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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License

Blurring alien introduction pathways risks losing the

focus on invasive species policy

Philip E Hulme, Sven Bacher, Marc Kenis, Ingolf Kuhn, Jan Pergl, Petr

Pyšek, Alain Roques, Montserrat Vilà

To cite this version:

Philip E Hulme, Sven Bacher, Marc Kenis, Ingolf Kuhn, Jan Pergl, et al.. Blurring alien introduction

pathways risks losing the focus on invasive species policy. Conservation Letters, Wiley, 2017, 10 (2),

pp.265-266. �10.1111/conl.12262�. �hal-02624078�

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LETTER

Blurring Alien Introduction Pathways Risks Losing the Focus on

Invasive Species Policy

Philip E. Hulme1, Sven Bacher2, Marc Kenis3, Ingolf K ¨uhn4,5,6, Jan Pergl7, Petr Py ˇsek7,8, Alain Roques9,

& Montserrat Vil `a10

1The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Canterbury, New Zealand 2Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Mus ´ee 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland 3CABI, Del ´emont, Switzerland

4Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Halle, Germany 5Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany 6German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

7Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Pr ˚uhonice, Czech Republic

8Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vini ˇcn ´a 7, CZ-128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic 9INRA UR 0633 Zoologie Foresti `ere, 2163 Av. Pomme de pin, F-45075 Orl ´eans, France

10Estaci ´on Biol ´ogica de Do ˜nana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas (EBD-CSIC), Av. Am ´erico Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla,

Spain

Correspondence

Philip Hulme, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Canterbury, New Zealand. Tel:+64 (3) 423 0902; fax: +64 (3) 325 3866. E-mail: philip.hulme@lincoln.ac.nz Received 29 March 2016 Accepted 8 May 2016 doi: 10.1111/conl.12262

The pathways by which alien species are introduced to new regions fall into six broad classes: deliberate release;

escape from captivity; contaminant of a commodity; stow-away on a transport vector; via an infrastructure corridor

(without which spread would not be possible) or unaided from other invaded regions (Hulme et al. 2008). However, Gilroy et al. (2016) argue that species dispersing naturally, through the infrastructure corridor or unaided pathway, should be classed as native rather than alien. We con-tend their proposal is not only unworkable but also unwise.

The key issue is not how we classify species after they become introduced but the way policies are implemented to prevent biological invasions. Overwhelming evidence confirms infrastructure corridors (as distinct from land-scape corridors) as major routes for alien species intro-ductions. In Europe, over 40% of alien marine species have been introduced via canals with subsequent impacts

on maritime economies and biodiversity (Katsanevakis

et al. 2013). Similarly, many alien species spread

un-aided from one country to another with often seri-ous conservation consequences such as the alien ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis) hybridising with the endan-gered native white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) in Spain.

Gilroy et al. (2016) suggest that, by classifying species that arrive through these pathways as native, policymak-ers could simply target the subset of new introductions that become pests. But classifying species status by introduction pathway is ambiguous and unworkable since many alien species are introduced through several pathways (e.g., stowaway and corridor) thus preventing an absolute classification of a species as native. Further-more, the difficulty in predicting which alien species might become a pest means this is often only known after their introduction (Ojaveer et al. 2015). A “pest” rather

Conservation Letters, May 2016, 0(0), 1–2 Copyright and Photocopying: 2016 The Authors. Conservation Letters published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.C 1

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Consistent definitions along invasion pathways P.E. Hulmeet al.

than “alien” based policy would limit opportunities for preventative action and result in costly pest management instead. In contrast, classifying such species as alien might require anyone undertaking major infrastructure developments to prove beyond a justifiable level of doubt that their actions will not result in biological invasions. Likewise, any decision not to manage established alien species in a territory, such as North American grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) spreading from Italy, will need to ensure such inaction would not result in harm beyond political borders.

The transboundary nature of invasive species risk as-sessment has received scant attention but by ensuring alien species spreading unaided continue to be treated as alien would permit the development of a polluter pays principle to manage invasions (Hulme 2015). These poli-cies also enshrine the precautionary principle and the po-tential for them to change the way we manage biological invasions is substantial. While existing national legisla-tion may be contradictory (Gilroy et al. 2016), increased regulatory harmonisation is likely to result from the Con-vention on Biological Diversity adopting the Hulme et al. (2008) framework as the international standard for clas-sifying introduction pathways (CBD 2014). Thus classify-ing species that disperse naturally through the infrastruc-ture corridor or the unaided pathway as alien not only

aligns with recent international policy developments but also facilitates the implementation of cost-effective pre-ventative measures rather than costly pest management.

References

CBD (2014) Pathways of Introduction of Invasive Species, their

Prioritization and Management. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/18/9/

Add.1. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montr ´eal.

Gilroy J.J., Avery, J.D. & Lockwood, J.L. (2016). Seeking international agreement on what it means to be ‘native’.

Conserv. Lett., doi: 10.1111/conl.12246.

Hulme PE (2015) Invasion pathways at a crossroad: policy and research challenges for managing alien species introductions. J. Appl. Ecol., 52, 1418-1424.

Hulme, P.E., Bacher, S., Kenis, M. et al. (2008). Grasping at the routes of biological invasions: a framework for

integrating pathways into policy. J. Appl. Ecol., 45, 403-414. Katsanevakis, S., Zenetos, A., Belchior C. et al. (2013).

Invading European seas: assessing pathways of introduction of marine aliens. Ocean Coast Manage, 76, 64-74.

Ojaveer, H., Galil B.S., Campbell M.L. et al. (2015). Classification of non-indigenous species based on their impacts: considerations for application in marine management. PLOS Biology, 13, e1002130.

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