Abstract The optimal utilization of solar energy requires a thorough characterization of the solar resource
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(2) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. Clear sky models annex The n referes to the three irradiance components: global (g), normal beam (b) and diffuse (d) Figure a-1n. Model versus measurements for hourly irradiance. Figure a-2n. Model versus measurements for daily irradiation. Figure. a-3. Global clearness index versus solar elevation angle for the modeled and measured hourly data. Figure a-4. Modified global clearness index versus solar elevation angle for the modeled and measured hourly data. Figure a-5. Diffuse fraction versus solar elevation angle for the modeled and measured hourly data. Figure a-6. Normal beam clearness index versus solar elevation angle for the modeled and measured hourly data. Figure a-7. Diffuse fraction versus the global clearness index for the modeled and measured hourly data. Figure a-8. Normal beam clearness index versus the global clearness index for the modeled and measured hourly data. Figure a-9. Model bias versus the aerosol optical depth for the global, the normal beam and the diffuse irradiance. Figure a-10. Frequency of occurrence of the bias around the 1:1 axis for the global, the normal beam and the diffuse irradiance.. Figure a-11n. Seasonnal dependence of the hourly bias. Figure a-12n. Seasonnal dependence of the daily bias.
(3) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. Figure a-1g Model versus measurements for hourly global irradiance. Figure a-2g Model versus measurements for daily global irradiation. Figure a-1b Model versus measurements for hourly normal beam irradiance. Figure a-2b Model versus measurements for daily normal beam irradiation. Figure a-1d Model versus measurements for hourly diffuse irradiance. Figure a-2d Model versus measurements for daily diffuse irradiation.
(4) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. Figure a-3 Global clearness index versus solar elevation angle for the modeled and measured hourly data. Figure a-4 Modified global clearness index versus solar elevation angle for the modeled and measured hourly data. Figure a-5 Diffuse fraction versus solar elevation angle for the modeled and measured hourly data. Figure a-6 Normal beam clearness index versus solar elevation angle for the modeled and measured hourly data. Figure a-7 Diffuse fraction versus the global clearness index for the modeled and measured hourly data. Figure a-8 Normal beam clearness index versus the global clearness index for the modeled and measured hourly data.
(5) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. Figure a-9 Model bias versus the aerosol optical depth for the global, the normal beam and the diffuse irradiance. Figure a-10 Frequency of occurrence of the bias around the 1:1 axis for the global, the normal beam and the diffuse irradiance..
(6) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. Figure a-11g Seasonnal dependence of the hourly global bias. Figure a-12g Seasonnal dependence of the daiy global bias. Figure a-11b Seasonnal dependence of the hourly normal beam bias. Figure a-12b Seasonnal dependence of the daily normal beam bias. Figure a-11d Seasonnal dependence of the hourly diffuse bias. Figure a-12d Seasonnal dependence of the daily diffuse bias.
(7) Hourly global irradiance, Solis 2008, rural aerosol [W/m2]. Daily global irradiation, Solis 2008, rural aerosol [kWh/m2day]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 14. 1200 Average GHI = 706 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 1000. Average GHI = 5.1 [kWh/m2day] Number of values = 266 Mean bias difference = -0.2 %. 12. Mean bias difference = -0.2 % Standard deviation = 2.0 %. Standard deviation = 1.8 %. aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC. 10. 800 8 600 6 400 4. 200. 2. 0. 0 0. 200. 400. 600 800 Hourly global irradiance,. Hourly normal beam irradiance, Solis 2008, rural aerosol [W/m2]. 0. 1000 1200 ground measurements [W/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1200. 2. 4. 6 8 Daily global irradiation,. Daily normal beam irradiation, Solis 2008, rural aerosol [kWh/m2day]. 10 12 14 ground measurements [kWh/m2day]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 14. 12. 1000. 10 800 8 600 6 400 Average DNI = 911 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 200. Mean bias difference = -8.2 % Standard deviation = 7.1 %. 4. Average DNI = 6.6 [kWh/m2day] Number of values = 266 Mean bias difference = -8.2 % Standard deviation = 7.3 %. 2. aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC 0. 0 0. 200. 400. 600 800 Hourly normal beam irradiance,. Hourly diffuse irradiance, Solis 2008, rural aerosol [W/m2]. 1000 1200 ground measurements [W/m2]. 0. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 400. 2. 4. 6 8 Daily normal beam irradiation,. Daily diffuse irradiation, Solis 2008, rural aerosol [kWh/m2day]. 10 12 14 ground measurements [kWh/m2day]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 4 Average DIF = 65 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 96.2 % Standard deviation = 49.9 %. 350. 300. Average DIF = 0.5 [kWh/m2day] Number of values = 266 Mean bias difference = 97.4 % Standard deviation = 57.1 %. 3.5. 3. aerosol source: MACC. 250. aerosol source: MACC. 2.5. 200. 2. 150. 1.5. 100. 1. 50. 0.5. 0. 0 0. 50. 100. 150. 200 250 Hourly diffuse irradiance,. Normal beam irradiance obtained from Gh and Dh [W/m2]. 300 350 400 ground measurements [W/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1200 Closure equation: Bn = (Gh - D h) / sin(h) 1000. 800. 600. 400. 200. Average DNI = 911 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 2.6 %. 0 0. 200. 400. 600 800 Hourly normal beam irradiance,. 1000 1200 ground measurements [W/m2]. 0. 0.5. 1. 1.5. 2 2.5 Daily diffuse irradiation,. 3 3.5 4 ground measurements [kWh/m2day].
