHOLDQW 'DVKW j -DMDUP E OHV PRQWV GH +DPDGDQ GX .KDPVHK GX 7DUXP HW OH VHJPHQW GH

O(OERXU]

DOODQW

GX

3XVKWL.XK

*XLODQ j )LUX]NXK HW F OD JHUEH H[WHUQH GH OD

YLUJDWLRQ

SHUVDQH OHV PRQWV -DJKDWDw HW OHQVHPEOH GHV PRQWV 7XUNPqQHV.KRUDVVDQ , /HV

XQLWpV WHFWRQLTXHV

GH

O,UDQ

1RV VXEGLYLVLRQV VRQW IRQFWLRQV GHV GRQQpHV SDOpRJpRJUDSKLTXHV HW SDOpRQWRORJLTXHV

GHV VW\OHV WHFWRQLTXHV HW GH OD

UpSDUWLWLRQ

GHV VpULHV YROFDQLTXHV HW GHV URFKHV HUXSWLYHV

/H WDEOHDX FLGHVVRXV SUpVHQWH OHV XQLWpV WHFWRQLTXHV GH

O,UDQ

HW OHXU U{OH WHFWRQLTXH OHXUV DQFLHQQHV GpQRPLQDWLRQV HW OHXUV DQDORJXHV HQ 7XUTXLH

M 5{OH WHFWRQLTXH ,UDQ 'pQRPLQDWLRQV LQ

&KDS ,/, GH 6WUXFWXUHS RI $VLD

'pQRPLQDWLRQV 7XUTXLH GDSUqV 3LOJULP GDSUqVT$UP

$YDQW3D\V /D 7DEOH DUDELTXH 7KH )RUHODQG

$YDQW)RVVH ,!V 3OLV %RUGLHUV ,UDQLHQV 7KH DXWRFKWRQRXV )ROGHG UpJLRQ /HV (FDLOOHV j 3DOpR]RwTXH

&KDvQHV JpRV\QFOLQDOHV

&LFDWULFH HUXSWLYH

$UULqUHSD\V SOLVVp

/D =RQH GX )O\VFK /D=RQH j5DGLRODULWHV

HW 2SKLROLWHV /D =RQHGH +DPDGDQ

7KH 5HJLRQ RI 1DSSHV

/D =RQH OUPLDK'XNKWDU

7KH 0HGLDQ0DVV

/,UDQ FHQWUDO

$UULqUHSD\V WDEXODLUHSS

/(OERXU]

/D 3ODWHIRUPH UXVVH

3OLV ERUGLHUV

DQDWRORLUDQL HQV

=LQGRQ VHULH 6HPDLO LQWUXVLY 2PDQ VHULH +DWDW

VHULH

,UDQLGHV

'XNKWDU .XKL 3DQGM .KDQL 6XUNKM

6HULHV

7DXULGHV

$QDWROLGHV

/D 7DEOH DUDELTXH

/H ERXFOLHU DUDEH MRXH OH U{OH GXQ DYDQWSD\V SRXU OHV FKDvQHV LUDQLHQQHV 2Q SHXW GLVWLQJXHU HQ $UDELH FODQV OD SRUWLRQ TXL QRXV LQWpUHVVH OHV pOpPHQWV VXLYDQWV

(7)

, 'pSUHVVLRQ

GH

3DOHVWLQH

GpSUHVVLRQ GpMj GHSXLV OHV WHPSV WULDVLTXHV MXV¤

TXDX 4XDWHUQDLUH

,/ $UDELH FHQWUDOH

/H PDVVLI DQFLHQ DUDERQXELHQ TXL DIIOHXUH GDQV OH 1HGMG

HVW HQWRXUp GH GpS{WV FRQWLQHQWDX[ OHV JUqV QXELHQV TXL j OD SpULSKpULH YHUV OD 0pVRSRWDPLH OD 3DOHVWLQH HW OH EDVVLQ GX

%XEDO.KDOL

SDVVHQW j GHV

DXUpROHV GH GpS{WV PDULQV

/H 1HGMG

OH

QR\DX

GX

ERXFOLHU DUDEH

D pWp pPHUJp HW VRXPLV j

OpURVLRQ GHSXLV OHV WHPSV SDOpR]RwTXHV SXLVTXH OH IDFLqV FRQWLQHQWDO GHV JUqV QXELHQV D FRPPHQFp j VH IRUPHU GqV OD

ILQ

GX 3UpFDPEULHQ

,O

QH GRLW SDV

VRQ H[LVWHQFH j XQH pQHUJLH GkJH DOSLQ FRPPH OH SHQVH /DPDUH

,,, 'pSUHVVLRQ

GX EDVVLQ GX

%XEDO.KDOL

,9

0DVVLI DQFLHQ DUDERVRPDOLHQ GRQW OHV URFKHV DQFLHQQHV DIIOHXUHQW VXU OD F{WH G$GHQ HW FODQV

O+DGUDPDXW

(QWUH OH PDVVLI DUDERQXELHQ HW OH PDVVLI DUDER VRPDOLHQ VH VLWXH OH %ORF GH 6DEpH GH IRUPDWLRQ SOXV UpFHQWH

/$UF

GH

0DVFDWH

RX

YLUJDWLRQ G2PDQ

HVW XQ pOpPHQW DOSLQ DFFROp

DX ERXFKHU DUDEH YRLU SOXV ORLQ S

'HX[ DQJOHV GX ERXFOLHU DUDEH SURYRTXHQW GDQV OHV FKDvQHV VHUUpHV DX ODUJH

GHV SDUWLFXODULWpV GH VWUXFWXUH /H SUHPLHU GH FHV DQJOHV HVW OH SURPRQWRLUH VLWXp DX 1 GH OD 6\ULH HW DX 1 GH

O,UDN ,O

D SURYRTXp DXGHYDQW GH

OXL

OD KDXWH

pOpYDWLRQ HW OH VHUUDJH GHV FKDvQHV j OHVW GH 6LYDV OHV PRQWDJQHV G$UPpQLH HW SOXV DX QRUG GDQV O$UULqUH3D\V OD VXUUHFWLRQ GX &DXFDVH WUDQVYHUVDOH VRXOHYpH GH

