Sur l'existence d'"orthoses tricliniques" dans certaines roches de l'Himalaya du Népal

(1)

Article

Reference

Sur l'existence d'"orthoses tricliniques" dans certaines roches de l'Himalaya du Népal

GYSIN, Marcel

GYSIN, Marcel. Sur l'existence d'"orthoses tricliniques" dans certaines roches de l'Himalaya du Népal. Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, 1957, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 159-179,pl.I

DOI : 10.5169/seals-29170

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:150337

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

1 / 1

(2)

6XU OH[LVWHQFH GÄRUWKRVHV WULFOLQLTXHV

GDQV FHUWDLQHV URFKHV GH O+LPDOD\D ^GX 1HSDO

3DU 0DUFHO *\VLQ *HQqYH

,QWURGXFWLRQ

'HSXLV TXHOTXHV DQQpHV OHV IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV RQW ^pWp

OREMHW

GH QRPEUHXVHV UHFKHUFKHV

XWLOLVDQW

^OHV WHFKQLTXHV SK\VLFRFKLPLTXHV HW OD GLIIUDFWLRQ ^GHV _UD[RQV

;

^FH TXL ^D SHUPLV ^GH UpDOLVHU GH VXEVWDQWLHOV SURJUqV GDQV FH GRPDLQH

(Q ) /DYHV D UDSSHOp

TXLO

^H[LVWDLW ^GHX[ PRGLILFDWLRQV GH IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH 0LFURFOLQH

WULFOLQLTXH

^{HW RUWKRVH} PRQRFOLQLTXH OH PLFURFOLQH RIIUDQW XQ SOXV KDXW GHJUp GRUGUH HQWUH ^OHV DWRPHV GH 6L HW GH

$O

K\SRWKqVH ^GH

%DUWK

^ODXWHXU ^D ^GpPRQWUp ^{TXH OH} ^PLFURFOLQH

SUpVHQWDQW ^OHV ^PDFOHV VLPXOWDQpHV GH

ODOELWH

HW GH OD SpULFOLQH ^D FULVWDOOLVp SULPLWLYHPHQW FRPPH PLQpUDO PRQRFOLQLTXH /HV UHFKHUFKHV RQW UpYpOp

TXLO

H[LVWDLW ^j

SDUW

^OH PLFURFOLQH SURSUHPHQW

GLW

XQH DXWUH PRGLILFDWLRQ

WULFOLQLTXH

^GH ^.$O6L GpVLJQpH VRXV OH QRP GÄDGXODLUH

WULFOLQLTXH

/HV RUWKRVHV PRQRFOLQLTXHV VRQW LQVWDEOHV DX[ ^EDVVHV WHPSpUDWXUHV HW WHQGHQW j VH WUDQVIRUPHU VRLW HQ PLFURFOLQH VRLW HQ DGXODLUH WULFOLQLTXH

$

OD PrPH pSRTXH

8UVXOD

&KDLVVRQ D REVHUYp TXH FHUWDLQV FULVWDX[ GDGXODLUH PRQRFOLQLTXHV DX FHQWUH GHYHQDLHQW GH SOXV HQ SOXV WULFOLQLTXHV YHUV ^OHV ERUGV FH WULFOLQLVPH VH UDSSURFKDQW ^GH ^FHOXL GX PLFURFOLQH /H FKDQJHPHQW SHXW rWUH EUXVTXH RX JUDGXHO

(Q - ) 2VWHQ PRQWUH _TXH GDQV GHV FULVWDX[ GDGXODLUH

GH 6XLVVH RQ SHXW GLVWLQJXHU ^GHV ^ODPHOOHV WULFOLQLTXHV JURXSpHV DXWRXU

GHV LQFOXVLRQV ^GH PrPH FHUWDLQHV VDQLGLQHV SUpVHQWHQW GHV ]RQHV WULFOLQLTXHV 7RXWHIRLV ^OHV ^ODPHOOHV WULFOLQLTXHV ^GH ^FHV IHOGVSDWKV QH VRQW SDV LGHQWLTXHV DX PLFURFOLQH /HV IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV RIIUDQW OD ^VWUXFWXUH

GH ORUWKRVH FULVWDOOLVHQW ^j WHPSpUDWXUH UHODWLYHPHQW EDVVH j

FH TXL ^HVW SURXYp SDU OH[LVWHQFH ^GH IHOGVSDWK DXWKLJqQH

(Q ^j OD VXLWH GXQH pWXGH VHUUpH GHV FRQGLWLRQV GH IRUPDWLRQ

GHV IHOGVSDWKV ^DOFDOLQV ) /DYHV pQRQFH OHV FRQFOXVLRQV VXLYDQWHV

(3)

,O

^H[LVWH ^GHX[ IRUPHV VWDEOHV GH .$O6L OD VDQLGLQH VWDEOH ^j KDXWH WHPSpUDWXUH HW ^OH PLFURFOLQH ^VWDEOH ^j ^EDVVH WHPSpUDWXUH /D VWDELOLWp GX PLFURFOLQH VH VLWXH DXGHVVRXV GH ² /RUWKRVH QRUPDOH HW ODGXODLUH PRQRFOLQLTXH RXWULFOLQLTXH QH VRQW_SDV VWDEOHVHW UHSUpVHQWHQW GHV VWDGHV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV /DGXODLUH VH IRUPH j GHV WHPSpUDWXUHV ELHQ LQIpULHXUHV j OD WHPSpUDWXUH ^GH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RUGUHGpVRUGUH (OOH SHXW FULVWDOOLVHU HQ XQH IRUPH FRPSOqWHPHQW GpVRUGRQQpH PRQRFOLQLTXH RX KDXWHPHQW GpVRUGRQQpH TXHOTXH SHX WULFOLQLTXH DYHF OD SRVVLELOLWp GDWWHLQGUH GDQV FHUWDLQHV FRQGLWLRQV OH VWDGH PLFURFOLQH j KDXW GHJUp GRUGUH /RUWKRVH QRUPDOH 9 ^j SODQ ^GHV D[HV QRUPDO

j HVW SUpVXPpH LQVWDEOH ^IRUPpH VRLW DXGHVVXV GH FRPPH PRGLILFDWLRQ PRQRFOLQLTXH ^VWDEOH VRLW DXGHVVRXV GH OD WHPSpUDWXUH ^GH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ FRPPH PRGLILFDWLRQ PRQRFOLQLTXH PpWDVWDEOH /RUWKRVH WHQG DOORUV ^j _SDVVHU ORUV GX UHIURLGLVVHPHQW _DX PLFURFOLQH VWDEOH HQ

SUpVHQWDQW OHV VWDGHV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV H[SULPpV SDU ^GHV SURSULpWpV RSWLTXHV YDULDEOHV

(Q * 0

3DUDVNHYRSRXORV

VLJQDOH OH[LVWHQFH GDQV OHV SHJPDWLWHV GX ^7HVVLQ GRUWKRVHV RIIUDQW OD _V\PpWULH WULFOLQLTXH ^VH PDQLIHVWDQW SDU ^GHV H[WLQFWLRQV REOLTXHV VXU ^OHV SODQV ^GH FOLYDJH /DXWHXU SUpFLVH ^OHV GpILQLWLRQV ^GHV SULQFLSDX[ IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV 2UWKRVH IHOGVSDWK DOFDOLQ DYHF SUpGRPLQDQFH ^GH OD _SRWDVVH