(8) Global clearness index Kt. Modified global clearness index Kt'. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1. 1. 0.8. 0.8. 0.6. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 0.6 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC. Solis 2008. 0.4. Solis 2008. 0.4. ground measurements clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.2. ground measurements. 2008. = = = =. clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.2. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0. 2008. = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. Diffuse fraction Dh/G h. 50. 60. 70. 80. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. Normal beam clearness index Kb. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1. 50. 60. 70. 80. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1 clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. aerosol source: MACC Solis 2008 ground measurements. 0.8. 2008. aerosol source: MACC Solis 2008. = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. ground measurements. 0.8. 0.6. 0.6. 0.4. 0.4. 0.2. clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.2. 0. 2008. = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0 0. 10. 20. 30. Diffuse fraction Dh/Gh. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 0. 10. 20. 30. Beam clearness index Kb. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 0.8 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC. Solis 2008. Solis 2008. ground measurements. ground measurements. 0.8. clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.6. 0.6 0.4. 2008. = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0.4 clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.2. 2008. 0.2 = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0. 0 0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1. Global clearness index Kt. 0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1. Global clearness index Kt.
(9) Hourly global irradiance, Solis 2008 model bias [W/m2]. Hourly normal beam irradiance, Solis 2008 model bias [W/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 200. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 300 Average GHI = 706 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = -0.2 % Standard deviation = 2.0 %. 150. 100. Average DNI = 911 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = -8.2 % Standard deviation = 7.1 % aerosol source: MACC. 200. aerosol source: MACC 100. 50. 0. 0. -50 -100 -100 -200 -150. -200 0.00. 0.10. 0.20. 0.30. Hourly diffuse irradiance, Solis 2008 model bias [W/m2]. 0.40 0.50 Aerosol optical depth. -300 0.00. 0.10. 0.20. 0.30. 0.40 0.50 Aerosol optical depth. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 200. 150. 100. 50. 0. -50. Average DIF = 65 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 96.2 % Standard deviation = 49.9 %. -100. -150. aerosol source: MACC -200 0.00. 0.10. Bias frequency of occurrence. 0.20. 0.30. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 0.40 0.50 Aerosol optical depth. Solis 2008. Global irradiance. Bias frequency of occurrence. Average GHI = 706 [W/m2]. Standard deviation = 2.0 %. Average DNI = 911 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = -8.2 % Standard deviation = 7.1 %. aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC. Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = -0.2 %. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Solis 2008. Cumulated frequency of occurrence. Beam irradiance. Cumulated frequency of occurrence. Beam irradiance [W/m2] Global irradiance [W/m2] -200. -150. -100. Bias frequency of occurrence. -50. 0. 50. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 100. Solis 2008. 150. 200. Diffuse irradiance. Average DIF = 65 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 96.2 % Standard deviation = 49.9 % aerosol source: MACC. Cumulated frequency of occurrence. Diffuse irradiance [W/m2]. -200. -150. -100. -50. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. -200. -150. -100. -50. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200.
(10) Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly global irradiance, Solis 2008 model bias [W/m2] 200 150. Mean bias différence = -0.0 [kWh/m2]. Standard deviation. 1.5. = 14 [W/m2]. 100. 1. 50. 0.5. 0. 0. -50. -0.5. -100. -1. -150. Standard deviation. = 0.09 [kWh/m2]. -1.5 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC -200. -2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. 1. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly normal beam irradiance, Solis 2008 model bias 300. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Daily normal beam irradiance, Solis 2008 model bias [kWh/m2] 3. Mean bias différence = -74 Standard deviation. Mean bias différence = -0.5 [kWh/m2]. [W/m2]. Standard deviation. = 65 [W/m2]. 200. 2. 100. 1. 0. 0. -100. -1. -200. = 0.48 [kWh/m2]. -2 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC -300. -3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. 1. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly diffuse irradiance, Solis 2008 model bias [W/m2] 200. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Daily diffuse irradiance, Solis 2008 model bias [kWh/m2] 2. Mean bias différence = 63 [W/m2] 150. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Daily global irradiance, Solis 2008 model bias [kWh/m2] 2. Mean bias différence = -2 [W/m2]. Standard deviation. = 33 [W/m2]. 1.5. 100. 1. 50. 0.5. 0. 0. -50. -0.5. -100. -1. -150. Mean bias différence = 0.46 [kWh/m2] Standard deviation = 0.27 [kWh/m2]. -1.5 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC. -200. -2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year.