9DQ

/H VHFRQG GH FHV DQJOHV GRLW H[LVWHU VRXV OD UpJLRQ GH %HQFOHU$EEDV DX QRUG GH OD SUHVTXvOH G2PDQ (Q HIIHW DX ODUJH GH FH SURPRQWRLUH OHV FKDvQHV VH

GLULJHQW WRXW

GDERUG 1?9B6( TXDQG HOOHV VDSSOLTXHQW DX ERUG 1( GH OD 7DEOH

$UDELTXH SXLV 16 TXDQG HOOHV VDSSOLTXHQW FRQWUH OH ERUG RULHQWDO GH ODQJOH

YRLU

S

/HV 3OLV %RUGLHUV DXWRFKWRQHV LUDQLHQV

'H ODLUH FRQWLQHQWDOH DUDELTXH YHUV OD GpSUHVVLRQ PpVRSRWDPLHQQH OHV GpS{WV GX &UpWDFp HW GX 7HUWLDLUH DXJPHQWHQW JUDGXHOOHPHQW GpSDLVVHXU FRPPH

ORQW

GpPRQWUp QRQ VHXOHPHQW OHV OHYpHV JpRORJLTXHV PDLV DXVVL GHV UHFKHUFKHV

JpRSK\VLTXHV 'DQV OHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV OHV VpGLPHQWV FUpWDFpV HW WHUWLDLUHV DWWHLJQHQW SDUHQGURLWV XQH pSDLVVHXU FRQVLGpUDEOH HW OHV VpULHV \ VRQW FRQFRUGDQWHV

j FHUWDLQV HQGURLWVS

-H YRLV GDQV OHV VpGLPHQWV GHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV OH UpVXOWDW GX UHPSOLVVDJH GXQH DYDQWIRVVH GRQW OD GpSUHVVLRQ DFWXHOOH GH 0pVRSRWDPLH HW OH *ROIH 3HUVLTXH VHUDLHQW OHV UHOLTXHV (Q HIIHW OH FDUDFWqUH KDXWHPHQW ]RRJqQH GH FHV VpGLPHQWV HW OHV FRXFKHV GH J\SVH LQWHUFDOpHV QH VXJJqUHQW SDV TXRQ

DLW

DIIDLUH j GHV

VpGLPHQWV GXQ W\SH JpRV\QFOLQDO &HWWH DYDQWIRVVH S

VpWDLW

pWDEOLH VXU OD PDUJH VXG GX

YUDL

JpRV\QFOLQDO LUDQLHQ GqV OH &UpWDFp LQIpULHXU 'DSUqV OHV GpILQLWLRQVJ GH

7HUFLHU

FH VHUDLW XQH UpJLRQ j VpGLPHQWDWLRQ SDUDOLTXH

&HWWH ]RQH GHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV HVW UpGXLWH DX

SRLQW

PrPH R j FDXVH GX

SURPRQWRLUH DUDELTXH OH VHUUDJH WHFWRQLTXH D pWp OH SOXV HIIHFWLI 'X

'LDUEHNLU

HW GH

6LLUW

YHUV OH 6( OHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV LUDQRDQDWROLTXHV DXJPHQWHQW FRQVLGpUDEOHPHQW HQ LPSRUWDQFH ,OV VH GpYHORSSHQW HQ OREHV ² TXL VRQW GHV YLUJDWLRQV ²

j FRQYH[LWp WRXUQpH YHUV OD 7DEOH DUDELTXH VpSDUpV SDU GHV ]RQHV j GpSUHVVLRQ D[LDOH SDU OHVTXHOOHV SDVVHQW OHV JUDQGHV ULYLqUHV WUDQVYHUVDOHVS

'HX[ GH FHV OREHV VRQW ELHQS

YLVLEOHV FHOXL GX /RXULVWDQ HQWUH 'L]IRXO HW

.KDQLNLQ

DQWLFOLQDX[ GX

(8)

;

0

A:U A w0P II: hb

[!

A! F

(©

[IS [

B

I

Vª BB

‡[;$

D87GFB

)LJ/HFKDUULDJHGHOD=RQHGX)O\VFKVXUOHV3OLV%RUGLHUVj6 9XHYHUDOH1RUG$JDXFKHFRQJORPpUDWVDXWRFKWRQHV%DNKWLDULVSORQJHDQWjGURLWHVRXVOH)O\VF

(9)

=DJURV GX

.DELU.XK

GX 3XVKWL.XK HWF HW FHOXL GX )DUV HW /DULVWDQ HQWUH

%RXFKLU HW %HQGHU$EEDV 1RXV UHSUHQGURQV OD TXHVWLRQ GH FHV YLUJDWLRQV GDQV OH FKDSLWUH

,,, WUDLWDQW

GH OD WHFWRQLTXH WUDQVYHUVDOH GH

O,UDQ

$X

1(

GH %HQGHU$EEDV DX[ HQYLURQV GH 6KDPLO OHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV .KXVKN

.XK

HWF VHQIRQFHQW SpULFOLQDOHPHQW YHUV

O(VW

VRXV GHV GpS{WV

%DNKWLDU\

TXL VRQW FKHYDXFKpV j OHXU

WRXU

SDU OD 1DSSH GX )O\VFK ]RQH GX =LQGRQ GH GLUHFWLRQ 16 &H FKDQJHPHQW GH GLUHFWLRQ

WRXW

j

IDLW

H[WUDRUGLQDLUH

IDLW

VXSSRVHU TXH ODLUH VpGLPHQWDLUH GHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV QH VpWHQGDLW SDV SOXV ORLQ YHUV

O(VW

SSSS &HWWH DLUH RX

VRXYUDLW

EUXVTXHPHQW YHUV O2FpDQ ,QGLHQ FRPPH OH *ROIH 3HUVLTXH DFWXHO RX

pWDLW

GpOLPLWpH j

O(VW

SDU OD FRUGLOOqUH HPEU\RQQDLUH GH OD ]RQH GX )O\VFK YRLU S HW

WRXUQDLW

DX VXG SRXU SDVVHU j

O:

GH ODUF G2PDQ )LJ

/H VXUJLVVHPHQW GH G{PHV GH

VHO

FH SKpQRPqQH JpRORJLTXH VL FDSWLYDQW DFFRPSDJQH OHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV 2Q VDLW

TXLO IDXW DWWULEXHU

XQ

kJH FDPEULHQS JJ DX VHO HW DX[ URFKHV

TXLO

DPqQH DYHF

OXL

j OD VXUIDFH 1RXV SRXYRQV REVHUYHU TXH OHV G{PHV GH VHO FRwQFLGHQW VRLW DYHF OHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV VRLWS

DYHF OH JUDQG SODQ GH FKDUULDJH

IURQWDO

GHV ,UDQLGHV 2Q HQ SHXW

WLUHU

OK\SRWKqVH TXH OHV G{PHV GH VHO QH[LVWHQW SDV Oj R HQ SURIRQGHXU OH VRFOH DUDELTXH HVW DEVHQW 'H

IDLW

LOV VRQW LQH[LVWDQWV GDQV OHV ,UDQLGHV HW GDQV OH 0DNUDQ (Q ,UDQ FHQWUDO OH VHO GHV G{PHV

SURYLHQW

GHV IRUPDWLRQV PLRFqQHV

/D

UpSDUWLWLRQ

GHV G{PHV GH VHO YD GH OD F{WH DUDELTXH GX *ROIH 3HUVLTXH DX 6XG H SDUDOOqOH MXVTXDX FKHYDXFKHPHQW

IURQWDO

FOpV ,UDQLGHV DX 1RUG GX H PpULGLHQ j O2XHVW MXVTXj OD UpJLRQ GH %HQGHU$EEDV j

O(VW

ƒ 2Q VXSSRVH OD SUpVHQFH GXQ G{PH GH VHO VXU OH VRFOH FRQWLQHQWDO DUDELTXH j -DEDO 6DPDQ DX 6: GH %DVVRUDK HW XQ DXWUH j -DEDO 8VGXP HQ 3DOHVWLQH /HXU H[WHQVLRQ GpOLPLWH FHOOH GH OD 7DEOH DUDELTXH VRXV OHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV

VL RQ OHV WURXYH j OD IRLV VXUOD 7DEOH DUDELTXH HW GDQVOHV 3OLV %RUGLHUVHWSDV DLOOHXUV FHVW TXH

OD SODWHIRUPH FRQWLQHQWDOH

VXU ODTXHOOH VHVW GpSRVp OH VHO

H[LVWH

HQ

SURIRQGHXU

T

S

VRXV OHV

3OLV %RUGLHUV

/H WHUPH GH SOLV

DXWRFKWRQHV

DSSOLTXp SDU OHV DXWHXUV GX &KDSLWUH

,,,

GH

© 6WUXFWXUH RI $VLD ª LQGLTXH TXLOV QH SHQVHQW SDV TXH OHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV VRLHQW LVVXV GXQ JpRV\QFOLQDO PDLV TXXQ VRFOH FRQWLQHQWDO H[LVWH HQ SURIRQGHXU

/HV pSDLVVHV VpULHV GHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV UHSUpVHQWHQW XQ WDOXV VpGLPHQWDLUH SRVp VXU OD PDUJH

1(

GX VRFOH FRQWLQHQWDO DUDEH

3RXU OHV QRPV JpRJUDSKLTXHV FRQVXOWHU

9RLU j FH VXMHW -ROHDXG / 5DSSRUWV GH OD 7HFWRQLTXH JpQpUDOH HW GHV YHQXHV SpWUROLIqUHV GDQV OD 7HUUH HW GDQV OD 0HU G2PDQ $UDELH ² ,OqPH &RQJUqV 0RQG GX

3pWUROH 3DULV

;RXV DYRQV UDSSRUWp GX G{PH GH VHO GH %XVWDQRX NP : GH %HQGDU$EEDV XQH SVHXGRPRUSKRVH GH WUpPLH GH VHO 3DUpMDV j FH VXMHW PH FRPPXQLTXHDYRLU UHQFRQWUp GH

VHPEODEOHV SVHXGRPRUSKRVHV GH WUpPLHVGH VHOGDQVGHVIRUPDWLRQV

HDPEULHQQHV

DX 6]HWFKRXDQ HW DX &DQDGLDQ 5RFNLHV 2Q OHV FRQQDvW

DXVVL

GDQV OD

6DLW 5DQJH

/H 6HO GH OD 6DLW 5DQJH VHUDLW FDPEULHQ GDSUqV OD PDMRULWp GHV DXWHXUV

,O

VHUDLW GX

SOXV KDXW LQWpUrW GpWDEOLU GpILQLWLYHPHQW VL OH &DPEULHQ GH OD 6DLW 5DQJH HW FHOXL GX *ROIH 3HUVLTXH DSSDUWLHQQHQW j OD PrPH DLUH VpGLPHQWDLUH /D GpPRQVWUDWLRQ GXQH SDUHQWp MHWWHUDLW