PRQRFOLQLTXH RX SURFKH ^GH OD V\PpWULH PRQRFOLQLTXH

<

FRPSULV HQWUH HW 6DQLGLQH RUWKRVH WDEXODLUH YLWUHXHVH VXUWRXW SUpVHQWH GDQV ^OHV URFKHV QpRYROFDQLTXHV $GXODLUH RUWKRVH EODQFKkWUH FODLUH SULVPDWLTXH

GDQV OHV GLDFODVHV HW ^GDQV ^OHV ILORQV PpWDOOLIqUHV 0LFURFOLQH

IHOGVSDWK

WULFOLQLTXH

^RIIUDQW ^GHV H[WLQFWLRQV ^GH ^j VXU HW GH j VXU 9

DOODQW

^{GH j} HW GLPLQXDQW _DYHF ODXJPHQWDWLRQ

GH OD WHQHXU HQ ^VRXGH

/DXWHXU

D REVHUYp GDQVOHVSHJPDWLWHV GX7HVVLQ XQH ^VpULHGRUWKRVHV VpORLJQDQW ^GH OD V\PpWULH PRQRFOLQLTXH ^HW SUpVHQWDQW ^GHV DQJOHV

GH[WLQFWLRQ VXU DOODQW ^GH j DYHF GHV DQJOHV

9

^RVFLOODQW HQWUH

HW 'DQV XQH PrPH SUpSDUDWLRQ FHUWDLQHV RUWKRVHV RIIUDLHQW ^GHV H[WLQFWLRQV GURLWHV GDXWUHV ^GHV H[WLQFWLRQV REOLTXHV DYHF YDULDWLRQ ^GH

OREOLTXLWp

GXQ SRLQW ^j ODXWUH GX PrPH FULVWDO ^/HV GLDJUDPPHV ^GH GLIIUDFWLRQ PRQWUHQW ^GHV GLIIpUHQFHV QHWWHV HQWUH ÔH PLFURFOLQH HW OHV RUWKRVHV WULFOLQLTXHV (Q FRQFOXVLRQV ODXWHXU HVWLPH _TXH OH PLFURFOLQH FRQVWLWXH OD VHXOH PRGLILFDWLRQ ^VWDEOH ^GHV IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV ^j ÊDVVH WHPSpUDWXUH PDLV TXH OD WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ HVW OHQWH HW SHXW ^QH SDV DWWHLQGUH VRQ VWDGH ILQDO ÔH PLFURFOLQH

,O

^GpVLJQH ^OHV ^RUWKRVHV ^HQ ^YRLH ^GH

WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ SDU ^OH WHUPH GRUWKRVHV WULFOLQLVpHV

(4)

Ä2UWKRVHV WULFOLQLTXHV ^GDQV FHUWDLQHV URFKHV GH O+LPDOD\D GX 1HSDO

(Q 0DFNHQ]LH GRQQH OHV GLDJUDPPHV ^GH FLQT IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV UpDOLVpV VHORQODPpWKRGH GX FULVWDO WRXUQDQW ^&HV GLDJUDPPHV SHUPHWWHQW ^GH ^GpFHOHU ^FKH] ^FHV IHOGVSDWKV XQ WULFOLQLVPH DOODQW ^GH RUWKRVH PRQRFOLQLTXH MXVTXj PLFURFOLQH DYHF XQH ^{VpULH GH} VWDGHV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV

/DXWHXU

PHQWLRQQH GHX[ FDV SRVVLEOHV ^GH FRH[LVWHQFH GHV IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV D PDWpULHO PRQRFOLQLTXH VpFDUWDQW ^IRUWHPHQW HW GXQH IDoRQ FRQVWDQWH ^GH OD V\PpWULH PRQRFOLQLTXH E PDWpULHO PRQRFOLQLTXH ^DVVRFLp ^j GX PDWpULHO

WULFOLQLTXH

^PRQWUDQW ^WRXV ^OHV ^WHUPHV

SRVVLEOHV _{GH SDVVDJH} DX PRQRFOLQLTXH

(Q - 5

*ROGVPLWK

HW ) /DYHV _D RQW pWXGLp OHIIHW GX WUDLWHPHQW WKHUPLTXH GX PLFURFOLQH HQ FRQWU{ODQW DX PR\HQ ^GHV GLDJUDPPHV ^GH GLIIUDFWLRQ ^GHV _UD\RQV

;

OD VWUXFWXUH ^GX ^PDWpULHO ^GH GpSDUW HW ^FHOOH ^GHV SURGXLWV ^FKDXIIpV

,OV

RQW REVHUYp SRXU ^OH ^PLFURFOLQH XQ HVSDFHPHQW DVVH] QRWDEOH GHV UDLHV FRUUHVSRQGDQW DX[ ^SODQV HW HVSDFHPHQW TXL ^VH UpGXLW ^j SRXU ^OH IHOGVSDWK PRQRFOLQLTXH

FH TXL SHUPHW

GpWDEOLU

_XQ LQGLFH GH WULFOLQLVPH

YDULDQW

^GH _SRXU OH

IHOGVSDWK PRQRFOLQLTXH ^j SRXU ^OH PLFURFOLQH IRUWHPHQW WULFOLQLTXH (Q SDUWDQW GXQ PLFURFOLQH DXWKLJqQH GX 3RQWLVNDON HW HQ OH FKDXIIDQW ^j

SHQGDQW KHXUHV KHXUHV HWF LOV RQW FRQVWDWp XQH

GLPLQXWLRQ SURJUHVVLYH ^GH FHW LQGLFH GH WULFOLQLVPH TXL ^WRPEH ^j DSUqV KHXUHV GH FKDXIIDJH

(Q pJDOHPHQW ^OHV PrPHV DXWHXUV

*ROGVPLWK

^DQG /DYHV E RQW DSSOLTXp ^OHV FRQVLGpUDWLRQV WLUpHV GHV pWXGHV SUpFpGHQWHV j OH[DPHQ GXQH ^{VpULH GH} VSpFLPHQV ^GH IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV HQ ODLVVDQW GH F{Wp OHV W\SHV IUDQFKHPHQW PRQRFOLQLTXHV RX FHX[ FRUUHVSRQGDQW

DX PLFURFOLQH SURSUHPHQW

GLW

(Q GpWHUPLQDQW _VXU FHV IHOGVSDWKV QDWXUHOV OHV LQGLFHV GH WULFOLQLVPH ^OHV ^DXWHXUV RQW PRQWUp _TXH FHV LQGLFHV SRXYDLHQW YDULHU DVVH] ODUJHPHQW GDQV XQH PrPH URFKH HW SDUIRLV PrPH DX ^VHLQ GXQ PrPH FULVWDO &HUWDLQHV URFKHV FRQWLHQQHQW ^j OD IRLV XQ IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH PRQRFOLQLTXH HW ^GHV IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV SOXV RX PRLQV WULFOLQLTXHV /H IHOGVSDWK PRQRFOLQLTXH ^HVW GpVLJQp VRXV OH QRP ^GH ÄVDQLGLQH ^WDQGLV TXH ^OHV IHOGVSDWKV SOXV RX PRLQV WULFOLQLTXHV VRQW _DSSHOpV ÄPLFURFOLQHV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV

- 5

*ROGVPLWK

^{HW )} /DYHV UDSSHOOHQW LFL TXH OH PLFURFOLQH

WUHLO

OLVVp PDFOHV VLPXOWDQpHV ^GH

ODOELWH

HW GH OD SpULFOLQH UpVXOWH QpFHVVDLUHPHQW

GH OD WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ GXQ IHOGVSDWK PRQRFOLQLTXH HQ UHYDQFKH OH PLFURFOLQH OLVVH RX PDFOp VHXOHPHQW ^VHORQ OD SpULFOLQH RX ^VHORQ

ODOELWH

QH GpULYH _SDV REOLJDWRLUHPHQW GXQ FULVWDO PRQRFOLQLTXH ELHQ TXH GDQV XQ JUDQG QRPEUH ^GH ^FDV ^FHWWH GpULYDWLRQ VDYqUH WUqV SUREDEOH

'DQV OHV PLFURFOLQHV PDFOpV VHORQOHV ORLV GH

ODOELWH

HW^GHOD SpULFOLQH

(5)

OHV LQGLYLGXV $[ HW 3[ PDWpULHO

^GXQH SDUW ^HW ^OHV LQGLYLGXV $ HW 3

GDXWUH

SDUW

^PDWpULHO ^² ^RIIUHQW VHQVLEOHPHQW OD ^PrPH RULHQWDWLRQ

6L OHV UpJLRQV

^HW ^² VRQW VXEPLFURVFRSLTXHV HW HQ TXDQWLWpV pJDOHV OH FULVWDO DSSDUDvW RSWLTXHPHQW PRQRFOLQLTXH K\SRWKqVH ^GH 0DOODUG

VL OH PDWpULHO

^HW ^² ^VH SUpVHQWH HQ TXDQWLWpV LQpJDOHV OH FULVWDO DSSDUDvW

WULFOLQLTXH ^/HV FULVWDX[ WULFOLQLTXHV SHXYHQW ^DORUV rWUH FRQVWLWXpV VRLW SDU XQ PDWpULHO ^KRPRJqQH ^SOXV ^RX ^PRLQV WULFOLQLTXH ^VRLW SDU XQ PpODQJH ^GH PDWpULHO

^HW ^² HQ TXDQWLWpV LQpJDOHV 4XDQW DX PLFURFOLQH OLVVH KRPRJqQH

LO

^D _SX ^VH ^IRUPHU ^VRLW SDU FULVWDOOLVDWLRQ ^GLUHFWH ^GDQV OH FKDPS ^GH VWDELOLWp GX PLFURFOLQH VRLW SDU WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ GXQ

IHOGVSDWK PRQRFOLQLTXH SUpH[LVWDQW VRLW SDU UHPSODFHPHQW GXQ DXWUH VROLGH

(Q FRQFOXVLRQ ^OHV DXWHXUV SUpFLWpV RQW REVHUYp _{TXH HQ} SOXV GX PLFURFOLQH IUDQFKHPHQW

WULFOLQLTXH

^HW ^GH OD VDQLGLQH PRQRFOLQLTXH

LO

H[LVWDLW GDQV OD QDWXUH ^GHV IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV WULFOLQLTXHV RIIUDQW WRXV OHV WHUPHV _{GH SDVVDJH} HQWUH OH PLFURFOLQH HW OD VDQLGLQH _DYHF ^GHV GHJUpV GH WULFOLQLVPH

YDULDQW

HQWUH HW

(Q QRXV DYRQV QRXVPrPH *\VLQ D VLJQDOp

OD

FRH[LVWHQFH

GH ORUWKRVH HW GX PLFURFOLQH GDQV XQ JUDQLWH ^GH O+LPDOD\D ^OH PLFURFOLQH IRUPDQW ^OH _QR\DX ^GHV FULVWDX[ GRUWKRVH

(QILQ ^GDQV ÔHV JUDQLWHV ^GH 0D]HPEUR 6XLVVH *\VLQ E QRXV DYRQV REVHUYp ^GHV IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV FRUUHVSRQGDQW ÔHV XQV ^j GHV RUWKRVHV IUDQFKHV < ^j PRQRFOLQLTXHV ÔHV DXWUHV ^j ^GHV IHOGVSDWKV PRGpUpPHQW WULFOLQLTXHV

9

^j GDXWUHV HQILQ j GHV IHOGVSDWKV IRUWHPHQW WULFOLQLTXHV ^YRLVLQV GX PLFURFOLQH 9

j

'DQV _XQH pWXGH SpWURJUDSKLTXH VXU

O+LPDOD\D

^GX1pSDO '.NXP PHQDFKHH D UHFRQQX ^GDQV OD UpJLRQ FRPSULVH HQWUH OH &KR2\X O(YHUHVW HW 1DPFKH %D]DU OH[LVWHQFH ^GH TXDWUH ]RQHV SULQFLSDOHV

D $X 6XG XQH ]RQH ^GH JUDQLWHV ^j PLFURFOLQH E 3OXV DX 1RUG XQH ]RQH GH JUDQLWHV ^j PLFURFOLQH HW WRXUPDOLQH F 3OXV _DX 1RUG _HQFRUH XQH ]RQH GH JUDQLWHV HW JQHLVV j RUWKRVH HW WRXUPDOLQH _G (QWUH OHV ]RQHV E HW _F SDUIRLV ^j

OLQWpULHXU

^GH OD ]RQH F GHV UpJLRQV R ^OHV URFKHV UHQIHUPHQW

GH ORUWKRVH

WULFOLQLTXH

^j ^F{Wp ^GH ^ORUWKRVH ^QRUPDOH

(WDQW

^GRQQp _TXH FHUWDLQV WHUPHV VRQW HPSOR\pV ^GH IDoRQ GLIIpUHQWH SDU ^OHV GLIIpUHQWV DXWHXUV QRXV WHQRQV ^j SUpFLVHU GDQV TXHO ^VHQV QRXV XWLOLVHURQV OD QRPHQFODWXUH GHV IHOGVSDWKV DOFDOLQV

2UWKRVH )HOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH PRQRFOLQLTXH SRXYDQW FRQWHQLU ^GHV TXDQWLWpV YDULDEOHV ^GH VRXGH OH SODQ GHV D[HV RSWLTXHV ^HVW QRUPDO ^j ODQJOH GHV D[HV RSWLTXHV YDULH ^GH j PDLV SHXW ^GHVFHQGUH

(6)

Ä2UWKRVHV WULFOLQLTXHV GDQV FHUWDLQHV URFKHV GH O+LPDOD\DGX 1HSDO H[FHSWLRQQHOOHPHQW MXVTXj *\VLQ

,O

^{HVW OH} SOXV VRXYHQW ^YRLVLQ

GH

$GXODLUH _)HOGVSDWK _SRWDVVLTXH RIIUDQW OD V\PpWULH PRQRFOLQLTXH SDUIRLV ^ODPHOOHV ^PDFOpHV WULFOLQLTXHV ^HW ^OHV ^FDUDFWqUHV RSWLTXHV ^GH

ORU

WKRVH GRQW

LO

^VH GLVWLQJXH SDU ^VRQ KDELWXV SVHXGRUKRPERpGULTXH HW VRQ PRGH GH JLVHPHQW SHJPDWLWHV ILORQV K\GURWKHUPDX[ HW GLDFODVHV DOSLQHV