(11) Hourly global irradiance, Bird [W/m2]. Daily global irradiation, Bird [kWh/m2day]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 14. 1200 Average GHI = 706 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 0.8 %. 1000. 12. Average GHI = 5.1 [kWh/m2day] Number of values = 266 Mean bias difference = 0.8 % Standard deviation = 2.4 %. 10. aerosol source: MACC. Standard deviation = 2.6 % aerosol source: MACC 800 8 600 6 400 4. 200. 2. 0. 0 0. 200. 400. Hourly normal beam irradiance, Bird [W/m2]. 600 800 Hourly global irradiance,. 0. 1000 1200 ground measurements [W/m2]. 2. 4. 6 8 Daily global irradiation,. Daily normal beam irradiation, Bird [kWh/m2day]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 10 12 14 ground measurements [kWh/m2day]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 14. 1200. 12. 1000. 10 800 8 600 6 400 Average DNI = 911 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = -6.0 % Standard deviation = 6.8 %. 200. 4. Average DNI = 6.6 [kWh/m2day] Number of values = 266 Mean bias difference = -6.0 % Standard deviation = 6.9 %. 2. aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC 0. 0 0. 200. 400. Hourly diffuse irradiance, Bird [W/m2]. 600 800 Hourly normal beam irradiance,. 0. 1000 1200 ground measurements [W/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 2. 4. 6 8 Daily normal beam irradiation,. Daily diffuse irradiation, Bird [kWh/m2day]. 400. 10 12 14 ground measurements [kWh/m2day]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 4 Average DIF = 65 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 88.4 % Standard deviation = 43.1 %. 350. 300. Average DIF = 0.5 [kWh/m2day] Number of values = 266 Mean bias difference = 89.5 % Standard deviation = 50.4 %. 3.5. 3. aerosol source: MACC. 250. 2.5. 200. 2. 150. 1.5. 100. 1. 50. 0.5. 0. aerosol source: MACC. 0 0. 50. 100. 150. 200 250 Hourly diffuse irradiance,. Normal beam irradiance obtained from Gh and Dh [W/m2]. 300 350 400 ground measurements [W/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1200 Closure equation: Bn = (Gh - Dh) / sin(h) 1000. 800. 600. 400. 200. Average DNI = 911 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 2.6 %. 0 0. 200. 400. 600 800 Hourly normal beam irradiance,. 1000 1200 ground measurements [W/m2]. 0. 0.5. 1. 1.5. 2 2.5 Daily diffuse irradiation,. 3 3.5 4 ground measurements [kWh/m2day].
(12) Global clearness index Kt. Modified global clearness index Kt'. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1. 1. 0.8. 0.8. 0.6. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 0.6 aerosol source: MACC Bird. 0.4. ground measurements. clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.2. aerosol source: MACC Bird. 0.4. 2008. = = = =. 0.2. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0. ground measurements. clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 2008. = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. Diffuse fraction Dh/Gh. 50. 60. 70. 80. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. Normal beam clearness index Kb. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1. 50. 60. 70. 80. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1 aerosol source: MACC Bird. ground measurements. 0.8. clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 2008. aerosol source: MACC Bird. = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. ground measurements. 0.8. 0.6. 0.6. 0.4. 0.4. 0.2. clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.2. 0. 2008. = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0 0. 10. 20. 30. Diffuse fraction Dh/Gh. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 0. 10. 20. 30. Beam clearness index Kb. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 0.8. 1. aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC Bird. Bird. ground measurements. ground measurements. 0.8 clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.6. 0.6 0.4. 2008. = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0.4 clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.2. 2008. 0.2 = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0. 0 0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1. Global clearness index Kt. 0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1. Global clearness index Kt.
(13) Hourly global irradiance, Bird model bias [W/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly normal beam irradiance, Bird model bias [W/m2]. 200. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 300 Average GHI = 706 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 0.8 % Standard deviation = 2.6 %. 150. 100. Average DNI = 911 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = -6.0 % Standard deviation = 6.8 % aerosol source: MACC. 200. aerosol source: MACC 100. 50. 0. 0. -50 -100 -100 -200 -150. -200 0.00. 0.10. 0.20. 0.30. Hourly diffuse irradiance, Bird model bias [W/m2]. 0.40 0.50 Aerosol optical depth. -300 0.00. 0.10. 0.20. 0.30. 0.40 0.50 Aerosol optical depth. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 200. 150. 100. 50. 0. -50. Average DIF = 65 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 88.4 % Standard deviation = 43.1 %. -100. -150. aerosol source: MACC -200 0.00. 0.10. Bias frequency of occurrence. 0.20. 0.30. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 0.40 0.50 Aerosol optical depth. Bird. Global irradiance. Bias frequency of occurrence. Average GHI = 706 [W/m2]. Standard deviation = 2.6 %. Average DNI = 911 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = -6.0 % Standard deviation = 6.8 %. aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC. Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 0.8 %. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Bird. Cumulated frequency of occurrence. Beam irradiance. Cumulated frequency of occurrence. Beam irradiance [W/m2] Global irradiance [W/m2] -200. -150. -100. -50. 0. 50. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Bias frequency of occurrence. 100. Bird. 150. 200. Diffuse irradiance. Average DIF = 65 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 88.4 % Standard deviation = 43.1 % aerosol source: MACC. Cumulated frequency of occurrence. Diffuse irradiance [W/m2]. -200. -150. -100. -50. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. -200. -150. -100. -50. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200.