XQH EHOOH OXPLqUH GDQV OpWXGH GHODGpULYH YHUV OH 1( GH OD SpQLQVXOH KLQGRXH HQ SDUWLFXOLHU HW GHV GpULYpV GX *RQGZDQD HQ JpQpUDO ;RXV UHYLHQGURQV GDQV XQ WUDYDLO SURFKDLQ VXU FHWWH TXHVWLRQ

(10)

6758&785( '( /,5$1

/HV (FDLOOHV j 3DOpR]Rw_LLH

/H ORQJ GX SODQ GH FKHYDXFKHPHQW PDMHXU GX V\VWqPH GHV ,UDQLGHV OHV DXWHXUV GX &KDSLWUH

,,,

GH © 6WUXFWXUH RI $VLD ª RQW GpFULW HQ SOXVLHXUV

HQGURLWV GHV JUDQGHV pFDLOOHV IRUPpHV GHV PrPHV VpULHV

,O

RQW WURXYp GH FHV pFDLOOHV

ELHQ GpYHORSSpHV DX 6( GX 6KXWXUDQ .XK DX

.XKL'LQDU

HW GDQV OD UpJLRQ GH 'X 3XODQ 'DQV FHV pFDLOOHV LOV RQW UHFRQQX GX &DPEULHQ GX 'pYRQLHQ GX 3HUPR

&DUERQLIqUH IRVVLOLIqUH ELHQ GpYHORSSp GX &UpWDFp PR\HQ IRVVLOLIqUH HW GH O(RFqQH

&HV pFDLOOHV QH VRQW SDV UHSUpVHQWpHV DX 6( GX

.XKL'LQDU

\\ PDLV OH ORQJ GX FKHYDXFKHPHQW GHV ,UDQLGHV VXU OHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV RQ UHQFRQWUH j OHXU SODFH GHV PDVVHV GH VHO GLDSLULTXH 'HV URFKHV GH OD VpULH GH +RUPX] VRQW DVVRFLpHV SDUIRLV

j FHV PDVVHV GH VHO

/D VLJQLILFDWLRQ WHFWRQLTXH GH FH VHO GLDSLULTXH HW GH FHV pFDLOOHV j

SDOpR]RwTXHV HVW GHV SOXV LQWpUHVVDQWHV GDQV OHV ,UDQLGHV RQ QH UHQFRQWUH SDV GH VHO

YHQDQW GH SURIRQGHXU HW OHV FRXFKHV \ VRQW VRXYHQW PpWDPRUSKLVpHV &HV IDLWV QRXV FRQGXLVHQW j H[SOLTXHU OHV ODPEHDX[\ GH VHO GLDSLULTXH HW OHV pFDLOOHV j

SDOpR]RwTXH VH

WURXYDQW

VXU OH

IURQW

GHV ,UDQLGHV FRPPH pWDQW GHV

ODPEHDX[

GH

OD

FRXYHUWXUH

GX

UHERUG 1(

GX VRFOH

DUDELTXH UHIRXOpV

GH

SURIRQGHXU

GXUDQW OH SDUR[\VPH GH ORURJHQqVH )LJ

4XRL

TXLO

HQ VRLW OD SUpVHQFH GH FH VHO PRQWUH ELHQ

ODPSOLWXGH

HQ SURIRQGHXU

GX FKDUULDJH PDMHXU GHV ,UDQLGHV

?

/D =RQH GX )O\VFK

/D ]RQH GX )O\VFK QH VH UHQFRQWUH ELHQ GpYHORSSpH TXDX

1(

HW ( GH %HQGHU

$EEDV GDQV OD FKDvQH GX =LQGRQ

-DL

REVHUYp FH )O\VFK HQWUH 6KDPLO HW )DULDE

-DL

pWp IUDSSp GH VD UHVVHPEODQFH DYHF QRV )O\VFKV GHV $OSHV VXLVVHV 2Q

\

UHQFRQWUH GHV JUqV ILQV JURVVLHUV FRQJORPpUDWLTXHV GHV PDUQHV JUpVHXVHV j

\\

WUDFHV GH YHUV )LJ HW

,O

HVWLQWpUHVVDQW GH FRPSDUHU OHV FRQGLWLRQV GH VpGLPHQWDWLRQ GXUDQW O(RFqQH GXQH SDUW GDQV OHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV HW GDXWUH SDUW GDQV OD ]RQH GX )O\VFK 'DQV OHV SUHPLHUV UqJQH XQH VpGLPHQWDWLRQ FDOFDLUH ]RRJqQH WUDQTXLOOH WDQGLV TXH GDQV OD ]RQH GX )O\VFK OD VpGLPHQWDWLRQ HVW IRUWHPHQW GpWULWLTXH &HWWH RSSRVLWLRQ VHXOHPHQW SHUPHW GH VH IDLUH XQH LGpH VXU OHV FDXVHV GHV GLIIpUHQFHV GH VpGLPHQWDWLRQ

GDQV ODLUH GHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV HW GDQV FHOOH GH OD ]RQH GX )O\VFK 2Q SHXW GLUH TXH FHWWH GHUQLqUH j ORSSRVp GHV SUHPLHUV VHVW

WURW[pH

GDQV XQH UpJLRQ R OHV HIIRUWV WHFWRQLTXHV HPEU\RQQDLUHV RQW HX IDFLOHPHQW GHV UpSHUFXVVLRQV FRQVWLWXDQW GHV UHOLHIV GRQW OpURVLRQ D GRQQp QDLVVDQFH DX[ GpS{WV GX )O\VFK IDFLqV RURJpQLTXH

