مشكلة الأخلاق في العالم الغربي والعالم الإسلامي والنظرة الواقعية الإلهية للوجود

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(1)325. ●. 2018 1439

(2) 02: ,04 : ●. @ïßý⁄a@bÈÛaë@ïi‹ÌÛa@bÈÛa@À@Öý‚þa@òÜØ“ß †ìuìÜÛ@òî⁄a@òîÈÓaìÛa@ñ‹ÄäÛaë ** Œ^†Ê<á^µc<H* íu^‰çe<e<J. . @ @@˜ƒÜß ,-./ 0 $ , .1. 0 $ : !" #$ % & ' ()$ * +,. *!$ 78 ! ()9 .1. 0 $ 4 56" 23 0 $" 2+ 0 $ :;<=" , " / >?@ ,A BC D3" D3E .F G ,E)$ HI3. JK 5L 4 A . , !7 " E)$ *+ "M" N ,O PM ?Q/ R " D.G) E". < )" .1. Z "$ 4 Y[ I =?" /F?QK 4 SG)T UV WX Y?,". , _ E" `8 : \ . "= \F?QK ] /! = UV J!^, , / >?@ b> ab c GK "= ,a A 4 de 5L = P+F G ?Q/ " , _ E /F" A 4 de 5L = P+F G ?Q/ " /F `8 = M"? JKg" 5+ f. ,?)k> "= l/3> !" a _ iGj= ^ ! h"? "= 5+ =" ,5+ "= h"? c GK. d C$ ' ?m18" nm8 [ / 78. ^ , o E .8 > P+F f %," ,"b1 ,$ n[ +M =. ,- +*‫ א* )(? א‬%&' "‫א‬#$‫ ?! א‬، ‫ * א א‬ bbousaha@yahoo.comK./0.1& ‫א‬ 34'،& ‫א‬,-+*‫א‬+1567‫&א‬8 ‫&א‬.91،/:;< %=4 ** chahd_elimene@yahoo.com ?/‫א‬B?‫&א@א‬, ‫(א‬A ‫?א‬، ‫>א א‬ ●. . ●.

(3) ●. 2018 1439

(4) 02: ,04 : ●. 326. û %H3," B ;$ 5L ]?q ! r =" ,J@ sf b> t YE" > % p,. #$ E > UV vF ^ ,56 :w7," ()9 .1f 0 = H, = .8 HG a?QK o E +Fx = %H3," 3" 1./" / + E)$. ,z; 78" o 78 \> Y3y f? ,?Q/ = HF" , % {$ % |" ,,

(5) M *+ #pF" ,G " K{G f M" >?y wK YfF". A 4 E)$. ,()$ ,, _ E , o E , `8 ,E :M G.8 RbH. @ @NM"? >?}G. @ @òß‡Ô¾a *~ F" z; a M 4 = sKH ,, 8 *!= % ()$ * ,. = ()9f ,0 / \> , G" R 3G}8 5) }1K %

(6) !" , W^" , 3 w; 4 }/ 0 = !" R 3G}8" ?f$ a M *Q/F 4 a;L. PwG, .f ,bGT" ,?H." 3 Q/8 4 E ? K H * ^! 5GM. 4 @ > = ()9"

(7) + f 5L, ,vE9 f *H ,> UV Y3G}8 ' 3 R ,?Q/" Hf9 5` = 1y % s/3

(8) , b> , 3 w; <> ;t. ?+ 4 M bf , ; T@G 3 R f IGLT 5@G1F T lGM ,YE =. Y " ,,"bH" ,"/ w$ ?,mF S 3 R ,?Q/ n;mF ! %,z KL B"?M D E P" "= ?f9 < 6 : 78 *,+F" K 1K *+ J@F , _ R6 f DE ,.

(9) P" bG" \G8 \>? = ' ,}/. ?3G1F" ; ' :t f F" 1K (+ ) < R L GK f DE"" ,,/8". 5 GF , /> bf amG8 P" +;mF G *+ f \ H3> 5H UV Y& ' zGK 1f WX UV S

(10) ," A P" E > Y

(11) +/> 5> f>. ;K %> W ?[g ?H.8 5 E)$ {9 ?! Q L !" ,R ,G18. A sK"> 7G,x T ^ , C$ A d /;> ;

(12) > +, E)$ =;8" :P+, ، K ïßý⁄a@bÈÛaë@ïi‹ÌÛa@bÈÛa@À@Öý‚þa@òÜØ“ß.

(13) 327. ●. 2018 1439

(14) 02: ,04 : ●. 1"*! .8 A T" ,d C$. {$ = TV ,E)$ *+ P 4 Q/G % ;L *){ WG ,z; = *". Dw;<= lGM 8 vG18 ' 5> ,J1wf ?. vG18 ' T ,*E .GF E)$ %3H, %f L1 X"Î" E)$ 1. %/+F" F " R u" P" >. ?E)$ {$ ^! % c? % 5!" ?E)$ *+ P 4 56. 4 ?QK " h?" ,E)$ {$ ^! R `M ' +K P +8 ^! R?+f 4". ?2O .<" i/ ' WX 5L 4 R3G E" E)$ *+ P 4 56 5<=. 0 $ : ! >= 4 u &V %H3, #$ % & ' ()$ * +,". *!$ 78 = ?Q," 23 0 $ ,2+ 0 $ ,-./ 0 $ , .1. R " D.G) +f ()9 .1. 0 $ 4 56 ! I/ ,E)$ HI3. 4 SG)T UV WX Y?," , !7 " E)$ *+ "M" N ,O PM ?Q/ Z "$ 4 Y[ I =?" .G .1f 0 Q v= !" , /F?QK. 4 F, , \ . "= \F?QK ] /! = UV J!^, , / >?@ < )" .1.. c ) , T sj> v?F `8 8 f E 8" `8 8 :\G. ! A / HG, G d C$ 5Hf ,d C9 t YE" = /F7F" /LV. vf E 8 = f sLK T " , /F7F" KH.F % = TV. YE" sj$ /" % F T+G 5+G1 !" , /F7F" /LV c ) A = !" ,;,?}G a _ ! H 4 [ / ++" /F"X c ) s1./> *[ E t. ;; ;G %H3, ?) de !d" , T" ,KH ?!Q n3$ J;1. 2?3G" H. ,++ ! ] "= ?H. = G, ^ A `8 .8 > ^)F `8 8 f. ¡f ] "= I /m+= X¡f ,/!^ R7G UV S m8 , 4 Y?, de 5L". ^! = G, ^ A E .8 > ^)Gf E 8 = P", sL YE. ,]" I % +G1 a7> a n[ +M ! ,A / HG, G R /[ H ●. . ●.