(14) Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly global irradiance, Bird model bias [W/m2] 200 150. Mean bias différence = 0.04 [kWh/m2]. Standard deviation. 1.5. = 19 [W/m2]. 100. 1. 50. 0.5. 0. 0. -50. -0.5. -100. -1. -150. Standard deviation. = 0.12 [kWh/m2]. -1.5 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC -200. -2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. 1. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly normal beam irradiance, Bird model bias [W/m2] 300. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Daily normal beam irradiance, Bird model bias [kWh/m2] 3. Mean bias différence = -54 Standard deviation. Mean bias différence = -0.3 [kWh/m2]. [W/m2]. Standard deviation. = 62 [W/m2]. 200. 2. 100. 1. 0. 0. -100. -1. -200. = 0.45 [kWh/m2]. -2 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC -300. -3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. 1. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly diffuse irradiance, Bird model bias [W/m2] 200 150. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Daily global irradiance, Bird model bias [kWh/m2] 2. Mean bias différence = 6 [W/m2]. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Daily diffuse irradiance, Bird model bias [kWh/m2] 2. Mean bias différence = 58 [W/m2] Standard deviation = 28 [W/m2]. 1.5. 100. 1. 50. 0.5. 0. 0. -50. -0.5. -100. -1. -150. Mean bias différence = 0.42 [kWh/m2] Standard deviation = 0.24 [kWh/m2]. -1.5 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC. -200. -2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year.
(15) Hourly global irradiance, McClear [W/m2]. Daily global irradiation, McClear [kWh/m2day]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 14. 1200 Average GHI = 706 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 1000. Average GHI = 5.1 [kWh/m2day] Number of values = 266 Mean bias difference = 1.5 %. 12. Mean bias difference = 1.5 % Standard deviation = 1.9 %. Standard deviation = 1.8 %. aerosol source: MACC project. aerosol source: MACC project. 10. 800 8 600 6 400 4. 200. 2. 0. 0 0. 200. 400. 600 800 Hourly global irradiance,. Hourly normal beam irradiance, McClear [W/m2]. 0. 1000 1200 ground measurements [W/m2]. 2. 4. 6 8 Daily global irradiation,. Daily normal beam irradiation, McClear [kWh/m2day]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 10 12 14 ground measurements [kWh/m2day]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 14. 1200. 12. 1000. 10 800 8 600 6 400 Average DNI = 911 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = -0.3 % Standard deviation = 4.8 %. 200. 4. Average DNI = 6.6 [kWh/m2day] Number of values = 266 Mean bias difference = -0.4 % Standard deviation = 4.5 %. 2. aerosol source: MACC project. aerosol source: MACC project 0. 0 0. 200. 400. Hourly diffuse irradiance, McClear [W/m2]. 600 800 Hourly normal beam irradiance,. 0. 1000 1200 ground measurements [W/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 2. 4. 6 8 Daily normal beam irradiation,. Daily diffuse irradiation, McClear [kWh/m2day]. 400. 10 12 14 ground measurements [kWh/m2day]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 4 Average DIF = 65 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 44.3 % Standard deviation = 31.2 %. 350. 300. Average DIF = 0.5 [kWh/m2day] Number of values = 266 Mean bias difference = 45.2 % Standard deviation = 32.9 %. 3.5. 3. aerosol source: MACC project. 250. aerosol source: MACC project. 2.5. 200. 2. 150. 1.5. 100. 1. 50. 0.5. 0. 0 0. 50. 100. 150. 200 250 Hourly diffuse irradiance,. Normal beam irradiance obtained from Gh and Dh [W/m2]. 300 350 400 ground measurements [W/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1200 Closure equation: Bn = (Gh - Dh) / sin(h) 1000. 800. 600. 400. 200. Average DNI = 911 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 2.6 %. 0 0. 200. 400. 600 800 Hourly normal beam irradiance,. 1000 1200 ground measurements [W/m2]. 0. 0.5. 1. 1.5. 2 2.5 Daily diffuse irradiation,. 3 3.5 4 ground measurements [kWh/m2day].
(16) Global clearness index Kt. Modified global clearness index Kt'. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1. 1. 0.8. 0.8. 0.6. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 0.6 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC. McClear. 0.4. McClear. 0.4. ground measurements clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.2. ground measurements. 2008. = = = =. clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.2. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0. 2008. = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. Diffuse fraction Dh/Gh. 50. 60. 70. 80. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. Normal beam clearness index Kb. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1. 50. 60. 70. 80. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1 clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. aerosol source: MACC McClear ground measurements. 0.8. 2008. aerosol source: MACC McClear. = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. ground measurements. 0.8. 0.6. 0.6. 0.4. 0.4. 0.2. clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.2. 0. 2008. = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0 0. 10. 20. 30. Diffuse fraction Dh/Gh. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 0. 10. 20. 30. Beam clearness index Kb. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 0.8. 1 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC. McClear. McClear ground measurements. ground measurements. 0.8. clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.6. 0.6 0.4. 2008. = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0.4 clear sky model: Solis aerosol type: rural water vapor: 2 [cm] aod = 0.05 / Linke aod = 0.1 / Linke aod = 0.2 / Linke aod = 0.5 / Linke. 0.2. 2008. 0.2 = = = =. 2.9 3.4 4.5 7.9. 0. 0 0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1. Global clearness index Kt. 0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1. Global clearness index Kt.