8QH UpJLRQ R OHV HIIRUWV WHFWRQLTXHV HPEU\RQQDLUHV RQW GH WHOV HIIHWV DSSDUWLHQW

GRQF j XQH

UpJLRQ

GH OpFRUFH WHUUHVWUH j

IRQFWLRQ JpRV\QFOLQDOH

1RXV YHUURQV HQ DYDQoDQW GDQV OHV pOpPHQWV LQWHUQHV GX

J J

V\VWqPH GHV

,UDQLGHV DSSDUDvWUH SURJUHVVLYHPHQW GHV SUHXYHV GH ODQFLHQQH H[LVWHQFH GXQ VLOORQ JpRV\QFOLQDO

/HV FRQFOXVLRQV VL LQWpUHVVDQWHV TXH ORQ SHXW

WLUHU

GH OD SUpVHQFH GXQ IDFLqV IO\VFK GDQV OD FKDvQH GX =LQGRQ VRQW HQFRUH DSSX\pHV SDU OH VW\OH WHFWRQLTXH UHQFRQWUp GDQV FHWWH ]RQH &H QHVW SOXV XQH VXFFHVVLRQ

GDQWLFOLQDX[

SS HW GH V\Q

,O

QH VDJLW SDV GH G{PHV GH VHO VDOWSOXJV QRXV SUpIpURQV JDUGHU OH WHUPH GH G{PH

SRXU OHV PDVVHV GH VHO GLDSLULTXH SHUoDQW XQ DQWLFOLQDO RX XQH FRXYHUWXUH VpGLPHQWDLUH SOXV RX PRLQV KRUL]RQWDOH

(11)

FOLQDX[ GH VW\OH MXUDVVLHQ FRPPH GDQV OHV 3OLV %RUGLHUV PDLV XQH VWUXFWXUH HQ JUDQGHV pFDLOOHV VH FKHYDXFKDQW OHV XQHV OHV DXWUHV GH OHVW j O2XHVW FHV pFDLOOHV FKHYDXFKHQW j OHXU

WRXU

GHV FRXFKHV FRQJORPpUDWLTXHV DXWRFKWRQHV

%DNKWLDU\

ILJ

3OXV DX 1RUG TXH OH FKHPLQ GH *RGDUL6RUNK DX 7DQJL/RKDUHH OHV DXWHXUV GX &KDSLWUH

,,,

GH © 6WUXFWXUH RI $VLD ª RQW QRWp VXU OH SODQ GH FKHYDXFKHPHQW

GX )O\VFK GX =LQGRQ GHV EORFV HQWUDvQpV GH FDOFDLUH GX 0LRFqQH LQIpULHXU VDQV GRXWH DUUDFKpV DX[ 3OLV %RUGLHUV UDFOpV HQ SURIRQGHXU

/D ]RQH GX )O\VFK QD SDV HQFRUH pWp UHQFRQWUpH DLOOHXUV HQ ,UDQ

(Q 7XUTXLH

$UQL

\\ GDQV VRQ

SURILO

GHV PRQWDJQHV GH

%LWOLV6LLUWLQGLTXH

HQWUH OH EDVVLQ

WHUWLDLUH

HW GX 3HUPR&DUERQLILqUH PpWDPRUSKLVp GHV pFDLOOHV HW ODPEHDX[ GH )O\VFK DVVRFLpV j GHV URFKHV HUXSWLYHV EDVLTXHV TXL VRQW GDQV XQH VLWXDWLRQ HW XQH DOOXUH DVVH] VHPEODEOHV j FHOOHV GH OD ]RQH GX )O\VFK GX =LQGRQ

/D ]RQH j 5DGLRODULWHV HW 2SKLROLWHV

1RXV DYRQV REVHUYp FHWWH QDSSH DX

1(

HW DX 1 GH %HQGHU$EEDV GDQV OD UpJLRQ GH )DULDE GH %DG$YVKDQ UpJLRQ GH *DENXVKNL SOXV DX 1RUG DX[ HQYLURQV

GH 6XJKXQ j 'HK6KDLNK HW DX FRO GH /DUGLJDU )LJ HW

.XKLWVRGI[YVKHQ &ROOLQH pO(VW GH ÐRG$UVKkQ

æ L ,

:

Y

9

$L UX ª9 $$ .25

\ 9$

Q?

-$& <0æYD 9UO99

!9YB

LL

LL

&DOFDLUHV FULVWDOOLQV LB

M

6FKLVWHV VLOLFHX[ URXJHV ,,

BBBBBBB HQ EDWLF V PDVVLIV ,,LBLB

MM

HWYHUWV 5DGLRODULWHVURX 9?, , ,,V? 6HUSHQWLQHV 'LDEHVHV

)LJ

3URILO

GDQV OD =RQH j 5DGLRODULWHV HW 2SKLROLWHV j %DG$YVKDQ

&HWWH ]RQH HVW ELHQ H[SRVpH j

.XKL%XGDQ

HW .XKL%DG$YVKDQ 2Q

YRLW

Oj GpSDLVVHV VpULHV GH VFKLVWHV VLOLFHX[ URXJHV RX YHUWV GH %DGLRODULWHV URXJHV RX YHUWHV GHV URFKHV HUXSWLYHV EDVLTXHV VHUSHQWLQHV HWF VRQW DVVRFLpHV j FHWWH VpULH

-DL

UHFRQQX OHV IDFLqV VXLYDQWV D URFKHV EDVLTXHV VHUSHQWLQHV GLDEDVHV HQ FRXVVLQV E FDOFDLUHV URVHV HQ SODTXHWWHV j *ORERWUXQFDQD