6DQLGLQH )HOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH PRQRFOLQLTXH VH GLVWLQJXDQW ^GH ORUWKRVH _SDU VRQ KDELWXV WDEXODLUH VRQ DQJOH GHV D[HV RSWLTXHV WUqV

SHWLW

^j ^HW ^VRQ ^PRGH ^GH JLVHPHQW GDQV ^OHV URFKHV YROFDQLTXHV DOFDOLQHV

$QRUWKRVH )HOGVSDWK VRGLFRSRWDVVLTXH WULFOLQLTXH RIIUDQW ^GHV FDUDFWqUHV RSWLTXHV SVHXGRPRQRFOLQLTXHV HW XQ ^PRGH ^GH JLVHPHQW

DQDORJXH j FHOXL GH OD VDQLGLQH 7RXWHIRLV ^GHVIHOGVSDWKV RIIUDQW^OHV FDUDFWqUHV GH ODQRUWKRVH RQW ^DXVVL ^pWp REVHUYpV GDQV OHV URFKHV PpWDPRUSKLTXHV

*\VLQ 0DFOHV ODPHOODLUHV IORXHV VHORQ OHV ORLV GH

ODOELWH

HW ^GH OD SpULFOLQH 9 _FRPSULV OH SOXV VRXYHQW HQWUH HW

0LFURFOLQH _)HOGVSDWK _SRWDVVLTXH _SOXV _RX PRLQV VRGLIqUH RIIUDQW OD V\PpWULH WULFOLQLTXH ^WUqV ^DFFXVpH SDU ^VHV SURSULpWpV RSWLTXHV ^0DFOHV ODPHOODLUHV IORXHV GH

ODOELWH

^{HW GH} OD SpULFOLQH PLFURFOLQH WUHLOOLVVp WRXWHIRLV ^OH PLFURFOLQH SHXW ^DXVVL ^rWUH SDUIDLWHPHQW ^OLVVH HW KRPRJqQH

*\VLQ /DQJOH ^{GHV D[HV} RSWLTXHV YDULH HQ JpQpUDO HQWUH HW

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH RX ^RUWKRVH WULFOLQLVpH

3DUDVNHYRSRXORV

RX PLFURFOLQH LQWHUPpGLDLUH

*ROGVPLWK

^DQG /DYHV E )HOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH VpFDUWDQW SOXV RX PRLQV GH OD V\PpWULH PRQRFOLQLTXH VDQV

DWWHLQGUH WRXWHIRLV OH WULFOLQLVPH GX PLFURFOLQH SURSUHPHQW

GLW

(WXGH GHV IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV ^GH O+LPDOD\D

&HWWH pWXGH SXUHPHQW PLFURJUDSKLTXH D pWp IDLWH _VXU OD SODWLQH

GH )pRGRURII HOOH D SHUPLV ^GH GpWHUPLQHU VXU XQ JUDQG ^QRPEUH ^GH VHFWLRQV OHV FRRUGRQQpHV GHV SODQV ^GH FOLYDJH SDUIRLV GX SODQ ^GH PDFOH HW ^GH ^7D[H ^GH PDFOH >@ SDU UDSSRUW DX[ D[HV SULQFLSDX[

GH OHOOLSVRwGH LQYHUVH 1J 1S 1UQ ^'DQV OD

SOXSDUW

^GHV ^FDV QRXV DYRQV SX ^PHVXUHU ODQJOH GHV D[HV RSWLTXHV 9 4XHOOHV TXH VRLHQW OHV SUpFDXWLRQV

SULVHV ORUV GHV PHVXUHV OH[DFWLWXGH GH FHOOHVFL GpSHQG HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW

GH OD SHUIHFWLRQ ^GHV ^pOpPHQWV FULVWDOORJUDSKLTXHV QRWDPPHQW GHV SODQV ^GH FOLYDJH 2U OLQFOLQDLVRQ _{GX SODQ} GH FOLYDJH ^HVW GLIILFLOH ^j PHVXUHU

(7)

DYHF XQH SUpFLVLRQ ^GH PrPH VL OH FOLYDJH ^HVW H[FHOOHQW $ SOXV IRUWH UDLVRQ XQ SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH

LPSDUIDLW

SHXW RFFDVLRQQHU ^GHV HUUHXUV

FRQVLGpUDEOHV HW GDQV XQ

WHO

FDV XQH RUWKRVH QRUPDOH SRXUUD ^SUpVHQWHU ^GHV YDOHXUV FRUUHVSRQGDQW ^j XQH RUWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH 8Q RSpUDWHXU

LQVXIILVDPPHQW DYHUWL GpWHUPLQHUD DORUV FRPPH RUWKRVHV WULFOLQLTXHV ^GHV ^IHOG VSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV SDUIDLWHPHQW PRQRFOLQLTXHV

'DQV OHV VHFWLRQV PDFOpHV ÔH GLDJQRVWLF ÊDVp VXU ÔHV FRRUGRQQpHV GH

OD[H ^GH PDFOH HVW EHDXFRXS SOXV FHUWDLQ ÔD SRVLWLRQ ^GH FHW D[H ^GpSHQGDQW HOOHPrPH GH OD SRVLWLRQ ^GHV ^VL[ ^D[HV SULQFLSDX[ ^GHV ^GHX[ LQGLYLGXV PDFOpV 7RXWHIRLV ÔH QRPEUH ^GH VHFWLRQV PDFOpHV HVW VRXYHQW ^VL ÊDV GDQV XQH PrPH URFKH _TXH FH VHXO GLDJQRVWLF ÛHVWH LQVXIILVDQW

7KpRULTXHPHQW VDXI GDQV ^OHV FULVWDX[ GpIRUPpV ^OHV D[HV ^SULQFLSDX[

1J 1S 1P GHYUDLHQW rWUH QRUPDX[ ÔHV XQV DX[ DXWUHV ^FH TXL QHVW SUDWLTXHPHQW SDV WRXMRXUV ÔH ^FDV ^HQ ÛDLVRQ ^GH OLPSHUIHFWLRQ ^GHV PHVXUHV ^HQ SURMHFWLRQ VWpUpRJUDSKLTXH ÔH S{OH GXQ ^pOpPHQW ^FULVWDOOR JUDSKLTXH UHSRUWp SDU UDSSRUW ^{DX[ WURLV} ^D[HV SULQFLSDX[ GHYUDLW ^FRUUHV

)LJXUH &DQHYDV VWpUpRJUDSKLTXH SRXU ^OH UHSRUW ^GHV FRRUGRQQpHV VSKpULTXHV GH SDU UDSSRUW ^j 1J 1S ^1P

1J H[WUpPLWp (VW GHOD[H ^GHV

;

1S H[WUpPLWp 1RUG ^GH OD[H GHV <

1P LQWHUVHFWLRQ ^GH OD[H ^GHV

;

^HW ^GH ^OD[H ^GHV ^<

(8)

Ä2UWKRVHV WULHOLQLTXHV ^GDQV FHUWDLQHV URFKHV GH O+LPDOD\D GX 1HSDO SRQGUH ^j XQ SRLQW ^WDQGLV TXH ^FH UHSRUW ^GRQQH IUpTXHPPHQW XQ WULDQJOH 'DQV _{FH FDV}