(15) ●. 2018 1439

(16) 02: ,04 : ●. 328. K7F" KH.G R HK D1 !". * 4 vf , 5 F f?8 GF `8 = ,, _" `8 \> G 5<=" £ L \;F = " ,h"? UV a _ ?F" , + ;L?F ;m UV nm8 ,h"? =yx ¢A" ? f?8 GF , _ = \M 4 2L "" "q " UV" ,P+ " 01q ";, X _" ,a?! Q ^! ;/F L \;F = " ,a _ UV h"? f ,t a?! ¤. B?@ .f ¦M = TV 3R8 A % ,bG *+ % A 4. UV B ;= §t 4 ;!^, * ,+f \G 4 *f .m<" *1.j$ D3" ,E 8 %3t /7, ,a _ ! B ;= > P+, % /7F h"? "= U F r n) % = UV J; Y?,x % = , _ E > ;

(17) >. `8 8 %3t sK./7f ,N 8 % WX UV ". ,ab c GK "= ,a A 4 de 5L = P+F G ?Q/ " /F , _ DK L XV". XV" 5+ "= h"? c GK A 4 de 5L = P+F G ?Q/ " /F `8 ¡f. `8 ¡f ,M"? JKg" 5+ D}Gj= G ! a _ = UV J!^F , _ DK L. 78 ! ,?)k> "= l/3> h"? "= 5+ =" a _ iGj= ^ ! 5+ = UV J!^F 4d C$ ' ?m18" nm8 [ /. T ©wG1, ª?@ ?H. f ,ª?@ ?H. 4 !$ 7F 3@ WX 5L Y?,". sf D3G M" ?! !$ 5y G `G a+ 4 w18 s> % p, q 4 ¬ 1y M 1}G a+" ,0+ h"?" %>T" B$ : ! *K E= ««. ?> s \> E" F / ;m" o ;m sf D3G f ,:18 C. ?H. HI 5<= G,x ,1}G" !$ §t 4" w18 R! = N = {" }G8 ¬ a?Hf l@=" , ;m d® 4 ¬ PG) 1}G" :P +f ª?@ UV v= !" , .1. ?H. 4 ;m {" }G8 NH .8 G >" ,( .8. +t t UV + N 1K 2+ g :;<f n6 }/ " . 4 B?mt E" ¯ ; ! 5L" ¯ w18 R! Y f? mE /;F UV ª"$ 5+ > v= ، K ïßý⁄a@bÈÛaë@ïi‹ÌÛa@bÈÛa@À@Öý‚þa@òÜØ“ß.

(18) 329. ●. 2018 1439

(19) 02: ,04 : ●. 4 t" WH.G 4 aE WX % iGK" >?@ f +` ' "= m+ ^! D@. 4 w; UV 5wG" +/ a1+> a" >"$ + Dy M ,JL a

(20) nm/ Y E 1F u<= UV RT+8 5L ?, ,n3 5wG> de 5L R [" . bf *M }K *?f JL %f 4 = !° /" ~ "= UV a 5L 5O = , /7. r *! ;GT ,K 1K JKg 4 WX % "} * = TV E m" a _ > G±. 5"J@" M". 4 O f { G 1}G a+ P) %3f , ³? ; s sw?, !". G., = 5= % K 1K ;m" o ;m \> ,1 s :18 1 RX. ,|° I E ¬" 1K \> E R < ,U"$ m6 % ,z; :18. +¢ G8 u´ 7E % , K % w18 s«" 0./ 4 ?F % {. 4 ?M y T R < % Y " ,P+ D.HGf ,z; 7E P/ ' 1/8 6K 1K nM 4 P +, = {µ !$ nM 4 P+F =. c ) 57./ " 5+G1 , t YE" 7F YmG1F A = `8 HI DK L X¡f. J; ] /! H, =

(21) f 4 %3HF E HI ¡f sFX" C" 1K ?Hf. D.GL" 5" n ) r ! , ;,?}G , _ B ;$ d" n3=. 8 . 1f ' $ d mV 4 5` ; E3> , _ E 8. .8 > % p, = TV 1K· l+;, f `8 .8 Dm¸= XV sj= ;G ' , `8. YE" ] /! > P+F ,K 1K a?m." ,"b1 ,$ ++M = \M 4 _ E 4 5L" A ^! R KH 4 5`3G, , /F"X" KC % 57./ " 5+G1 , t. ! « . ^!" 5" r ! ++ !" J; = TV , H. /LV c ) A t YE" , sj= v?F o E" o· E. ¹X # t8 YE ^! %H" /F"X c ) s1./> *[ E ,b/ 5+G1 " , K7F". ,(" P ! 5> ¯ _ E J!^8 sV J!^, S) ' ¯ . T" >?}G %H3, T ; YE" > o E P+F" 7U F r ! s+ )" ●. . ●.

(22) ●. 2018 1439

(23) 02: ,04 : ●. 330. 1K 4 h"?" /" /g" %g" H[8 A " 5" r L ,sLV 5+ aM" 4 PG J @ 4 ! "= , `8 8 4 ^! 5L" !" 5L 0 = WX" ,M" nm8 Q/ G, % / 5+ n> m ! "= ,M" " ,5+ s = f 5+ 4?8" Yt $ ,K K, .) RX + Q/. ! 5L f?F f , _ E 8 = 8 [ " n@/ ! /G QK !" !" ,B ;$ J;1 ! n ) ¬V ] /! H, = ./F" 01q " " ;. J" 5> %H # A = "G, *f ,+ ^/ \,?! PE sF /F 4 "¼ A 4 5L" , % /@G1 J" U F r L. M ¸= \>¿ E" 9U F r > s M T" sF^> sFX ½., A ¡f G >" ,"". l31, % sf Y+, ^ 56" E /G ,".. Df ~" s> GL 4 @ 7G" «w8 Kf$ 4 À. 7G E /F \>¿ +f `8 8 B w<>. 8 s+F !" \,?! Df ~ \>¿ bL , b/> Y3µ ^ 7G" , m$. `8 \G8 4 .. Df ~ sf \>¿ ^ DE 4 @" 10, _ E. ' Lp, ^ ,o E . ' s HM=" Hf= /;, f ,, _ E". n ) !" J" M" ! 5" r =" , %H A " YE" ". 4 s+m/ " d I," U F" sK w; ,?, bL ,?> " 7 !" R8 5L" H ¿ \?8" d ;j$ 5L s> P E ^" s> d ^ MG WX 5L / ¢ £ %, Â V ¢ £ Ä £Ã s+) %H YE" ' L= ,"b1 ,$ 4 MG f ,ÅÆ : ?3 P x ¢ Ä ¿ < !" o E > l31, ^!" ? = ?> " " J; U F !" ,r B GH s3,+F 4 >?8 !?LX G " ` E" "= E" ` " a ; % 5

(24) f=. *= ^ 5<$ N m, s.p8 ;/ a 4 B GL !" "d ;j$ 4 '$ 5`8". = WC T"" :B GH s3,+F 4 >?8 P E +f %, PbL s) :¯> l31F" ,K 1K· '$ 5`8 ! , ` E"" ,E" ` % sf b> ,n6 a.< s> d . db Lp, bL 11"()= % s> 'wG, = %H3, 53L= ' 1K :;7 Yf !" ، K ïßý⁄a@bÈÛaë@ïi‹ÌÛa@bÈÛa@À@Öý‚þa@òÜØ“ß.