/LQQHL

IWUDQVJUHVVLIV HQ XQ HQGURLW VXU D@ F VpULHV WUqV pSDLVVHV GH VFKLVWHV VLOLFHX[ URXJHV HW YHUWV HW

%DGLRODULWHV G FDOFDLUH FULVWDOOLQ EODQF PDUPRULVp

,O

HVW UDLVRQQDEOH

GDWWULEXHU

XQ kJH PpVR]RwTXH j FHV VpULHV

/D VWUXFWXUH GH FHWWH QDSSH HVW HQ pFDLOOHV TXL VH VXUPRQWHQW OHV XQHV OHV DXWUHV

G(VW

HQ 2XHVW HW FKHYDXFKHQW HQ EORF j O2XHVW OD ]RQH GX )O\VFK

/HV JpRORJXHV GX &KDSLWUH

,,,

GH © 6WUXFWXUH RI $VLD ª RQW REVHUYp VSRUDGLTXHPHQW

FHWWH QDSSH WRXMRXUV GDQV OD PrPH SRVLWLRQ WHFWRQLTXH GH OD SURYLQFH GH .HUPDQ j .HUPDQVKDK

1RXV ODYRQV YXH j 'RUXG

)XURQ

OD VXLYLH VXU SOXV GH FHQW NLORPqWUHV GDQV OHV YDOOpHV GX

+DXW

.DUD6RX HW GX *DPDVDE GDQV OH .XUGLVWDQ

%REHN

OD UHQFRQWUpH WUqV ELHQ GpYHORSSpH GDQV OH .XUGLVWDQ DX &LOR 'DJK HW DX 6DW'DJK

(Q 7XUTXLH

$UQL

JJ QH VLJQDOH SDV H[SUHVVpPHQW XQH ]RQH j %DGLRODULWHV VXU OH

IURQW

GHV ,UDQLGHV

(12)

6758&785( '( / ,5$1

&HWWH ]RQH j %DGLRODULWHV HW 2SKLROLWHV HVW FKDUULpH VXU OHV pOpPHQWV

WHFWRQLTXHV SOXV H[WHUQHV OD ]RQH GX )O\VFK OHV pFDLOOHV j 3DOpR]RwTXH HW OD ]RQH GHV

3OLV %RUGLHUV

$X 1 HW 1( GH %HQGHU$EEDV RQ SHXW IDLUH GH FXULHXVHV REVHUYDWLRQV VXU OHV GLUHFWLRQV GH OD ]RQH j %DGLRODULWHV HW 2SKLROLWHV 1RXV DYRQV GpMj YX SDJH

j TXHOOHV LQWpUHVVDQWHV FRQFOXVLRQV HOOHV QRXV RQW FRQGXLWV 'H OD JRUJH GH

%LULQWL

JJ

HW DXVVL GH SOXV DX 6XG SDU )DULDE MXVTXj *XODVKJLUG OD ]RQH j %DGLRODULWHV HW 2SKLROLWHV FKHYDXFKH OD ]RQH GX )O\VFK G(VW HQ 2XHVW HW VD GLUHFWLRQ HVW 1RUG 6XG 'H 6XJKXQ SDU 'DXODWDEDG j'HK6KDLNK ILJ HW DX FRO GH/DUGLJDU j PL FKHPLQ HQWUH 'DXODWDEDGS HW +DGMLDEDG OD ]RQH j %DGLRODULWHV HW 2SKLROLWHV VpWHQG HQ GLUHFWLRQ DSSUR[LPDWLYHPHQW(VW2XHVW +pODV OH WHPSV QRXV D PDQTXp SRXU REVHUYHU OH UDFFRUG GH FHV GHX[ GLUHFWLRQV

1

6 LB

A

-D

(6

P

7@)DUV GHV

BBBB3OLV %RUGLHUV L‰lGLRO|ULOHV Q 2SKLROLOHV &DOFDLUHV URVpV

)LJ

3URILO

j 3LUL*KDLE

,O

PH SDUDvW LQGLTXp GH UDSSRUWHU FH FKDQJHPHQW GH GLUHFWLRQ j OLQIOXHQFH

HQ SURIRQGHXU GH OD 7DEOH DUDELTXH IRUPDQW VRXV OD UpJLRQ GH %HQGHU$EEDV XQ DQJOH GRQW XQ F{Wp VHUDLW GLULJp

1:6(

HW ODXWUH

16

HW FRQWUH OHVTXHOV VRQW YHQXV VDOLJQHU OHV ,UDQLGHV

/D VLJQLILFDWLRQ GH FHWWH ]RQH HVW FDSLWDOH 2Q VDLW TXH OHV %DGLRODULWHV HW OHV 2SKLROLWHV VRQW WRXMRXUV OLQGLFH GXQH UpJLRQ GH OpFRUFH WHUUHVWUH j IRQFWLRQ JpRV\QFOLQDOH