LO

^HVW LQGLTXp ^GH UHPSODFHU ^OH WULDQJOH SDU ^VRQ ^FHQWUH HW ^GH GpWHUPLQHU JUDSKLTXHPHQW ^OHV FRRUGRQQpHV GH FH FHQWUH SDU UDSSRUW ^j 1J 1S 1P ^GH IDoRQ ^j VDWLVIDLUH OpTXDWLRQ ^GHV ^FRVLQXV ^GLUHFWHXUV VRPPH ^GHV FDUUpV GHV FRVLQXV GLUHFWHXUV 'DQV FHV FRQGLWLRQV OD WURLVLqPH FRRUGRQQpH pWDQW _XQH IRQFWLRQ ^GHV GHX[ _{DXWUHV RQ} SRXUUD XWLOLVHU _XQ _V\VWqPH GH GHX[ FRRUGRQQpHV UHFWDQJXODLUHV SRXU UHSUpVHQWHU OHV S{OHV ^GHV pOpPHQWV FULVWDOORJUDSKLTXHV 3RXU OH FDOFXO JUDSKLTXH GX FHQWUH GHV WULDQJOHV QRXV DYRQV XWLOLVp OH FDQHYDV FLGHVVXV GHVVLQp SOXV SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW SRXU IL[HU OD SRVLWLRQ GX S{OH GX _SODQ GH FOLYDJH

/HV URFKHV TXL

IRQW OREMHW

^GH QRWUH pWXGH RQW ^pWp UHFXHLOOLHV SDU

$XJ /RPEDUG JpRORJXH ^GH OD 0LVVLRQ VFLHQWLILTXH JHQHYRLVH ^j

O+LPDOD\D

^HQ ^/D

SOXSDUW

^GH ^FHV ^URFKHV SURYLHQQHQW ^GH ^OD ]RQH F GH '

.UXPPHQDFKHU

(FKDQWLOORQ _6XG 3XPRUL

*UDQLWH DSOLWLTXH^IRUPp GH QRPEUHXVHV SODJHV GROLJRFODVH^j $Q

GH TXDUW] ^HQ JRXWWHOHWWHV HW ^HQ ERXUJHRQV P\UPpFLWLTXHV ^GH ^{GpEULV GH} ELRWLWH EUXQ

YHUW

SOXV RX PRLQV FKORULWLVpH GH TXHOTXHV JUDLQV ^GH ]LUFRQ HW GH SODJHV [pQRPRUSKHV ^GH IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH XQ _SHX ^]RQp

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH GH 6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ ^ERQ FOLYDJH HW ^GHV WDFKHV j H[WLQFWLRQV XQ _SHX GLIIpUHQWHV GH FHOOHV GH OD PDVVH SULQFLSDOH

1J 1S 1P

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH ^FOLYDJH ^0DVVH ^[ 9 ²

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH 7DFKHV \ 0 <² ²

/HV YDOHXUV FLGHVVXV PRQWUHQW TXH OD PDVVH SULQFLSDOH FRUUHVSRQG jXQH RUWKRVH PRGpUpPHQWWULFOLQLTXH ^WDQGLV TXH ^OHVWDFKHV DSSDUWLHQQHQW

j XQH YDULpWp SUREDEOHPHQW SOXV ^VRGLIqUH HW XQ _SHX SOXV WULFOLQLTXH

*UDQGH SODJH YRLVLQH GH 6QS SUpVHQWDQW GHX[ FOLYDJHV RUWKRJRQDX[

HW GHV WDFKHV ^j H[WLQFWLRQV GLVWLQFWHV GH FHOOHV GH OD PDVVH ^SULQFLSDOH 3{OHGX SODQ^GH FOLYDJH0DVVH

9

^²

3{OHGX SODQ^GHFOLYDJH7DFKHV LG 9 ²

3{OHGXSODQ^GHFOLYDJH 0DVVH 3{OHGX SODQ^GHFOLYDJH 7DFKHV \ LG

/D PDVVH SULQFLSDOH FRUUHVSRQG ^j XQH RUWKRVH PRGpUpPHQW

WULFOLQLTXH WDQGLV _TXH ^OHV WDFKHV DFFXVHQW XQ WULFOLQLVPH _SOXV SURQRQFp

(9)

(FKDQWLOORQ

M$ 8Q

SHX DX 6XG ^GH 1DPFKH %D]DU

'LRULWH PLFDFpH SRUSK\ULTXH ^IRUPpH ^GH WUqV QRPEUHXVHV SODJHV GROLJRFODVH ^j $Q ^GH UDUHV JUDLQV ^GH TXDUW] ^GH ^ODPHOOHV ^GH

ELRWLWH

EUXQ IRQFp GH JUDLQV GDSDWLWH ^HW ^GH SHWLWHV SODJHV ^GH IHOGVSDWK ^SRWDVVLTXH IRUPDQW ^{DXVVL GHV} LQFOXVLRQV LQIRUPHV RX UHFWDQJXODLUHV ^GDQV ^OHV SODJLRFODVHV

*UDQGH VHFWLRQ GROLJRFODVH EDVLTXH PDFOpH VHORQ ODUqJOH GH

ODOELWH

HW UHQIHUPDQW ^GHV LQFOXVLRQV WUqV GpFRXSpHV GH IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH YRLVLQHV GH 6QS H[WLQFWLRQV ^GH j

3{OHGX SODQ ^GH ^FOLYDJH 9 ^²

j 2UWKRVH PRGpUpPHQW

WULFOLQLTXH

(FKDQWLOORQ &KR2\X

*\VL\

^HW/RPEDUG

$

ODFRWH P

*UDQLWH OHXFRFUDWH j GHX[ PLFDV UHQIHUPDQW ^GHV VHFWLRQV SULVPDWLTXHV

GROLJRFODVH ^j $Q GX TXDUW] FDWDFODVWLTXH ^GH UDUHV HW _JURVVHV ODPHOOHV GH

ELRWLWH

EUXQH DVVRFLpH j XQ SHX ^GH PXVFRYLWH HW ^GH ODUJHV SODJHV ^GH IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH GH 6QJ SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH 9 ²

2UWKRVH VRGLIqUH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH ^GH 6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ ^ERQ FOLYDJH

2UWKRVH VRGLIqUH

6HFWLRQ REOLTXH VXU 6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH HW ^GHV WDFKHV j H[WLQFWLRQV GLVWLQFWHV GH FHOOHV GH OD PDVVH SULQFLSDOH

3{OHGX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH 0DVVH 9 ²

3{OHGX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH 7DFKHV LG 9 ^² /HV FRRUGRQQpHV GH OD PDVVH SULQFLSDOH ^VH UDSSURFKHQW ^{GH FHOOHV} GH ORUWKRVH WDQGLV _TXH FHOOHV GHV WDFKHV FRUUHVSRQGHQW DX[ FRRUGRQQpHV GXQH RUWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH

(FKDQWLOORQ ,$,2% 8Q SHX DX 6XG ^GH 1DPFKH %D]DU

*UDQLWH SRUSK\ULTXH ^j

ELRWLWH

HW JUHQDW IRUPp ^GH JUDQGHV SODJHV GH IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH HW ^GH _JURV JUDLQV ^GH TXDUW] ^HQUREpV GDQV XQH PDVVH PRLQV JURVVLqUHPHQW JUHQXH IRUPpH GROLJRFODVH ^j $Q ^GH