(25) 331. ●. 2018 1439

(26) 02: ,04 : ●. K >?" E ! [ 7) {?¸= = ' . n _ WX" , `8 G %3t RG B?@ 4 /, d´" ?Q/ R "". "8 ! 3 ª?@ ?H. 7 " ," w18 4 ,?O % MG. s" -K?. S1." ?H.8 Lp, WX" , w18 " +,? N K. ,13r % d ! *M"= = "+G, L X¡f 12sF .p J= 4 " . = }K ,`F % sf " !$ . 3 UV f tV 76 > w18 .f. \w18 %, P ," ,, _ a 3E % 5+F 5` x UV F 3 F. = bL ,:18 1 4 OT UV 0 / , *!" ,0 / YE> u E T K ;!. s " :18 1 UV sG wG UV p, ,N >? d I P .GM 4 ?36 4 03@8 ;6. = 0 / D;Ç= YE = bL 141/H ;1 $ M= !" ,s" /F % 1 4 ! +F" u " 1/H +f >" %, P ? TV :7F T w18 * F. +,? .1. 3,+ R .1. UV B?@ .f > Y , G3+ 3 F" Y M bL ,w18 Hf$ \>" /> c8 " M" , ` % f " 76 >. /, D1K= -K?. (zG18 " q DIf bL 1895−1815 F?H P C. 0"?L· s1.K , L 5? f M"?" E \> Y3g 4 1892−1822. %, %, 4 WC ± G +/ sG > sj= TV H« H 1/H %3t. 5M" 15 1K / > M"? E s;IG " q !> R?¤" w18 }f , +,f G8 nm8 :m7 .1. J!^8 > 4 r Y[ I 7G 5q. #G" ° 8 ª?@ ?H.8 +," E)$ *+ 7 ! 5" r 5`. 73L , M" %, f "= P;E 4 " ^)= % ,ª?@ A 4 YE" '. K m= z Y> 1 ?+" :P+f ,E)$ *+ / " , !7 " *+ ,O" f?3. 1.K D3QK G" ,%, 4 HI / z % ` ?+ 4 {?f= ^ ,* . .1f 4 / ;F 53L= R"¢ G ,A UV ;m a?Q/ Y ( 1F 4 D dF". R?3G G A UV /, a?Q/ : 7 / 5f ?+ WX , 4 ?¤" ! ●. . ●.

(27) ●. 2018 1439

(28) 02: ,04 : ●. 332. G3,! a?Q/ ^! RC ,%,z ?+ Ym Y " z Y G ?+ P) ;,?+F / 3 J!^8 f 16"A UV , _ / RX 3 a?Q/ a?m UV a". :;<=" 17 _ J!^8 ;

(29) > !" E ;,?}G J!^8 ! \>?@ %,° 8. * nm,x % ©wG1, M ,n[T " J,? ? = B?@ 4 %, % , ?m1F G d C$" P HC$" RI TV D1 !" , ?+ h" \ +G8 >. %, D

(30) f G , "= " / -L _ ,, _ R ,, Dw}K E" s n=x !" M"? a sf J@F A *[ d V 4 ,sK"> R=". ,, D3 , + % 1K ?,?O % >" ´ 5? A ¤x. A ; " :R"?> P C P E bL !" 1K §

(31) )V ' %, , 8" , _ DO /, ¦/x P"{ nf sj= ,WX % l!$" ,Q D³ 5> / 53O !" 18"K 1K a

(32) P"{ , !Q> 1K?. a` D G R ,?Q/ a". *" , /3G #p, = YmG1, ^ M" ! %," :P E \M ;K %> W Lp, ; s ;F M ' B?@ 4 " ! HI " 19"Y3G #F YmG1, T. n1K ` sj=" ,,?Q/ > *!/ s;C= f ,%, .8 n

(33) *!7F ! , ³?. ½. 1K t" %, HM= = t., *!" ,6 ,

(34) + % 5 HG. > b,· É}f ,s !½.F G ;m > ?.Q 4 5If = > ,A 4 sG>?y ; s v?, \M 4 sM % H ?!¤" a M$ ,U"$ s/ 5µ ¬V. O ,, 8" HM$ % 3 f ,,?Q/ > s/ 1p8 > s;C= %, = ³?. R8 % , ;)V TE= sf %, f / R M ;F 5= % 53 R .L. %, H, = f © YfF" Y./ Jy HM= ! TE= sf" ,;@" / 1 \> }1KT n+O UV pF !" ,()$ /;, %, f 20 ;)V ! +> E)=. Y3G}8 E 0 = ! WX" ,Y3G}8 ?f=. / @" ,f?3 73L M d @V >" ,B?@ 4 ()$ {= V 4". °V 1.F 4 5I.F , _ = 18 B ! ; µ ,R ,G18 Y& ' , _ ، K ïßý⁄a@bÈÛaë@ïi‹ÌÛa@bÈÛa@À@Öý‚þa@òÜØ“ß.