,O

HQ UpVXOWH TXH OD ]RQH j

%DGLRODULWHV

JJ

HW 2SKLROLWHV

GH

O,UDQ

GpPRQWUH OD SUpVHQFH GXQ T

VLOORQ JpRV\QFOLQDO

TXL VHVW pWHQGX GX .XUGLVWDQ

j 'DXODWDEDG SURYLQFH GH .HUPDQ HW GH Oj YHUV OH 6XG MXVTXj OD ULYLqUH %XGDQ HW SUREDEOHPHQW HQFRUH SOXV ORLQ

(Q

2PDQ

/HHV D GpFULW XQ DUF DSSOLTXp FRQWUH OH ERUG RULHQWDO GX EORF DUDEH OD

YLUJDWLRQ G2PDQ

GDQV ODTXHOOH

LO

QRWH OD SUpVHQFH GXQH VpULH GLWH GH +DZDVLQD TXL SHXW rWUH FRPSDUpH j OD ]RQH j %DGLRODULWHV HW 2SKLROLWHV

HQ ,UDQ %HPDUTXRQV TXXQH IRUPDWLRQ DQDORJXH DX FDOFDLUH GH 0XVDQGDQ GpFULWH

HQ 2PDQ QD SDV HQFRUH pWp VLJQDOpH HQ ,UDQ

'DSUqV /HHV ODSSDUHQFH GHV VFKLVWHV GH

+DWDW

HW OD TXHVWLRQ GX GHJUp GH OHXU PpWDPRUSKLVPH VXJJqUHQW XQ kJH SDOpR]RwTXH RX ELHQ PrPH PpVR]RwTXH ,OV VRQW WUqV VHPEODEOHV pFULW /HHV DX[ ©%QGQHU 6FKLHIHU ª HW VRQW GH PrPH QDWXUH TXH OHV SK\OOLWHV UHQFRQWUpHV j ,VSDKDQ HW +DPDGDQ SDU H[HPSOH

3RXU /HHV OHV ,UDQLGHV 7KH =RQH RI 1DSSHV HQWUH

1LUL]

HW .HUPDQ RQW pWp

SOLVVpHV DYHF ODUF G2PDQ GXUDQW XQH SKDVH SUp*RVDX 8QH EUDQFKH H[WHUQH

GHV ,UDQLGHV SUp*RVDX SDVVDLW HQ 2PDQ WDQGLV TXXQH DXWUH EUDQFKH VLQFXUYDLW

(13)

HW SDVVDLW HQ 0HNUDQ HQ GLUHFWLRQ DSSUR[LPDWLYHPHQW SDUDOOqOH j OD F{WH DFWXHOOH

&HWWH VHFRQGH EUDQFKH DXUDLW pWp UHSULVH GXUDQW OHV SKDVHV RURJpQLTXHV WHUWLDLUHV WDQGLV TXH

ODUF

G2PDQ QH

OpWDLW

SDV GH OD PrPH PDQLqUH &HWWH VXULPSRVLWLRQ GXQH VHFRQGH RURJHQqVH FDFKHUDLW GH QRV MRXUV OD FRQQHFWLRQ HQWUH 2PDQ HW OHV ,UDQLGHV

/DUF

GH 0DVFDWH SRVH XQ JUDYH SUREOqPH WHFWRQLTXH

/D ]RQH GH +DPDGDQ

1RXV SUpIpURQV GRQQHU FH QRP SRXU GHV UDLVRQV GH WHUPLQRORJLH j FHWWH

VXEGLYLVLRQ GHV ,UDQLGHV QRPPpH SDU OHV JpRORJXHV GX &KDSLWUH

,,,

GH © 6WUXFWXUH RI

$VLDª ©0HWDPRUSKRVHG SDODHR]RLF 1DSSH JURXSª

&HWWH ]RQH GH +DPDGDQ HVW FHUWDLQHPHQWJ ODS

SOXV LQWpUHVVDQWH FHOOH TXL

UpVHUYH HQFRUH GH EHOOHV VXUSULVHV DX JpRORJXH PDLV TXL HVW DFWXHOOHPHQW OD PRLQV FRQQXH

'pFULYRQV FHWWH ]RQH GX

1:

DX 6(

%LHEHQ

VLJQDOH j

O:

GH :DU GDQV O$]HUEHLGMDQ GHV FDOFDLUHV URXJHV GHV FDOFDLUHV VHPLFULVWDOOLQV JULV JULVYHUW RX MDXQHEUXQ GHV PDUEUHV VDFFKDURwGHV EODQFV 'DQV OHV pERXOLV

LO

D UHQFRQWUp HQ RXWUH GHV VFKLVWHV DUJLOHX[ YHUWFODLU

GHV VFKLVWHV PLFDFpV GHV FKORULWRVFKLVWHV GX JDEEUR HW GH OD VHUSHQWLQH

/RIWXV

D GpFULW GHV JUDQLWHV DVVRFLpV j GHV SK\OOLWHV OH ORQJ GH OD IURQWLqUH LUDNRLUDQLHQQH HQWUH 6HQQDK HW OD UpJLRQ GX ODF

G8UPLDK

HW DXVVL VXU OD URXWH GH .HUPDQVKDK j 6HQQDK $ 6HKQHK OHV JpORJXHV DQJODLV VLJQDOHQW XQH ]RQH

LQWHQVpPHQW SOLVVpH HW LPEULTXpH FRPSUHQDQW GHV FKORULWRVFKLVWHV GHV FDOFDLUHV

FULVWDOOLQV

DQFLHQV EODQFV HW QRLUV IRUWHPHQW G\QDPRPpWDPRUSKLVpV

%REHN

QRWH XQH ]RQH LQWHUQH GH VFKLVWHV FULVWDOOLQV DX 6HLGDQ'DJK j

O: G8UPLDK

TXL PH VHPEOH FRUUHVSRQGUH

WRXW

j

IDLW

j OD ]RQH GH +DPDGDQ 'H 6HKQHK j +DPDGDQ VpWHQGHQW GHV URFKHV HUXSWLYHV EDVLTXHV PpWD PRUSKLVpHV GHV FKORULWRVFKLVWHV HW GHV FDOFDLUHV EODQFV HW QRLUV G\QDPRPpWDPRUSKLVpV

GDQV OHVTXHOV RQ D WURXYp GHV GpEULV GH FULQRwGHV 3XLV YLHQQHQW GHV SK\OOLWHV VpULFLWHXVHV DYHF GHV ©JUDXZDFNHV ª GDQV OHVTXHOOHV OH JUDQLWH GH