(10)

Ä2UWKRVHV WULFOLQLTXHV ^GDQV FHUWDLQHV URFKHV GH O+LPDOD\D GX 1HSDO IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH ^GH

ELRWLWH

EUXQ IRQFp GH TXDUW] GDSDWLWH ^HW ^GH JUHQDW /HV JUDQGHV SODJHV ^GH IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH VRQW VRXYHQW ^PDFOpHV VHORQ &DUOVEDG ^HOOHV VRQW ^OLVVHVSDU HQGURLWV DLOOHXUV WUHLOOLVVpHV UDUHPHQW SHUWKLWLTXHV HW UHQIHUPHQW ^GHV LQFOXVLRQV URQGHV GH TXDUW] ^GHV

ERXUJHRQV GH P\UPpFLWH ^HW ^GH SODJLRFODVH

*UDQGH VHFWLRQ IRUPpH GH GHX[ LQGLYLGXV PDFOpV VHORQ &DUOVEDG SURFKHV ^GH 6QS

OLQGLYLGX

FRPSRUWH XQH SDUWLH ^OLVVH ^D ^HW XQH SDUWLH RIIUDQW XQ WUHLOOLVVDJH IORX ^E

/H[WLQFWLRQ

^GH HVW VHQVLEOHPHQW GURLWH WDQGLV _TXH E VpWHLQW ^j GH OD WUDFH GX SODQ ^GH PDFOH ILJXUH 3DUWLH KRPRJqQH D HW ^D

3{OH GH OD[H GH PDFOH ² >@ 9 ²

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH ^{PDFOH ²} YRLVLQ GH

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH

/HV YDOHXUV FLGHVVXV FRUUHVSRQGHQW VHQVLEOHPHQW DX[ FRRUGRQQpHV GXQH RUWKRVH QRUPDOH

3DUWLH WUHLOOLVVpH ^E

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH ^{PDFOH ²} < ²

/HV YDOHXUV FLGHVVXV FRUUHVSRQGHQW DX[ FRRUGRQQpHV GXQH RUWKRVH IRUWHPHQW WULFOLQLTXH YRLVLQH GX PLFURFOLQH

*UDQGH _SODJH IRUPpH GH GHX[ LQGLYLGXV PDFOpV VHORQ &DUOVEDG FKDTXH

LQGLYLGX

_FRPSRUWDQW ^GHV _SDUWLHV OLVVHV

OD

^HW ^{D HW} ^GHV SDUWLHV

j WUHLOOLVVDJH IORX

OE

^HW ^E

OH

^HW ^F ILJXUH

)LJXUH )LJXUH

(11)

3DUWLHV KRPRJqQHV D HW D

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH^PDFOH ^² L\ 9

3DUWLHV WUHLOOLVVpHV

OE

^HW ^E

3{OHGX SODQ ^GH ^PDFOH ^²

LL\

⁹

3{OH GH OD[H GHPDFOH ² >@

3DUWLHV WUHLOOLVVpHV F

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH ^PDFOH ^² 9

/HV SDUWLHV ^OLVVHV FRUUHVSRQGHQW ^j ORUWKRVH ^OHV SDUWLHV ^j WUHLOOLVVDJH IORX F ^j XQH RUWKRVH PRGpUpPHQW

WUL

FOLQLTXH HW ^OHV SDUWLHV IRUWHPHQW WUHLOOLVVpHV

OE

^HW ^E ^j XQH RUWKRVH IRUWHPHQW WULFOLQLTXH ^YRLVLQH ^GX PLFURFOLQH

6HFWLRQ REOLTXH VXU ^6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH ^GHV SDUWLHV OLVVHV HW ^GHV SDUWLHV MROLPHQW WUHLOOLVVpHV

3DUWLHV OLVVHV

3DUWLHV WUHLOOLVVpHV

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH + ^{9 ²}

/HVSDUWLHV ^OLVVHV FRUUHVSRQGHQW ^j XQH RUWKRVH IRUWHPHQW WULFOLQLTXH WDQGLV _TXH OHV SDUWLHV WUHLOOLVVpHV RIIUHQW ^OHV FDUDFWqUHV GX PLFURFOLQH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH GH 6QJ SUpVHQWDQW XQ ^ERQ ^FOLYDJH ^GHV SDUWLHV OLVVHV D HW ^GHV WDFKHV j WUHLOOLVVDJH IORX E HW F

3DUWLHV ^OLVVHV D

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH 9

7DFKHV WUHLOOLVVpHV E

3{OH GX SODQ^GH FOLYDJH 9

3DUWLHV WUHLOOLVVpHV F

9

/HV SDUWLHV ^OLVVHV FRUUHVSRQGHQW VHQVLEOHPHQW ^j XQH RUWKRVH IUDQFKH WDQGLV _TXH OHV WDFKHV WUHLOOLVVpHV RIIUHQW XQ WULFOLQLVPH FURLVVDQW

3ODJH ^OLVVH IRUPpH GH GHX[ SDUWLHV VpWHLJQDQW GLIIpUHPPHQW

VpSDUpHV SDU ^XQH ^{]RQH j} H[WLQFWLRQV RQGXOHXVHV 3DUWLH _D

3DUWLHE

2UWKRVHV j WULFOLQLVPH FURLVVDQW

3ODJH YRLVLQH GH 6QJ SUpVHQWDQW XQ WUqV ERQ FOLYDJH HW ^GHV

LQFOXVLRQV SHUWKLWLTXHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV

(12)

Ä2UWKRVHV WULFOLQLTXHV ^GDQV ^FHUWDLQHV URFKHV GH O+LPDOD\D ^GX 1HSDO

*UDQLWH DOFDOLQ DSOLWLTXH ^j ^GHX[ PLFDV IRUPp ^GH _SODJHV GDOELWH

j $Q DYHF GX IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXHHQ TXDQWLWppTXLYDOHQWH ^GH TXDUW]

XQ _SHX FDWDFODVWLTXH HW ^GH ^ODPHOOHV ^GH ELRWLWH SDUWLHOOHPHQW FKORULWLVpH HW ^GH PXVFRYLWH IRUWHPHQW FRUURGpH

/H[DPHQ ^GHV IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV SDU ^OHV ^PpWKRGHV RUGLQDLUHV PRQWUH OH[LVWHQFH GXQH VpULH DOODQW GH ORUWKRVH QRUPDOH PRQRFOLQLTXH

j ORUWKRVH IRUWHPHQW WULFOLQLTXH ^YRLVLQH ^GX PLFURFOLQH ^/HV VHFWLRQV YRLVLQHV GH 6QS SUpVHQWHQW ^OHV XQHV ^GHV H[WLQFWLRQV _GURLWHV OHV DXWUHV GHV H[WLQFWLRQV REOLTXHV DWWHLJQDQW

3ODJH KRPRJqQH YRLVLQH GH 6QS SUpVHQWDQW ^GHV H[WLQFWLRQV GURLWHV SDU UDSSRUW ^j ^OD ^WUDFH GX FOLYDJH

2UWKRVH QRUPDOH

3ODJH KRPRJqQH YRLVLQH GH 6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ ^ERQ FOLYDJH HW