(17) Hourly global irradiance, McClear model bias [W/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly normal beam irradiance, McClear model bias [W/m2]. 200. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 300. 150. Average GHI = 706 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 1.5 % Standard deviation = 1.9 %. 100. aerosol source: MACC. Average DNI = 911 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = -0.3 % Standard deviation = 4.8 % aerosol source: MACC. 200. 100 50. 0. 0. -50 -100 -100 -200 -150. -200 0.00. 0.10. 0.20. 0.30. Hourly diffuse irradiance, McClear model bias [W/m2]. 0.40 0.50 Aerosol optical depth. -300 0.00. 0.10. 0.20. 0.30. 0.40 0.50 Aerosol optical depth. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 200. 150. 100. 50. 0. -50. Average DIF = 65 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 44.3 % Standard deviation = 31.2 %. -100. -150. aerosol source: MACC -200 0.00. 0.10. Bias frequency of occurrence. 0.20. 0.30. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 0.40 0.50 Aerosol optical depth. McClear. Global irradiance. Bias frequency of occurrence. Average GHI = 706 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 1.5 % Standard deviation = 1.9 %. Average DNI = 911 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = -0.3 % Standard deviation = 4.8 %. aerosol source: MACC project. aerosol source: MACC project. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. McClear. Cumulated frequency of occurrence. Beam irradiance. Cumulated frequency of occurrence. Beam irradiance [W/m2] Global irradiance [W/m2] -200. -150. -100. Bias frequency of occurrence. -50. 0. 50. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 100. McClear. 150. 200. Diffuse irradiance. Average DIF = 65 [W/m2] Number of values = 1'975 Mean bias difference = 44.3 % Standard deviation = 31.2 % aerosol source: MACC project. Cumulated frequency of occurrence. Diffuse irradiance [W/m2]. -200. -150. -100. -50. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. -200. -150. -100. -50. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200.
(18) Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly global irradiance, McClear model bias [W/m2] 200 150. Mean bias différence = 0.08 [kWh/m2]. Standard deviation. 1.5. = 14 [W/m2]. 100. 1. 50. 0.5. 0. 0. -50. -0.5. -100. -1. -150. Standard deviation. = 0.09 [kWh/m2]. -1.5 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC -200. -2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. 1. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly normal beam irradiance, McClear model bias [W/m2] 300. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Daily normal beam irradiance, McClear model bias [kWh/m2] 3. Mean bias différence = -3 Standard deviation. Mean bias différence = -0.0 [kWh/m2]. [W/m2]. Standard deviation. = 44 [W/m2]. 200. 2. 100. 1. 0. 0. -100. -1. -200. = 0.30 [kWh/m2]. -2 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC -300. -3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. 1. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly diffuse irradiance, McClear model bias [W/m2] 200. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Daily diffuse irradiance, McClear model bias [kWh/m2] 2. Mean bias différence = 29 [W/m2] 150. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Daily global irradiance, McClear model bias [kWh/m2] 2. Mean bias différence = 10 [W/m2]. Standard deviation. = 20 [W/m2]. 1.5. 100. 1. 50. 0.5. 0. 0. -50. -0.5. -100. -1. -150. Mean bias différence = 0.21 [kWh/m2] Standard deviation = 0.15 [kWh/m2]. -1.5 aerosol source: MACC. aerosol source: MACC. -200. -2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 Month of the year.
(19) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. All-weather model figures The n referes to the three irradiance components: global (g), normal beam (b) and diffuse (d) Figure a-13n. Model versus measurements for hourly irradiance. Figure a-14n. Model versus measurements for daily irradiation. FFigure. Model versus measurements for monthly irradiation. a-15n. Figure a-16n. Model versus measurements for monthly average irradiation, surrounded by ± one standard deviation on each axis. Figure a-17n. Model-measurements difference for hourly irradiance values versus the modified clearness index Kt’. Figure a-18n. Model-measurements difference for hourly irradiance values versus the aerosol optical depth. Figure a-19n. Model-measurements difference for daily irradiation values versus the day of the year. Figure a-20n. Monthly averaged values surrounded by ± one standard deviation for the modeled and the measured values of the irradiation.. Figure a-21n. Clearness index Kt versus the solar elevation angle for the measurements (yellow) and the modeled (blue) hourly values. Figure a-22n. Hourly values distribution of the model-measurements difference around the 1:1 axis of Fig a-1g for the all the data. The corresponding cumulated curve is also represented. Figure a-23n. Cumulated frequency of occurrence of the model-measurements difference versus the model-measurements difference. Figure a-24n. same as Fig a-10n for April. Figure a-25n. same as Fig a-10n for August. Figure a-26n. Relative frequency of occurrence of the hourly irradiance versus the corresponding irradiance. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-27n. Relative frequency of occurrence of the daily irradiance versus the corresponding irradiance. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-28n. Relative frequency of occurrence of the global clearness index versus the corresponding clearness index Kt. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-29n. Relative frequency of occurrence of the daily global clearness index versus the corresponding clearness index. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-30n. Cumulated frequency of occurrence of the hourly global irradiance values versus the corresponding irradiance. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-31n. Cumulated frequency of occurrence of the daily global irradiance values versus the corresponding irradiance. The measurements are represented in grey..