(35) 333. ●. 2018 1439

(36) 02: ,04 : ●. 4 ?3G1, T sK¡f s l/ µ T b/M" s L? " H 4 l/ µ¢ = ' 1K. ,R8 l G," :;7,x " Ê1.G, bKV" ,*}$ 5` _ c GK § ;CV ,F Y aM F l/8

(37) E" :t" J; " *[?g JHF?," ?wG/,". % w;" ?) d®> +7 1K K 1KV Hf , 1K 4 _ JK g. f > ,B?@ 4

(38) / ¦ 4" 21[ +" /f ! ' s1.K % E l/8. 1K PM aL?3G aM" : G, V G,Ë R?¤ ,1/H +G *L?F" %,. Ì +G1 Ì ?M Ì ;L? Ì /[ L s.<> aL?3G v?)$" ,R^ PM L?3G ;m % . bL aM" ,Ë b = ' b./7F *F E" §t8 PM L?3G a _;m PM :22 " Ì G.G b = Y ,18 P+,. Ì L? 1K :;7,x ,R^ PM L?3G 1K PM aL?3G8 ,Ë? V 4 ¯1. Ì ,> "= ¬· .) , H ,a _ A Ì K a{" }G [ ? 5HI,x " ,s . §t RX ,; 1KV ,5.='= [ /`" ?u P HC= % 5HIL /! 5Qf. ,M K3H ,Ë? ( mK %H" G/3 > ,MG ,Ë? , +> l!". ?3G," , Ì K u K 1K ,Ë? ½w/F = UV , G/3!" @@F ," Y1G, , _. a _" ;m A UV 1K. ,/ H , _ ?8" §t8 PM L?3G a _;m ,L? ?QF" ¯ 2. ? "= "= nm = .7F *G, = UV ,, _ ,M ( mK § 1F ?3G1," « > A s L? T A UV 57/ K 1KV = DK L oV [ "= a{" }G. "= ,L? = ' }u *G, XV b/> ,1G *G," ,d C$ > Ì 1K sf v" 1G,. , . P _ a ;" ,(1 KM" /F >"$

(39) / am= = " s" v?," Pw3t [" .Íx am$ ^! bGT" J/ P) % A *1+F". 5H f ! >"$

(40) / f ?. 5= % bg h"?" ;? 5O" , 1K. , _" _ YIg ' .O b=? @" > @ ,?. >" ,+m8 *+ ●. . ●.

(41) ●. 2018 1439

(42) 02: ,04 : ●. 334. P) % ;m ' a?m1 nE 5H>" l1, ^ 1K = , y bE *+ 5". ^H!" o ¸= 5L % ?y > ,d C$ % C :;7, sK¡f , /HG" *. J;1> K 1K aM f?> R G" ,`, 7 Ê, G JGL sG3= R"x 23v?)$ R f +` F" !?L" ,B?@ /3!. :;+" %1" ,z" 6 ! f? G1, ()$ * ' H". vG1 ' T" ,J1wf 1K vG1 ' T ,Pg" Pbg" ,X?"

(43) .". f ¸=" T{= sL H vG1 ' 5> ,J1wf K vG1 ' T" ,J1wf $. lGM ,+E f? dg S?K = %H3, f ¸=" T{= sL H > f?

(44) = G1,. f 5" r TV WX H, = %H3, T" dg ^! sV 3G/, ^ 5H S?K £ sf?, ^ !" ,5H ^! % d 5L ++M *, ^ !" de 5H> A M". = 7G8 % #" , M ! 5> 1K· D1" ,* D1 /! 3H f f?8 §? >" *1G % M Y >f nm, TV f?8 ^! % 1K· M +,x. % 1K s G| f? %H3, M % " 24 1K 3E f? %H3, M UV ()=" *E. ?ÇG !" ,>?@ R ,?Q/ s %3~ % @L ()$ *". , _ "= `8 V B?@ .f" db / ; @ a?Q/ 4 Y[ I *1+G >. a)$ ^!" , _ E ()$ 5> + 4 ()$ * 4 `8 ,?Q/ R?Qf. M ,K´ , _ w78" d C$ A " YE % EmK wGF ()$ > v?F M *[ @V Y " ,z; R^ c ) , t YE" 4 bG" ;,?y %H3,. ()$ 7 4 , _ E B w<= G) ,f?3 73L 3 %,". : = G, % */3f *H Y? ". S1. *= '" J!^8 ^! B w<= :./8" a^ ()$ 7 −=. " ()$ 0 + = "?, ,1873 ¯1806 5 RG }K ,l@G;8" Bm8 !" ) H, , _ ./8" a^ n+| bf ,./8" a^ UV Y?, ، K ïßý⁄a@bÈÛaë@ïi‹ÌÛa@bÈÛa@À@Öý‚þa@òÜØ“ß.

(45) 335. ●. 2018 1439

(46) 02: ,04 : ●. a^ > m;F?

(47) . f ,s/ ;" s;/y Jµ Ì Î H, Ì , Ì ¼" bÌ = n+| " a^ % sK> J7,x v d®> µ = YmG1, T 1K = ^! l/ " 25./8". 1K */G@, = ! yT ^! 4 3H f z ! A$" ,6 ! a^ f ,A$". l1f ,[?@" Y[ ;m % sf JLÏ x v V C? T" , ~f 5;E <?. a 1 n+wGF W^>" ./8" a^ ;F ()$ HF ^H!" , [ tV" ;C. Y;C= µ ,()9 73L ./8" a^ J!^ JE « ?QK" E> 5 F % ". s" ?Ç= s JK !" , 1K 4 /8" M"? JK g 5.=" ,a _" # JK . zG/G sK¡f =? ^! X¡f Y3G}8 QK" a$ L 4" 1K a M 4 sG= ?H" `, L ,Y3G}3 ! *E J@F" ,1G" *Q" K j$" a?Ç$ K. 7I ./8 UV ./8 PwGF" ,@ UV 1M" " : 1G h"" G". E % * $ a E" P m¸$ .f ,J!^8 ^!

(48) Fx Ê, G M= = bL < 6. T ,P ; d /!" ! f % sf *! " ,*~^ h? UV 3Q *3 * D3 *f ,K !V" vX= % *;7,x b> \«H ,*! "^+/x 5> ,a½8" a^ d" . T" *[ Q *!~ T ,% Bm)" R >< % WX 5; 4 *, b> M?.,. %3f ()9 73L : < ./8" a^ 0 + H, W^" [I *.xF _ f) ,P{/ { / " Bm6 + " B 7 BL 4 *~^ "µ % 0 / a 1 4 sGG 0 / > µ" ," M? 4 a^ " % .=" 0 / G. f +« % " ,?)´ 1KV % G± ./8" a^ 3f 26*}[M d

(49) E" @ Ð sf v= b> 5> ,5E= "= L= a^ sf ?) v?," ,a;L aÌ ^ 53 4 M= v?, +f v?)$ Î "= ) sj> d® ' *H 4 *fG) WX ' JFf ,WX #H. 4 \t .. f :§bGT *" Y3G}8 R " S?x ()$ 7 −B. Ì t" bÌ ! ;G > ,§bGT * UV /G1F = Jµ" ,;1K > "?, ()$ ,?F t" * UV t" .1f % PwG," ,sG,> 4 1 f?8" QM8 ' +,. ` x 5HIxF" , !" +F" S? % f b> bGT a a" ()$ L" ●. . ●.