O(OYHQG

HVW

LQWUXVLI

3DU SODFH DIIOHXUHQW GHV FDOFDLUHV SOLVVpV DYHF OHV SK\OOLWHV GRQW FHUWDLQV VRQW GX &UpWDFp VXSpULHXU GHV 2UELWROLQHV \ RQW pWp WURXYpHV $LOOHXUV SUqV GH OD URXWH +DPDGDQ.D]YLQ j PLOOHV GH +DPDGDQ\

OHV JpRORJXHV DQJODLV VLJQDOHQW OD GpFRXYHUWH GXQ FDOFDLUH IRQFp j FRUDX[ GkJH © HQ

WRXW

FDV SDOpR]RwTXH

SUREDEOHPHQW &DUERQLIqUH LQIpULHXU ª

'DQV OD UpJLRQ GH

%XUXMLUG

RQ D QRWp VXU OD SDUWLH IURQWDOH GH OD ]RQH TXL QRXV RFFXSH GHV URFKHV HUXSWLYHV PpWDPRUSKLVpHV GHV FKORULWRVFKLVWHV HW GHV FDOFDLUHV EODQFV HW JULV G\QDPRPpWDPRUSKLVpV 3XLV YLHQW OH JURXSH GHV SK\OOLWHV 6XU OH FRO HQWUH 6XOWDQDEDG HW

%XUXMLUG

DIIOHXUHQW GHV SK\OOLWHV FKDQJpHV HQ FRU QpHQQHV DX FRQWDFW GXQ JUDQLWH EODQF

LQWUXVLI

$ =DPDQDEDG PLOOHV DX 6( GH +DPDGDQ RQ D WURXYp GHV PLFDVFKLVWHV j DQGDORXVLWHV

3OXV DX 6( j HQYLURQ PLOOHV DX 1( GXQH OLJQH SDVVDQW SDU -XQDJXQ

%XOGDML

DIIOHXUH GH QRXYHDX FH TXH OHV JpRORJXHV GX &KDSLWUH

,,,

GH © 6WUXFWXUH

RI $VLD ª DSSHOOHQW ©0HWDPRUSKRVHG SDODHR]RLF 1DSSH*URXS ª VXU ODTXHOOH

UHSRVHQW GHV WpPRLQV HQ SOXVLHXUV HQGURLWV GH FDOFDLUH FUpWDFp © WUDQVJUHVVLI ª $ OD EDVH GH FHV FDOFDLUHV FUpWDFpV RQ D WURXYp GHV IRVVLOHV GX VRPPHW GH

O$SWLHQ

GH

O$OELHQ

HW GX &pQRPDQLHQ

$ 1LUL]

OHV JpRORJXHV DQJODLV RQW VLJQDOp XQH VpULH GH VpGLPHQWV

SDOpR]RwTXHV PpWDPRUSKLVpV DVVRFLpH j GHV URFKHV HUXSWLYHV EDVLTXHV (QWUH

.XNDQ

HW 6DwGDEDG LOV RQW UHPDUTXp GHV URFKHV SDOpR]RwTXHV PpWDPRUSKLVpHV

(14)

6758&785( '(/75$1

<u\VH J

:,

&UW-

LOL Q

, OLOL

Q Q

R FL

W$$

8;

P w

V u$

$K

FB

æDH

RT

ª

‹

2'

'DQV OHV FROOLQHV DX 6( GH 6DwGDEDG 6LUMDQ

%ODQIRUG

VLJQDOH GHV

FDOFDLUHV FULVWDOOLQV DVVRFLpV j GHV PLFDVFKLVWHV EODQFV 'DQV OHV PRQWV HQWUH 6DwGDEDG HW 1LUL]

LO

LQGLTXH GHV FDOFDLUHV XQ SHX DOWpUpV DVVRFLpV j GHV VFKLVWHV DUJLOHX[

FKORULWFX[ HW WDOTXHX[

$X 1RUG GX 7DQJL$FKLQH VXU OH FKHPLQ GH 6XJKXQ j ,VIDQGDTHK QRXV DYRQV REVHUYp GHV URFKHV PpWDPRUSKLTXHV DVVRFLpHV j GHV URFKHV EDVLTXHV

VFKLVWHXVHV

$ O(VW

GH *XODVKJLUG

MDL

UHQFRQWUp GHV URFKHV PpWDPRUSKLTXHV GH WRXWHV

HVSqFHV UHVVHPEODQW DEVROXPHQW j GHV

6FKLVWHV OXVWUpV

(&/22 *(2/ +(/9 ²

Références

Documents relatifs

Agence de l’Eau Artois-Picardie ; Espèces animales et végétales susceptibles de proliférer dans les milieux aquatiques et subaquatiques ; 2001-2002 ; 168p. Agence de

Dmdmqmm q 1 Frpph ohv vìulhv gh whuphv jìqìudx{ q hw q q vrqw devroxphqw frqyhujhqwhv +mm. 4,/ lo hq hvw gh píph srxu od vìulh gh whuph

‡ ,O IDXW pYDOXHU O¶LQWpUrW UHODWLI SRXU OD VDQWp GDQV OH PRQGH GHV SURJUqV GH OD JpQRPLTXH DX QLYHDX GH OD SUDWLTXH HW GH OD SUHVWDWLRQ GHV VRLQV SDU UDSSRUW DX FR€W HW j

Dans deux études prospectives comparatives randomisées a été rapporté un taux d’IUE de novo moins élevé dans la voie abdominale que dans la voie vaginale non prothétique

[r]

[r]

'HSXLVODSXEOLFDWLRQHQGHVUpVXOWDWVFRQWUDGLFWRLUHV GHV pWXGHV HXURSpHQQH (563&amp; HW DPpULFDLQH 3/&amp;2 FRQFHUQDQW OH GpSLVWDJH GH PDVVH OD SULVH HQ FKDUJH GLDJQRVWLTXH HW

[r]