GHV H[WLQFWLRQV ^GH

3{OHGX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH 9 ²

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH

3ODJH UHFWDQJXODLUH YRLVLQH ^GH 6QP IRUPpH GH SDUWLHV ^OLVVHV D

VpWHLJQDQW^j HW^GH SDUWLHV^jWUHLOOLVVDJH ^IORX ^EVpWHLJQDQW^j ILJXUH 3{OH GX FRQWRXU SULVPDWLTXH D

3{OH GX FRQWRXU SULVPDWLTXH E \ LG

D 2UWKRVH XQ SHX WULFOLQLTXH E 2UWKRVH IRUWHPHQW WULFOLQLTXH

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH 0LFURFOLQH OLVVH

\ 9 ^²

(FKDQWLOORQ MO ^%DV ^GX JODFLHU ^GH .KXPEX

)LJXUH

(13)

6HFWLRQ UHFWDQJXODLUH YRLVLQH ^GH 6QS IRUPpH GH GHX[ LQGLYLGXV PDFOpV OD WUDFH GX SODQ ^GH ^PDFOH pWDQW SDUDOOqOH ^j OD WUDFH GX FOLYDJH

3{OH GHOD[H ^{GH PDFOH}

S{OH GX SODQ ^GH^PDFOH 9 ^²

2UWKRVH PDFOpH VHORQ 0DQHEDFK

3ODJH UHFWDQJXODLUH REOLTXH VXU 6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH HW ^GHV LQFOXVLRQV UpVLGXHOOHV GH SODJLRFODVH HQ YRLH GH UHPSODFHPHQW SDU OH IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH ^\

9

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH

6HFWLRQ 6QS ^j H[WLQFWLRQ REOLTXH UHQIHUPDQWXQH LQFOXVLRQ GROLJR FODVH j $Q

3{OH GX SODQ^GH FOLYDJH L

<

2UWKRVH PRGpUpPHQW

WULFOLQLTXH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH GH 6QP SUpVHQWDQW TXHOTXHV SHWLWHV ^WDFKHV

WUHLO

OLVVpHV

3{OHGX SODQ^GHFOLYDJHSDUWLHV^OLVVHV ^\ 2UWKRVH XQ SHX WULFOLQLTXH

6HFWLRQ REOLTXH VXU 6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ WUHLOOLVVDJH WUqV IORX ^j SHLQH YLVLEOH

3{OH GX SODQ^GH FOLYDJH ^L ^L

<

2UWKRVH IRUWHPHQW WULFOLQLTXH

3ODJH SUpVHQWDQW XQ WUHLOOLVVDJH H[WUrPHPHQW IORX HW ^GHV ^WDFKHV LUUpJXOLqUHPHQW GLVWULEXpHV

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH PDVVH 9 ²

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH WDFKHV ^@ ^\D LG 9 ²

/D PDVVH SULQFLSDOH ^FRUUHVSRQG ^j ^XQH ^RUWKRVH IRUWHPHQW WULFOLQLTXH WDQGLV _TXH OHV WDFKHV DFFXVHQW XQ WULFOLQLVPH SOXV IDLEOH HW SRXUUDLHQW rWUH ^DVVLPLOpHV ^j XQH RUWKRVH VRGLIqUH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH _{GH 6QJ} SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH

3{OH GXSODQ ^GH FOLYDJH \ 9

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH

2Q REVHUYH GHX[ VHFWLRQV SUHVTXH ^FDUUpHV HQ FRQWDFW OXQH _DYHF

ODXWUH

VXLYDQW XQH OLJQH ^GH VXWXUH UHFWLOLJQH

/D

^VHFWLRQ D SUpVHQWH ^GHV

(14)

Ä2UWKRVHV WULFOLQLTXHV ^GDQV FHUWDLQHV URFKHV GH O+LPDOD\D GX 1HSDO

H[WLQFWLRQV XQ SHX RQGXOHXVHV WDQGLV _TXH OD VHFWLRQ E VpWHLQW WUqV IUDQFKHPHQW

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH VXWXUH D 9

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH VXWXUH E

9

/D VHFWLRQ E FRUUHVSRQG ^j XQH RUWKRVH QRUPDOH WDQGLV _TXH OD VHFWLRQ D SUpVHQWH ^OHV FDUDFWqUHV GXQH RUWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH DQJOH GHV D[HV PLV

j SDUW

*UDQGH VHFWLRQ REOLTXH VXU 6QS SUpVHQWDQW GHX[ FOLYDJHV

RUWKRJRQDX[ HW UHQIHUPDQW ^GHV LQFOXVLRQV GH SODJLRFODVH HQ YRLH ^GH UpVRUSWLRQ

3{OH GX SODQ^GH FOLYDJH

9

/HV FRRUGRQQpHV _GH LQGLTXHQW XQH RUWKRVH XQ SHX VRGLIqUH WDQGLV _TXH OHV FRRUGRQQpHV _GH FRUUHVSRQGHQW ^j XQH RUWKRVH ^PRGpUpPHQW

WULFOLQLTXH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH GH 6QS SUpVHQWDQW ^GHV H[WLQFWLRQV GURLWHV

9

2UWKRVH QRUPDOH

3ODJH IRUPpH ^GH GHX[ LQGLYLGXV PDFOpV FKDFXQ GHX[ _FRPSRUWDQW

GHV SDUWLHV OLVVHV D HW ^GHV SDUWLHV RQGXOHXVHV E

3{OH GX SODQ^GH ^PDFOH

OD

^{9 ²}

S{OH GH OD[HGH PDFOH ` E LG < ^²

2UWKRVHV SOXV RX PRLQV WULFOLQLTXHV ^PDFOpHV ^VHORQ ^0DQHEDFK

6HFWLRQ FDUUpH 6QS SUpVHQWDQW GHX[ FOLYDJHV RUWKRJRQDX[ HW FRPSRUWDQW XQH SDUWLH ^OLVVH ^D ^HW XQH SDUWLH ^j WUHLOOLVVDJH VSRUDGLTXH IORX E

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH D

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH E LG

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH D

3{OH GX SODQ^GH FOLYDJH E LG 2UWKRVHV SOXV RX PRLQV WULFOLQLTXHV

6HFWLRQ FDUUpH YRLVLQH ^GH 6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH 9 ^²

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH

(FKDQWLOORQ 1DQJSD/D

$SOLWH

JUDQLWLTXH ^j JUDLQ

ILQ

HQ FRQWDFW DYHF XQ SDUDJQHLVV ^j ROLJR FODVH EDVLTXH KRUQEOHQGH HW ELRWLWH

(15)

6HFWLRQ 6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH ^OHV H[WLQFWLRQV IRUPDQW _XQ DQJOH ^GH DYHF OD WUDFH ^GH FH FOLYDJH

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH SUREDEOHPHQW ^VRGLIqUH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH GH 6QP SUpVHQWDQW ^GHV H[WLQFWLRQV REOLTXHV SDU UDSSRUW ^j OD WUDFH GX FOLYDJH

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH ^GH 6QS VpWHLJQDQW ^j ^GH OD WUDFH GX FOLYDJH