(50) ●. 2018 1439

(51) 02: ,04 : ●. 336. K + 5` ` ,7I ,? ' Ì E ?.Gf , bG ;t 5[ " . 7 y" BI +F" R " S? % 5y t f 27 t P;GF !" ,;1K > E R 3G}8" BI \> WX 5L SG)T" ,()9. H8 SG) > G± !" ,()9 7 S? H, = %H3, Hf @GF" % G± , ; 5!= S?" ,ª?@ S? % G± sF " Ez 5? S?f. S?x V [GT "= a ; ; 4 d?w7 5!= / !" ,/,8 5!= S? E)= mG 4 #" Pb$" P _ P \> 1 P / !" ,@G. a?Q/ Lp, 78 "= 0 +8 ^! UV §?" 0 +8 ^ 0 / Pb= #+, =. 1K s G| B G ' *~E " ,s> w<= / awG8 , mIKT" +

(52) . d" ( 1KT % Ô ,/1" *,?H ?+ 4 = R" E" H " { 5L 4 *x x u¢ 5¢ £E X¢ £V"¢ :sE / " ,Pb9 Ì + " ]1 Ì 7 H l3= Ì E 1K S? ¢ x +£ Ä ,¢ T¢ *Ä !x xË >¢ ¢ ¢L Ä ¢ "¢ =¢ ۗ ¢Kd¢ >¢ s£ Ä ¢ ¢ ¢/Ä .¢ Ä =¢ ¢ Yx £;¿GK¢ 5Ä >¢ x E¢ Ã T¢ "¢ ÌÄ C¢ x ¿ P¢ ¢j=¢ ¢ x £;¿F £ £ ? U¢ £V"¢ Ã ¢ x¢GÄÑ¢ x E¢ P x ¿ x ¿ P¢ ¢j=¢ ¢ UÔ ¢ £V Ä ¢ ¢ F¢ *Ä x u¢ 5¢ E X¢ £V :U F sE" ,ÅÒÓ :a?+; " ¢ L Ä ¢ "¢ =¢ ۚ ¢Kd¢ >¢ s£ Ä ¢ ¢ ¢K Ä¢ "¢ ¢ ¢/;x 1Ä M¢ ¢ x¢GÄÑ¢ T¢ "¢ ÌÄ C¢ ¢ 3x ¢ Ä ,¢ T¢ *Ä !x xË >¢ ¢ sE" ÅÓÕ :a[ _ " £ «¢ '¢ ¢ x¢GÄ x *Ä !£ ¢ ¿K£V"¢ Ð ¿ =x '¢ ¢ ¢Kd¢ >¢ ¢K Ä¢ "¢ ¿K£V x E¢ 5Ä >¢ :5" %" ÖÖ :S?) " 3¤ V" /1M= 0 / %1M= V +F V KHF T : r P P E ,P E .,^M. s" 28 3QF f "d = V" /1O = 0 / %1M= V *H1.j= /" %H" /3¤ T" , u<= ;

(53) , m> t T" , u Y? T" ()9 7 S? H, = %H3, f. 1K ] s /;/, =. *+ 7 ! Y3G}8 YE"" ,S? = UV ;!^, % / #; %3H ". %1Mx +,x ^ 5+ f YE 4 : 78" *+ \> +« 7 Y?, ,()$". ;;1 L R"© ?[ Y ?µ ^ L ,YE 4 *+ ^! « Y n.G, ,P f$ ,

(54) + % 5+ IL" ,aL$ w78 % E ! « /1 *+f !". 29w w7 sf" TV ,%1M de % bf

(55) = : 78 % IL ! /1. ، K ïßý⁄a@bÈÛaë@ïi‹ÌÛa@bÈÛa@À@Öý‚þa@òÜØ“ß.

(56) 337. ●. 2018 1439

(57) 02: ,04 : ●. `8 ,?Q/ ] /! , !7 " ()9 , _ E a?Q/ ^! 5> + 4. 57f *F +f B?@ 4 WI J!^ " K+ J!^ Y R;F G ,()9. M / % u <p w18 ()$ > .. Ymt" ,%, % ()$. ! sj=" %, ' +F = 0 = ' ()$ UV ?Q/,x + ^/ L E" 303 R+G8 ;F /G " .G < 4 ± G M / % a?Q/ ^! R?Qf !7. 0 = ' +F m1; ~< DK L" ;1/ *.Í "= *!©wG ;F" ,/, 0 / ^! Y& \> ]I8 a?H." U F r aV O m) "= B< ! > +GT. ()9 /, 0 $ > P+ ! 7. iGK ,3

(58) /" ?,/G a« Y R?¤ B?@ 4 , _ E = UV ?QK". D1K= " 13/ (zG18 s+, !" ,1/H d" %,

(59) f 5f a / +f 31"sF 7GK * n+M bL ./ Ru ?G, B?@ 4 /, ÇG" :K >. 1K 5+ 4 _ 0 HK ! ()9 7 % w; `8 a?Q/ B w<= P" M. : = +f ,3t "=. ! z; 3

(60) = J!^8 ^! B w<= v?," :3

(61) ! ()$ 7 −=. :txF G , 1K #.K % > / .6 a+ ! 3

(62) > 7+8" ,()$ 7. 4 M?> 1K ?I,¢ " ,s/ Ô" z 5; s \;Fx " ,sL UV sfF" 6 n,? s. ! E)$ 3

(63) ¡f WX '" 7 / JjG>" ,.6 a+ ^! . ^! µx = > T , E)= H, H ] 5L" ,Z IK 5L" L?M 5Hf JE? 32()$ .< s/ D.GK ,> E? ^ ?3, = " 5. < X¡f JE?. ,"b1 "= t Y[ z % I/, bKV" ,sFX 4 s " T 3

(64) = TV. 5L sLF ,+ o K + ! 1890−1801 }K K / 3

(65) f UV M"? a > Yf," ,3

(66) R< 5> +, ^ ! n %," , ~X 4 #.K. 3,?}f +G s> MF b;1M ,R^ > s7Í ?[bt JC 5H sj= lGM 33 G3E. x % L" ,BI > /

(67) f DK L ` E½ +GMT Ì t? a 8 f s7+/F ●. . ●.