(20) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. Figure a-13g Model versus measurements for hourly global irradiance. Figure a-14g Model versus measurements for daily global irradiation. Figure a-15g Model versus measurements for monthly global irradiation. Figure a-16g Model versus measurements for monthly average global irradiation, surrounded by ± one standard deviation on each axis. Figure a-13b Model versus measurements for hourly normal beam irradiance. Figure a-14b Model versus measurements for daily normal beam irradiation. Figure a-15b Model versus measurements for monthly normal beam irradiation. Figure a-16b Model versus measurements for monthly average normal beam irradiation, surrounded by ± one standard deviation on each axis.
(21) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. Figure a-13d Model versus measurements for hourly diffuse irradiance. Figure a-14d Model versus measurements for daily diffuse irradiation. Figure a-15d Model versus measurements for monthly diffuse irradiation. Figure a-16d Model versus measurements for monthly average diffuse irradiation, surrounded by ± one standard deviation on each axis. Figure a-17g Model-measurements difference for hourly global irradiance values versus the modified clearness index Kt’. Figure a-17b Model-measurements difference for hourly normal beam irradiance values versus the modified clearness index Kt’. Figure a-18g Model-measurements difference for hourly global irradiance values versus the aerosol optical depth. Figure a-18g Model-measurements difference for hourly normal beam irradiance values versus the aerosol optical depth.
(22) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. Figure a-19g Model-measurements difference for daily global irradiation values versus the day of the year. Figure a-20g Monthly averaged values surrounded by ± one standard deviation for the modeled and the measured values of the global irradiation.. Figure a-19b Model-measurements difference for daily normal beam irradiation values versus the day of the year. Figure a-20b Monthly averaged values surrounded by ± one standard deviation for the modeled and the measured values of the global irradiation.. Figure a-19d Model-measurements difference for daily diffuse irradiation values versus the day of the year. Figure a-20d Monthly averaged values surrounded by ± one standard deviation for the modeled and the measured values of the global irradiation.. Figure a-21g Clearness index Kt versus the solar elevation angle for the measurements (yellow) and the modeled (blue) hourly values. Figure a-21b Normal beam clearness index Kb versus the solar elevation angle for the measurements (yellow) and the modeled (blue) hourly values.
(23) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. Figure a-22g Hourly values distribution of the model-measurements difference around the 1:1 axis of Fig a-1g for the all the data. The corresponding cumulated curve is also represented. Figure a-23g Cumulated frequency of occurrence of the model-measurements difference versus the model-measurements difference. Figure a-24g same as Fig a-22g for April. Figure a-25g same as Fig a-22g for August. Figure a-22b Hourly values distribution of the model-measurements difference around the 1:1 axis of Fig a-1b for the all the data. The corresponding cumulated curve is also represented. Figure a-23b Cumulated frequency of occurrence of the model-measurements difference versus the model-measurements difference. Figure a-24b same as Fig a-22b for April. Figure a-25b same as Fig a-22b for August.
(24) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. Figure a-22d Hourly values distribution of the model-measurements difference around the 1:1 axis of Fig a-1d for the all the data. The corresponding cumulated curve is also represented. Figure a-23d Cumulated frequency of occurrence of the model-measurements difference versus the model-measurements difference. Figure a-24d same as Fig a-22d for April. Figure a-25d same as Fig a-22d for August.
(25) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. Figure a-26g Relative frequency of occurrence of the hourly global irradiance versus the corresponding irradiance. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-26g Relative frequency of occurrence of the daily global irradiance versus the corresponding irradiance. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-28g Relative frequency of occurrence of the global clearness index versus the corresponding clearness index Kt. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-29g Relative frequency of occurrence of the daily global clearness index versus the corresponding clearness index. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-30g Cumulated frequency of occurrence of the hourly global irradiance values versus the corresponding irradiance. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-31g Cumulated frequency of occurrence of the daily global irradiance values versus the corresponding irradiance. The measurements are represented in grey..
(26) SASEC 2016: Long term irradiance clear sky and all-weather model validation (Annex) Pierre Ineichen. Figure a-26b Relative frequency of occurrence of the hourly normal beam irradiance versus the corresponding irradiance. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-27b Relative frequency of occurrence of the daily normal beam irradiance versus the corresponding irradiance. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-28b Relative frequency of occurrence of the normal beam clearness index versus the corresponding clearness index Kt. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-29b Relative frequency of occurrence of the daily normal beam clearness index versus the corresponding clearness index. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-30b Cumulated frequency of occurrence of the hourly normal beam irradiance values versus the corresponding irradiance. The measurements are represented in grey.. Figure a-31b Cumulated frequency of occurrence of the daily normal beam irradiance values versus the corresponding irradiance. The measurements are represented in grey..