9

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH

6HFWLRQ REOLTXH VXU 6QS SUpVHQWDQW GHX[ FOLYDJHV RUWKRJRQDX[

3{OHGX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH <

2UWKRVH

3{OHGX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH 9 ²

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH

3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH 9 ^²

2UWKRVH QRUPDOH

3{OH GX SODQ ^GHFOLYDJH 9 ²

2UWKRVH QRUPDOH

6HFWLRQ REOLTXH VXU 6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH

3{OH GXSODQ ^GH FOLYDJH 9 ²

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH

(FKDQWLOORQ , 1DQJSD/D

*UDQLWH _JQHLVVLTXH DSOLWLTXH ^IRUPp ^GH JUDLQV FDWDFODVWLTXHV ^GH TXDUW] ^GH ^VHFWLRQV GDOELWH PDFOpH ^GH JURV FULVWDX[ ^GH WRXUPDOLQH

YHUW

EUXQ ^GH UDUHV ODPHOOHV GH PXVFRYLWH HW GH JUDQGHV SODJHV ^GH IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH

(16)

Ä2UWKRVHV WULFOLQLTXHV ^GDQV FHUWDLQHV URFKHVGH O+LPDOD\DGX 1HSDO

*UDQGH SODJH SULVPDWLTXH ^IRUPpH ^GH ^GHX[ LQGLYLGXV PDFOpV

OLQGLYLGX

REOLTXH VXU 6QS SUpVHQWH XQH H[WLQFWLRQ _SUHVTXH GURLWH

OLQGLYLGX

YRLVLQ GH 6QP VpWHLQW ^j

3{OH GH OD[H GH PDFOH ² >@

3{OH GX SODQ^GH ^PDFOH ^²

3{OH GX SODQ ^{GH FDVVXUH}

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH GH 6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH ^VRGLIqUH

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH VRGLIqUH

6HFWLRQ REOLTXH VXU 6QJ SUpVHQWDQW XQ FOLYDJH LPSDUIDLW

9

(FKDQWLOORQ

=MOMO

^1DQJSD/D

*UDQLWH DSOLWLTXH ^j ^{GHX[ PLFDV} ^IRUPp ^GH JUDLQV ^GH TXDUW] ^GH

ODPHOOHV GH PXVFRYLWH HW GH ELRWLWH EUXQH ^GH ^VHFWLRQV ^]RQpHV GROLJRFODVH $Q ^j $Q HW GH SODJHV [pQRPRUSKHV ^GH IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH ^GH 6QS SUpVHQWDQW GHX[ FOLYDJHV RUWKRJRQDX[

3{OH GXSODQ ^GH FOLYDJH 9 ^²

2UWKRVH QRUPDOH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH GH 6QP SUpVHQWDQW ^GHV H[WLQFWLRQV GURLWHV

9

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH GH 6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH

2UWKRVH QRUPDOH

3ODJH REOLTXH VXU 6QS IRUPpH GH GHX[ LQGLYLGXV ^PDFOpV

3{OH GH OD[HGH PDFOH

S{OH GX SODQ ^GH ^PDFOH

9

^²

2UWKRVH PDFOpH VHORQ 0DQHEDFK

9

(17)

3ODJH REOLTXH VXU 6QS SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH

2UWKRVH QRUPDOH

(FKDQWLOORQ

MOM

1DQJSD/D

*UDQLWH DSOLWLTXH XQ SHX JQHLVVLTXH IRUPp GH TXDUW] FDWDFODVWLTXH GDOELWH PDFOpH ^GH PXVFRYLWH ODPHOODLUH ^GH WRXUPDOLQH

YHUW

^EUXQ ^HW ^GH

SODJHV [pQRPRUSKHV ^GH IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH _{GH 6QJ} SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH

2UWKRVH WULFOLQLTXH

6HFWLRQ REOLTXH VXU 6QJ SUpVHQWDQW XQ ERQ FOLYDJH

2UWKRVH QRUPDOH

6HFWLRQ YRLVLQH GH 6QS SUpVHQWDQW GHX[ FOLYDJHV SUHVTXH RUWKRJRQDX[

HW

PRQWUDQW

_SDU SODFHV XQ WUHLOOLVVDJH WUqV IORX

9

/HV YDOHXUV ^FLGHVVXV FRUUHVSRQGHQW DX[ FRRUGRQQpHV GX PLFURFOLQH SURSUHPHQW

GLW

9

&RQFOXVLRQV

3RXU _FRPSDUHU ^OHV YDOHXUV REWHQXHV FLGHVVXV DYHF ^OHV FRRUGRQQpHV GHV SULQFLSDX[ IHOGVSDWKV SRWDVVLTXHV QRXV QRXV VRPPHV EDVp VXU OHV GRQQpHV GH : :

1LNLWLQ

^GRQW ^QRXV UDSSHORQV ^OHV

WUDLWV

^HVVHQWLHOV

3{OH GXSODQ ^GHFOLYDJH

1J 1S 1P

^R 2UWKRVH QRUPDOH

²^R 2UWKRVH VRGLIqUH

2^R 2UWKRVH VRGLTXH

R $QRUWKRVH

0LFURFOLQH

(18)

Ä2UWKRVHV WULFOLQLTXHV ^GDQVFHUWDLQHV URFKHV GH O+LPDOD\DGX 1HSDO 3{OH GX SODQ ^GH FOLYDJH

3{OH GH OD[H ^GH PDFOH >@

2UWKRVH

L L \ $QRUWKRVH

⁰^R 0LFURFOLQH

2UWKRVH QRUPDOH

2UWKRVH VRGLIqUH

&'2^R '-² 2UWKRVH VRGLTXH

, $QRUWKRVH

L 0LFURFOLQH

/D _ILJXUH GRQQH OD SRVLWLRQ ^GHV S{OHV GH SDU UDSSRUW ^j ^1J HW ^j 1S FKDTXH pFKDQWLOORQ GH URFKH pWDQW UHSUpVHQWp SDU XQ ^V\PEROH SDUWLFXOLHU OHV PHVXUHV IDLWHV VXU XQ ^PrPH FULVWDO ^]RQp RX WDFKHWp VRQW LQGLTXpHV SDU ^GHV ^SRLQWV ^UHOLpV SDU ^GHV ^GURLWHV /D YDULDWLRQ ^GH ODQJOH IRUPp SDU ^{OH S{OH} ^GH ^DYHF

1S

QLPSOLTXH SDV OH WULFOLQLVPH ^GHV RUWKRVHV SXLVTXH GDQV ^OHV RUWKRVHV VWULFWHPHQW PRQRFOLQLTXHV FHW DQJOH RVFLOOH HQWUH HW ^VHORQ OD WHQHXU 1DD2 GX IHOGVSDWK SRWDVVLTXH (Q UHYDQFKH OD YDULDWLRQ ^GH ODQJOH IRUPp SDU ^{OH S{OH} ^GH ^DYHF ^1J

6

₁

R ₆

^?

ª ? "

NN NN

? ¹¹

-

^?^\

_? ₎ _IM ^K ^--

⁹ÎW⁹ÎWÎW ^`²

IMIM

NN

F ^{^}

¹

^^

OHVHQGH

!IW

LD 2

=O&KR2\X

,$ 2

8

4

$QJOH 3{OH DYHF 1J

)LJXUH

Sur l&#039;existence d&#039;&quot;orthoses tricliniques&quot; dans certaines roches de l&#039;Himalaya du Népal

Article

Reference