(68) ●. 2018 1439

(69) 02: ,04 : ●. 338. ,,?> 5[ ;+ % n,?f / sf c?M T J,?@ P J " 3

(70) §^" =? 3t G± M I 5> 3

(71) JjF s; / "µ T * = :t %3f. = J}f , 3

(72) a?Hf HF = :< XV sj=" :] ; L{ v?," s/ SG) >. % 1K s YG, _ *GF G ! 3

(73) = l/3> ,z; Yf /8 ' ¦+xF / P /, T i[ C" K 1K· ¡f s;!^ " s/"" s/, % ?Q/ @> 1KV ! M. !µ ?[b

(74) HM= 4 ?¤ / f 34 " mE$ ;F T" R @ %, ;F T" ,J!^8 SG). ; J1w> W^L GÍ" H8" J1w> .G" a@G ! 5> ,G> « . HM= = bL ; 4 " , +,?fV 4 >""= 4 3

(75) f ,f +`". ()$" *+ 73L 3G,x = %H3, f ,wt" D1" 3; 3

(76) : 78" < 6 E8" +G" R " RT .KT" J@GF `L" HM=" 0 / ?[bt 4 7I. ;m % a3G18 ()$ \KE K L f?, :()$ 7 z; 5+ −B. "" aÎ ; 5+ % 3G1xF = > T = v?," ,*~ " 0 / S?= % " K 1K. 5L % a3G18 R m8 $ ,>?}G "= YE "= 1K * "= #./ *> K GT 35+m L E / G1K = %H3, T" ,JIG" DGIG" 3@ f WX. a M ;

(77) , ^ , E)$ K + Yt" ' E 5+ = "?, J!^8 ^! B w<=" 0 E 4 5+ UV HGMT ,=x XV %H" R &" ?f= * F *Q/," 0 /. UV *HG|x = ? `,M" b,E .. P+ x UV *HG|x 5! ?sV *HG|x 5+ f ,()$ GÍ S?$ DK L X¡f ? a }G" P $ 5!= P+ x UV = ? 1 5!= P+. H % " ?)´ { % GÍ P+ W^Hf ,f +`" ;" H8" SG) >. T" , 1K ' r *K *Q= % ! 5+ = *" ! UV >" f +« % " ,?)´. :t" ,sFE" "M s = TV ,sG/ % 5+G T" 5+ E % +GKT %H3,. 7E \;F E" ! " *LV "M" 5+ RE 4 0 / \> SG) ] /! =. ! 5+ H, = %H3, T W^" ,sHf 4 "," s> | > ]V % 5+ ، K ïßý⁄a@bÈÛaë@ïi‹ÌÛa@bÈÛa@À@Öý‚þa@òÜØ“ß.

(78) 339. ●. 2018 1439

(79) 02: ,04 : ●. 7 H M" :7, T S? 4 P ! bL 5+ f !7 " ()$ 0 +. bHM T" , u + T" ()9. ! sLV * G++M" h"? 7F ' ` } 4 5+ 7E ?Q,". ()9 Î ; " M" 7 5+ L ./, !" " % 1K· a M T sj=". ,.1. R G \> .1. B m6 4 5+ = 18 B ! ; ?LX E". Yt, a f K M=

(80) E /G " a`L u , @

(81) 3L ! ,>?@ <7)". a"¼ v?, %

(82) = ] /! %H" . " b," >?}G" P 6 5> + 4 5+. v?, % ] /!" a? a= :;7, " % sj= v?, bL ,RT+8 ^! 5H> 5+ Z ;F ] /! %H" _ 5+ ! ^!" ,a _;m % =}G, T d TV ! 5+ =. w.< sj> 5+ f? ¿ , _ .. f / +G > YG3G, 5+ = v?, %

(83) =. % m1; Hf$ Y3}GF" ,m1> Hf= :;7G 1 R m8 *LF d

(84) >. = UV JL 3 ?3G1F" ;L? Hf= :;7G > \KE P) % 1.K d +F ? ? $ YE" 4 = Y ,R +m8" D>`" H Hf$ sj= 7GK UV 57K. a7 ! ^! YE 4 5<= % ! 5+ 4 de 5L L" ,, # M=. _ 5+ [;8. ~X a _ 4 / L mF 3 P) % ?¤ E 5+ = v?F /," ,?Q/". 3 d /Ç= z; +;>" ;m > 1K E P) % ?¤ 5+ = 1L _ v?F" % 3

(85) > `3> bg % sj=" , 3g 5+ % O +f *, L" = GK. ;L? a< TV ! ,)$ 5wG 4" ? $ , 4 , 3g 5+ %H" ?. *L?F P) % f?8 H,x ^ ,?. ;,?}G 5+ % bG" a?" × ;8 ]F , 1K 4 aE 5+ = vf `8 R .1. = 1 R m8. T /L = ,?!Q ! :5` ,, _ N 8 ]F bL ,YE 4 *HwGF G , @" ,P8" " ,? 5> + 4 ?!g" ," " , !?!¤. 5L E" ,5H" dg" ,5 ;" n" ,,X?"

(86) ." ,z" 6" ," ●. . ●.

(87) ●. 2018 1439

(88) 02: ,04 : ●. 340. Î ; * #./ 57| G H8 sj> 5+ S? Ï ,x " ;>

(89) > R [ /` ^!. + s) 4 > ?I, 1KV 5L" / 5+G1 de 5+ ^! L" ,+m8 n[ + >. W^L 5+ S?x E" @G, T D> « 2L 5+ G > TV s HM= :w7,x T ,"q =; " ,;;1 =; " ,E /G =;3L ,f?3 3Q/8 ,;7 × ;8 §3 sj>. d /! % " ,>?}G % G+G" GL" ~"©> × ;8 ^! 3GF" [ @. = UV WX % .. > x ) E" ;,?}G /" K+ / \> 3G. 5+ =" # > s 7F 5;E 5+ 4 a ,?H. / IH, G "$ N 8 I,x " >?}G R m *Q/xF ,?mf "X ! bKV" , I+K *G, A d

(90) > w.< # A ' 31, !" ,w8 5+ "= 6 5+ "= ?}8 5+ s31,x UV K L. ] ' J7/,¢ ,?Q/ 5+ % B¼ !" , ;,?}G 5+" >?}G" # 36]1" ()$ ' J7/,¢ !" ,23 5+ UV I,x bL ,f?8". ,%, % 7.> WX" ,()$ /3 ! K L s> E = %³? ; s v?,". w18 4 1M s1.K !" %

(91) G > ` P +f Q/F" O ,5+G 5)=". W1./> ?Hf =;3f ?,/G" « ØG+8 > }G WX 5f E" 4 *M". % mE" ,+x x6 $ ' 5+ dG = /! %w/f W , <" M$ 5y T" % R H ?y bL , 6 Y[ E % ?yx `x x D1 E)$ *+ f /, u<=. = M .¤"" , 1K h" 4 5`x 3¯x f" :[ E ³? ; s Lp," R [g Lp, bL 37" +f" S¦G .L UV KC?,x " ,K 1K a?m. 4 N 8 ^! > K± .. */> % " 0 / = *?f ,%," ()$ \> Z ;FT ' ³? ; s. %, ¤ > "?+, & * = TV ,] C" M " % p \> /, ++ 4 .G). @> /, 53| , ;K 1 s ,z; ¸= L +f ¯ 1K Q> + M UV /, h"? > D>Î=x E 1K R H = 4 WI ; % sK¡f G >" ¯ s[ /¸$. ?Ç= % ± ¯ E)$ 5. u"= ¯ 5f R H8 ^! % 7, H, T sj= lGM >. E)$ *! .8 B?mt J; ³? ; s Y?," /, h"? û ; "= J,?E ، K ïßý⁄a@bÈÛaë@ïi‹ÌÛa@bÈÛa@À@Öý‚þa@òÜØ“ß.