(27) Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly horizontal global irradiance [Wh/m2h]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Daily horizontal global irradiation [kWh/m2]. 1200. 10 CAMS radiation. CAMS radiation. average GHI = 476 [Wh/m2h] number of values = 13560. 1000. average GHI = 4.8 [kWh/m2] number of values = 1354. 8. mbd = 5 % sd = 13 %. mbd = 5 % sd. 800. =7%. 6 600 4 400. 2. 200. Measurements (Sauran). Measurements (Sauran) 0. 0 0. 200. 400. 600. 800. 1000. 0. 1200. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Monthly horizontal global irradiation [kWh/m2]. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Monthly horizontal global irradiation [kWh/m2] 300. 300 CAMS radiation. CAMS radiation. average GHI = 137 [kWh/m2] number of values = 47. 250. 250. mbd = 5 % sd. 200. = 2%. 200. 150. 150. 100. 100. 50. 50. Measurements (Sauran). Measurements (Sauran) 0. 0. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 0. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly normal beam irradiance [Wh/m2h]. 50. 100. 150. 250. 300. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Daily normal beam irradiation [kWh/m2]. 1200. 200. 12 CAMS radiation. CAMS radiation. average DNI = 574 [Wh/m2h] number of values = 13560. 1000. average DNI = 5.7 [kWh/m2] number of values = 1354. 10. mbd = 2 % sd = 20 %. mbd = 2 %. 800. 8. 600. 6. 400. 4. 200. sd. = 12 %. 2 Measurements (Sauran). Measurements (Sauran) 0. 0 0. 200. 400. 600. 800. 1000. 1200. 0. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Monthly normal beam irradiation [kWh/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Monthly normal beam irradiation [kWh/m2]. 2. 300. 300 CAMS radiation. CAMS radiation. average DNI = 166 [kWh/m2] number of values = 47 mbd = 2 %. 250. sd. 200. 250. =4%. 200. 150. 150. 100. 100. 50. 50. Measurements (Sauran). Measurements Measurements (Sauran) (Sauran) 0. 0. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300.
(28) Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Hourly horizontal diffuse irradiance [Wh/m2h]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Daily horizontal diffuse irradiation [kWh/m2]. 600. 6 CAMS radiation. CAMS radiation. average DHI = 100 [Wh/m2h] number of values = 13560. 500. average DHI = 1.00 [kWh/m2] number of values = 1354. 5. mbd = 36 % sd = 53 %. mbd = 36 % sd. 400. 4. 300. 3. 200. 2. 100. = 31 %. 1 Measurements (Sauran). Measurements (Sauran) 0. 0 0. 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 600. 0. 1. 3. 4. 5. 6. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Monthly horizontal diffuse irradiation [kWh/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Monthly horizontal diffuse irradiation [kWh/m2]. 2. 100. 100 CAMS radiation. CAMS radiation. average DHI = 29 [kWh/m2] number of values = 47. 80. 80. mbd = 36 % sd. = 15 %. 60. 60. 40. 40. 20. 20. Measurements (Sauran). Measurements (Sauran) 0. 0. 0. 20. 40. Hourly global irradiance bias [Wh/m2h]. 60. CAMS radiation. 80. 100. 0. 20. 40. Hourly normal beam irradiance bias [Wh/m2h]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 600. 60. CAMS radiation. 80. 100. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 600 MBD = SD =. 5% 13%. MBD = SD =. clear average GHI = 601 [W/m2] mbd = 7 [W/m2] sd = 30 [W/m2]. 400. 2% 20%. clear average DNI = 795 [W/m2] mbd = -1 [W/m2] sd = 92 [W/m2]. 400. 200. 200. 0. 0. -200. -200 average GHI = 121 [W/m2] mbd = 71 [W/m2] sd = 110 [W/m2]. -400. average GHI = 297 [W/m2] mbd = 63 [W/m2] sd = 107 [W/m2]. overcast. intermediate. 0.2. 0.4. average DNI = 184 [W/m2] mbd = 51 [W/m2] sd = 180 [W/m2]. overcast. -600 0. average DNI = 9 [W/m2] mbd = 45 [W/m2] sd = 129 [W/m2]. -400. 0.6. 0.8. 1. intermediate. -600 0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8 1 Modified clearness index Kt'. CAMS radiation. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. Modified clearness index Kt'. Hourly global irradiance bias [Wh/m2h]. CAMS radiation. Hourly normal beam irradiance bias [Wh/m2h]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 600. 600 MBD = SD =. 5% 13%. MBD = SD =. 400. 400. 200. 200. 0. 0. -200. -200. -400. -400. -600. 2% 20%. -600 0. 0.1. 0.2. 0.3. 0.4. 0.5. Aerosol optical depth. 0. 0.1. 0.2. 0.3. 0.4. 0.5. Aerosol optical depth.
(29) Daily global irradiance bias [kWh/m2]. Monthly horizontal global irradiation [kWh/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. CAMS radiation. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. CAMS radiation. 350. 2 5% 7%. MBD = SD =. 1.5. Measurements. CAMS radiation. 300. 1. 250. 0.5 200 0 150 -0.5 100 -1 50. -1.5. 0. -2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Daily normal beam irradiance bias [kWh/m2]. 8. 9. 10. 0. 11 12 Month of the year. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Monthly normal beam irradiation [kWh/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. CAMS radiation. 1. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 13 Month of the year. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. CAMS radiation. 350. 5 2% 12%. MBD = SD =. 4. Measurements. CAMS radiation. 300. 3 250. 2 1. 200. 0 150 -1 -2. 100. -3 50 -4 0. -5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Daily diffuse irradiance bias [kWh/m2]. 8. 9. 10. 0. 11 12 Month of the year. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Monthly horizontal diffuse irradiation [kWh/m2]. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. CAMS radiation. 1. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 13 Month of the year. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. CAMS radiation. 90. 2 36% 31%. MBD = SD =. 1.5. Measurements. CAMS radiation. 75. 1 60 0.5 45. 0 -0.5. 30. -1 15 -1.5 0. -2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. CAMS radiation. Clearness index Kt = GHI / Io sin(h). 0. 11 12 Month of the year. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1.2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. CAMS radiation. Beam clearness index Kb = DNI / Io. 11 12 13 Month of the year. Stellenbosch 2008-2015. 1 Measurements (Sauran). CAMS radiation. Measurements (Sauran). CAMS radiation. 1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4. 0.2. 0.2. 0. 0 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70 80 Solar elevation. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70 80 Solar elevation.
(30) Measurements Stellenbosch (2006 - 2015). Relative frequency of occurrence of the hourly global irradiance Gh. Measurements Stellenbosch (2006 - 2015). Relative frequency of occurrence of the daily global irradiance Gh. CAMS Radiation. CAMS Radiation. SolarGis. 0. 200. 400. 600. SolarGis. 800. 1000. 0. 2. 4. 6. 8. Hourly global irradiance [W/m2]. 10. Daily global irradiance [kWh/m2]. Measurements Stellenbosch (2006 - 2015). Relative frequency of occurrence of the clearness index Kt hourly values. Relative frequency of occurrence of the clearness index Kt daily values. CAMS Radiation SolarGis. Measurements Stellenbosch (2006 - 2015) CAMS Radiation SolarGis. Clearness index Kt = Gh / Ioh. Clearness index Kt = Gh / Ioh 0.0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1.0. 100%. 0.0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1.0. 100% Hourly global irradiance cumulated frequency of occurrence. Daily global irradiance cumulated frequency of occurrence. 80%. 80%. 60%. 60%. 40%. 40% KSI% ( SolarGis ) = 69 KSI% ( CAMS Radiation ) = 165 20%. Measurements Stellenbosch (2006 - 2015). KSI% ( SolarGis ) = 20 KSI% ( CAMS Radiation ) = 68 20%. Measurements Stellenbosch (2006 - 2015) CAMS Radiation. CAMS Radiation. SolarGis. SolarGis. 0%. 0% 0. 200. 400. 600. 800. 1000. Hourly global irradiance [W/m2]. 0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. Daily global irradiance [kWh/m2].
(31) Measurements Stellenbosch (2006 - 2015). Relative frequency of occurrence of the hourly normal beam irradiance Bn. Measurements Stellenbosch (2006 - 2015). Relative frequency of occurrence of the daily normal beam irradiance Bn. CAMS Radiation. CAMS Radiation. SolarGis. 0. 200. 400. 600. SolarGis. 800. 1000. 0. 2. 4. 6. 8. Hourly ormal beam irradiance [W/m2]. Measurements Stellenbosch (2006 - 2015). Measurements Stellenbosch (2006 - 2015). Relative frequency of occurrence of the beam clearness index Kb hourly values. 10. Daily normal beam irradiance [kWh/m2]. Relative frequency of occurrence of the beam clearness index Kb daily values. CAMS Radiation SolarGis. CAMS Radiation SolarGis. Beam clearness index K b = B n / Io 0.0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. Beam clearness index K b = B n / Io 1.0. 100%. 0.0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1.0. 100% Hourly normal beam irradiance cumulated frequency of occurrence. Daily normal beam irradiance cumulated frequency of occurrence. 80%. 80%. 60%. 60%. 40%. 40% KSI% ( SolarGis ) = 217. KSI% ( SolarGis ) = 59. KSI% ( CAMS Radiation ) = 71 20%. Measurements Stellenbosch (2006 - 2015). KSI% ( CAMS Radiation ) = 24. 20%. Measurements Stellenbosch (2006 - 2015) CAMS Radiation. CAMS Radiation. SolarGis. SolarGis. 0%. 0% 0. 200. 400. 600. 800. 1000. Hourly normal beam irradiance [W/m2]. 0. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. Daily normal beam irradiance [kWh/m2].
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