(92) 341. ●. 2018 1439

(93) 02: ,04 : ●. D+;f /, P }8 !" T= , ++ u }8 ! " @GC * H ,.. /. T >^>^G " ,?E ' ?+G1F T wG " , K 4 D;`F T G * F 4. R K 1KV % f |" \;, ,r / % M> TV WX % c? T" P M ' *+G1F 38R ; % f b> ±" ,R ,/ % f ;

(94) ,". ?$ \> nfG 1K D +> 1 ,"b1 ,$ 4 n[ +" f. ?Q/F !" ,"?)$ /," K´ ,K ?$" ,F^" t8 ,z K >" n6" 78 K > ' RL= ,"b1 ,$ f ,oV E" a?Q/>. , / % a }/" /g > {." a?)´ 4 %1 78 = ' RL= bL ,: 7 i/8" J!^8" s QK" s}/ " r ,z> ,sF M "M" sE" 4 1K G > !?. = bHf >

(95) > +/," ,>

(96) > 5m;,x *+" ()$ 7 PM { /G8. T ,sF+> z; 5+" ,.6 sF+> N 1K 3

(97) " ,s3E" sf?=" sF > Y3G}8. n+O /H3, T a^" , _ ./8 ¡f ,()9 7 H, = / M" :7,. H, = :7, T sK¡f , > µV "= ; ()$ 4 ?«pF / 5L = *" WX. RX H ()$ f bHM" , u + " ()9 Ì 7 M / M" ^! <V s n| %3 w; *GOx ,a" ;? % ;F !" ,,? "= ;. ' z> 5+ t?., = %H3, f 39DE #.K 4 %,?)´ UV F" ? "$ T" ,R 3G}8 % ' +F" sF > Y3G t?., = %H3, T" ,z; % \&= 0 / ()= ' bHM s> | b> ?ÇG8 3

(98) H, = %H3,. / % a < f ,n %, V 4 TV ()$ ?,F %H3, T 0 $ ^! '". *G++M" ,*~E" *G;m> A 5" f s+6 , ^ !" ,5" r " !K" ? "= % , H " { 5L 4 *u :7, ,O ' + !" ,*~ M". E a?Q/ 0 = ! ^!" *~?)" *! K 4 *u ) ! " ,*!©, Î !. E)$ G,?QK 0 = !" , o. c"?6 P" O R R?¤ ,n %, ! sK"G, %, B w<= 5L = UV ?QK" ●. . ●.

(99) ●. 2018 1439

(100) 02: ,04 : ●. 342. l31F E" /, >?}G < )" , ,$ ^! \> ]I8 UV F ,({_ ^! %. H,? $" 5<$ }KT S1. sV J!^, !" f< "= Kb,V "= M". /, 78 5`x f7 >?}G = G, ^ 1967 ¯1886 #G" 1/g. bKV / ;1/ > %, ! D "" :P+f ,$ > \/ p8 Y& \> ()9 ]I8. M 5 ¡f %, = 4 %, 5 >?y !" f7 #,+ >?y 4 F. = > T" >?}G WF 4 H, = > T ()$ 0 = = P+K = ! /GHI8 %H38. >?}G $ WX :w< WX = WC T" >?}G WF % Y;/, E)$ f v?K. sL WX (f ! bKV" ,J1wf P .K T" ,+f f? ! T , ? % 5L ,"? +;. T ^ J" ! /G ³?

(101) = !" 1" /H1" */" m;@ V ,3E. = v?, !" "f ()= 0 = J" ³? ^! 5` V" Ì & ,z; s M. GL W^L ! z; 5H v?F ,M ,Ë !G, G ,f7 >?}G ^! ¿. bf z; \> ,5H WX % R3G Y& {" }GF } WX = G," 40aM" ! sFX = v?, f7 >?}G ^ ?3, %3f W^L R E8 % *! Y " */>. Dj$" j$ \> E?.F / , T" ,sf !" *f =" & %,?)´ RX \. % a@" +" 1" !?H % "z 5L J@," ,F^ J@F W^>". 5> s1./ # s;M" ,s)> I, *!" , & 0 / 4 , 47 f %,?)´. 0 $ ! bL ()9 0 $ ! S7G = UV J!^, }K W^" 41 & 0 /. {" }G " q" ,M K % E)$ {$ {" }G " q ! sG ^!" %, ?!" +m8 ++ sLG S? 5L d V" ,.G8 .[ m" /, RdbGKT HI. !µ G ,()$ *xG /, >?}G ¡f #G" P+, bL WX n+O ". Y£ , A " ?µx 1KV 5Hf ,>?}G ^! 4 *G D.G) V" ,0 / Y& \> LI. *

(102) > = * 1KV 5L /" H 5L 4 ,aM" / > / ()$ HGf WX. v?, !" /, >?}G Y sG J1M 5L ,*! % ?`L= ht> L,x S / ; ?w1 R7 s;I, ^ ,+ ^/ 3

(103) > S?,x b> < RX HF E > ، K ïßý⁄a@bÈÛaë@ïi‹ÌÛa@bÈÛa@À@Öý‚þa@òÜØ“ß.

(104) 343. ●. 2018 1439

(105) 02: ,04 : ●. / ! H, E sj= UV 53, !" ; / 5L 4 sf s ^ d?8 ±x ^ n,?m Ym+" E)$ 0" .. > s31, "= ,o ,Ë? 2) ,FX >?y ! f7 >?}G > E * = ?f ' , ;m J!^8 B w<= =. "G, T ^ !" , / Q/ V 4 FX HF E >?}G ^! = ' Lp, sK¡f. ¹X *!" ! \M 4 ,,z; Ê, GL S"?8" 01w8 !" E" ++M ,J@ 53I, ^ {$ Q/ V 4 t v?)= M K % ! >?}G ^f. !" 42 Ì \ Q/ 4 F 0 /" E" ++M f *« ¿ % " , H % d !". 4 1K = ' Lp, f ,ht> %, /> % ,,"b1 ,$ sV F 4 V 6 f $ a?)´ sF 53, ,"w8 / Q/ !" [ K sF M. o E a?Q/ *3< % !" {$ Q/ !" / 4 V" /g. wL ,,z; #./ M ! M" >?}G F o E a?Q/ f A ". Y,zG 7 " n 6 sKL r > 3[ 7 \> nfF f" ,Bz" 5L9 *1g. % nm/F a?QK !" Ù 8 N 1K YE 4 a \>" , HM$" *Q/". h< sf _ *!F" ,0 / Y3g 6 ,?F !" ,0 / % M" 5H r *,?HF WX > G)T ,?M *mF" ,*~?)" *! K 4 *u M. s E +f ,*+ 78" ?8 ! L" ,sG, 1K· "b1 M M +. a " ," R , " mF" sÚIK" s<= H 6 YE % a<. U F r <" , f sG"p1 " K ^! 4 1K "" ,s/KE" Y3G}8" ! / " a$ M= ! ?H." N 1K ?H. nG, R t % W /! ?) UV ,A >. ÇG P ;GF" , /> bf 5 .GF G ,a ,. ,a?H. K 1K 7I Ì 7./ # 1K ?H.f n«"= 57G ! bKV" ,1./ sF M B=" sG. % . z; Y3G}8" ,z; 5.m ?H. 3/ L /! % " ?ÇG," f ?«p, ,P 7F ,-./ sM G.K " ,,

(106) " E)$ s3E 4" ,sF M +,? 4 ?3G > ?«p,. ? ! ,*~ E" 0 / > ÇG 4 ,"b1 RT ? = DK Hf .KT s}

(107) K" ●. . ●.

(108) ●. 2018 1439

(109) 02: ,04 : ●. 344. Ì C Ì L Ì }/ *u +F G ^! 5¤ 4 1K $ ]1" ()$" ?H. 5L ,E)$ s3E" a w s3! . \>" ,sL" ?Hf \> P 7.KT > ?I, T ? , %, 3Q ]K /! % " s3H,x " ?)´ dg {,x ? ^! % d. 1K ?Hf ?,?wG> @G

(110) s"z => b/M , 1K d /> 5= % d ^ r > b, ' +, ,, NL " 0 = ' 2+ s[ /> a V" ! g !"= %. UV 0 / a" ,a ^! M?3> b," 0 / ,u 5?" d ;j$ > ^ P ¢ +¢ `Ä £ 5Ä 3¢ Ä ,¢ %Ä ¢ "¢ 7 x ?¢ ,¢ Ì Ä )¢ aÐ ¿ X¢ P ¢ +¢ `Ä £ 5Ä 3¢ Ä ,¢ %Ä 3¢ f¢ :U F P E *ub= " ,v?)= a M Ð s" ,a;L 3E *18 1K 7C 4 NH û" Ü –Ò : 8 x ?¢ ,¢ Î Û ¢ a¿ X¢ 0 1M 3/,x " ;, ^ ^! 1K û 1./ a 4 n3 ?Ç= R ! .G" ,a R [ ' f8 ? I8 n) ' 53," ,a > E)$ ^! RT .KT" ? I8 d"!" #./ /j3 n±" ( f´ Yx f $ ?[ @<". mG" 1 5!$ ]," , h G.KT" a > PË .G h" 3/,x ^ Ï 43 `@" n+" S L 5+ f a;/" M a"¼ % IH, ,R ;@ *f % 5+ } V. sGf? UV 5+ 57, bf n`K /µ ^ , M c Gq !" ,M" E " M" ,sGf?3> 5+G1, T bf s,Ñ" 5+ C?,x M M" P ' \ KHf. /1Mx 5+ ],x T G d C$ " % IH," , 8" a)$ R , @ L. s3G" ?. 7" 3[" ++ ./8 s |" 5+ C?, M" w;Ex " 4 a . S?$ % 7 S?$ 3," ,% p8 / 3

(111) aE {,x ^ !". b8" ,$ B w<= ' 33F 4 51,x ()9 /, 78 = bLY3G}8 d V" E)$ GT UV pF G ,v+G" o ;E?8 ?3`,x GT" /,. 5;+, E \M 4 n6 % " s1.K y" s> y 1K· E)$ "p18 =;. NK + = bL?)$ ; s

(112) f?," ()9 t .1. 0 $ ;. GT % B?G UV p, ,t KK + >+" dg > m>" ()$ \/+F" ، K ïßý⁄a@bÈÛaë@ïi‹ÌÛa@bÈÛa@À@Öý‚þa@òÜØ“ß.

(113) 345. ●. 2018 1439

(114) 02: ,04 : ●. s;+, E 1KV % < bf ,s " K + ' 5, wG" ?3G "= "p18" E)$ ?)´ ; s

(115) f?," ;. ,o E a?Q/ sf D> ^ ª?@ A 4 ()$ YE" WX L X¡f. = TV ,,Î" a+ %, 4 a?Q/ ^!

(116) M *" A .f. M= 4 2H *b@KT "= a JK % JK 4 *~T @8 ; *f % J@F E. @ M ¸= }Mx s E" ^ 56 %3H, R^ > /!" f?8 RT . 4 ` ,3" 3 sG>?y <) p, s !" ?}u # 6 ?+ 4. ,z < +8 > .G8 ,z > ' 7,?M Hf %, d MV *18 1K \> 7 F *« % " E)$" ,> *+" ,M"? N ". db$ 2y s< .F 5L 4 v?," ,M" >?y t8 sE" 4 1K ,s>". ,J< YE> R?ÇF , db % " @ % " w8 ^! = TV sF .<" r. ?> g > / G , {$ WF RGC" 56 WX ?3G1f $ 4 WH.F". ; B M , bg 4 Ê?F _ *L?F {$ WF = G f ,E>. ,: 7 53" > s/ ^" *,?H ?+ s L= ^ ,()9 bGT 4 K" 8" H J" , [ " #./ Mb vG, T *L WX }GK :;<f. s+f PO" a?)´ UV K % 0 / S¦F a?QK R f7G8 Y3f R ;[ /. 53 ¢+f H db Y " YE 1G UV 1 s+f PO" ,{ F UV ()$. % f " S E"$" R E7" a L L 0 / \> bGT +f$ >x : 7 a7 L r Y E 4 3 ;x ' : 7 53 ¦GE" ,5f HF" " F s/ Ý 1 ,z; P 4 w; " , o P UV Qj$ "L" ?L^". "L +f .. = dg ," + UV P d V G >" ,NK +" bGT". TV V 57, T" 3H > n+wGF G ,a 1 ! ,L? 3E wK L Qj$. % d /. ()> E %,^ ,S7G .f / ( Î n,? % "= ,S1.. YE ! ^! 9 44 ,?f > -GHF a 1 Dw;<f ,#./ > E? n,? ●. . ●.

(117) ●. 2018 1439

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