Change in recharge of aquifers under several cropping systems due to climate change. Consequences on land use at territorial level

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Submitted on 6 Jun 2020

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Change in recharge of aquifers under several cropping systems due to climate change. Consequences on land

use at territorial level

Bernard Itier, Nadine Brisson, Vincent Badeau, Nathalie Bréda, Alexandre Bosc, Michel Déqué, Jean Louis Durand, Lydie Guilioni, Christian Pagé,

Romain Lardy, et al.

To cite this version:

Bernard Itier, Nadine Brisson, Vincent Badeau, Nathalie Bréda, Alexandre Bosc, et al.. Change in recharge of aquifers under several cropping systems due to climate change. Consequences on land use at territorial level. Colloque ACCAE 2010 Adaptation au changement climatique de l’agriculture et des écosystèmes, Oct 2010, Clermont-Ferrand, France. n.p. �hal-01192205�

Change in recharge of aquifers under several cropping systems due to climate change.

Consequences on land use at territorial level

Bernard Itier (INRA), Nadine Brisson (INRA), Vincent Badeau (INRA) Nathalie Breda(INRA), Alexandre Bosc (INRA), Michel Déqué (CNRM), Jean Louis

Durand (INRA), Lydie Guilioni (SUPAGRO), Christian Pagé (CERFACS), Romain Lardy (INRA), Philippe Pieri (INRA), Romain Roche (INRA)

http://www.clermont.inra.fr/urep/accae

Evolution of annual rainfall & potential water balance over France

R-ETo(mm) R (mm)

1970-1999 (observed) 2020-2049 (simulated) ( Arpège-A1b-TT)

03/11/2010 3

Decrease in water recharge (

Recharge) versus decrease in rainfall (

Rainfall) due to climate change

∆(Rainfall)

1:1

α<45°

Edaphic Drought:

” Drought”

Hydrologic Drought:

“Water scarcity”

∆^Recharge

∆⁽Σ^ETa)

Le bilan hydrique

WHC (Water Holding Capacity)

Effective rain : R – Ro

over thirty years Recharge of aquifers : D + Ro – ( Irr )

ETa : R –Recharge

∆ R : ∆Eta + ∆Recharge

∆S = ( R+ I ) – (ETa+D+Ro)

Water balance at field level

R Irr Ro

ETa

S

Capillary rise neglected

D

At catchment level :

Recharge = Σ

α

_Recharge

• A catchment can be covered with several types of cropping system:

• Rainfed ,Fully irrigated, Deficit irrigated

• Winter crops, Spring crops - Annual crops, Perennial crops

Is there any characteristic of a particular cropping system regarding water recharge as a function of soil & climatic conditions?

Irrigation is generaly classified according to the way water is distributed within the field: {pivot, sprinkler, furrow,drip,…}

To tackle the question of water resource management at catchment level, we need to classify irrigation system

according to the

origin of irrigation water

.

drainage ETa Irrigation

Rain

River Reservoirs

An attempt to tackle the question of irrigation through a typology of water resources

To improve water management at

catchment level, what is the relative importance of practices and cropping systems patterns?

depending on :

• 1/ Water comes from large aquifers

belonging ( even partly) to the catchment

• 2/ water comes from rivers ( fed or not by canals) or from small aquifers associated to these rivers

What are the questions?

• A/ Large aquifers:

What will enable the level of the water table to be maintained year after year?

• B/ Rivers:

What will enable the flow above the

threshold value necessary for other use and water quality purposes to be

maintained?

A/ Large aquifer-dependent irrigation systems ( Beauce (F), Castilla la Mancha (E),…)

Improving practices will not raise the annual water table level

because drainage due to excess irrigation recharges the aquifer

so in simply quantitative terms, waste water is not lost water

So how can we avoid a year after year lowering of the water table?

By ensuring that the water conservation equation works correctly at catchment level:

Global recharge must compensate losses

Global recharge must compensate losses

Recharge = D + Ru – Irr = Ғ(annual rainfall, climate(ETo) , {Cropping Systems} )

= β . (annual rainfall)

β << 1 (

)

β >> 0 (

)

« Crop models » ^providing

« environmental ouputs »:

Tools for estimating

water recharge versus rainfall

for a cropping system

under several soil& climate conditions

A systematic approach in the frame of a project

(CLIMATOR 2007-2010)

devoted to

«

the impact of Climate Change on agriculture

. (Production and Environment) »:

---

• 8 cropping systems

• On 12 locations in France

• Over 3 soils

• By using

for each crop

• By means of climatic data for 3 periods of 30 years:

1970-2000 « recent Past » ( observed);

2020-2050 & 2070-2100, «near & far Future » (simulated).

Relationship between Recharge and annual Rainfall for Wheat (◊) and Sunflower (○)

in 12 locations in France

(from STICS model with observed climatic data from 1970-1999)

y = 0,6026x - 300,55 R² = 0,7738 y = 1,1425x - 600,73

R² = 0,8758

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Rainfall (mm)

PERCOL (mm)

SUNFLOWER WHEAT

Relationship between Recharge and annual Rainfall for Sunflower (○)and irrigated Corn (∆)

for 12 locations in France

(from STICS model with observed climatic data from 1970-1999)

y = 0,8924x - 553,65 R² = 0,6

y = 0,6026x - 300,55 R² = 0,7738

-200 -100 0 100 200 300

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Rainfall (mm)

PERCOL (mm)

SUNFLOWER CORN

Percol en période A (Cerfacs sol1)

Wheat

Sunflower

Irrigated Corn

Vine Conifer Deciduous

Grass

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500

350 450 550 650 750 850 950

Pluie

recharge (Percol)

Annual rainfall(mm) Recharge (mm)

Annual recharge below some cropping systems Stics & Biljou(forest)

using observed climatological data (1970-1999)

Evolution of Recharge (PERCOL) with annual Rainfall for wheat and sunflower at several locations in France

●P^A: 1970-1999 (observed climatic data) .

■PB: 2020-2049 .

(simulated c. data - Arpège, TT, Stics).

▲PC: 2070-2099 .

BB

y = 0.8826x - 408.75 R² = 0.5838

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

0 200 400 600 800 1000

RR

PERCOL

Avignon Bordeaux Clermont Colmar Dijon Lusignan Mirecourt Mons Rennes StEtienne Toulouse Versailles Série5 Linéaire (Série5)

= PA = PB

∆∆∆∆= PC

TT

y = 0.6129x - 275.52 R² = 0.7532

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

0 200 400 600 800 1000

RR

PERCOL

Avignon Bordeaux Clermont Colmar Dijon Lusignan Mirecourt Mons Rennes StEtienne Toulouse Versailles

= PA = PB

∆

∆

∆∆= PC

wheat

sunflower

03/11/2010 17

Decrease in water recharge (

Recharge) versus decrease in rainfall (

Rainfall) due to climate change

∆(Rainfall)

1:1

α<45°

Edaphic Drought:

” Drought”

Hydrologic Drought:

“Water scarcity”

∆^Recharge

∆⁽Σ^ETa)

Decrease in water recharge

versus decrease in rainfall

Wheat – Sunflower

∆ Rainfall(mm)

∆Recharge (mm)

| ∆Recharge| > | ∆Rainfall /2 |

∆ X = X future– X past

Percol en période B (Cerfacs sol1)

y y y y y y y

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500

350 450 550 650 750 850 950

Pluie

recharge (Percol)

Recharge (mm)

Annual recharge below some cropping systems (2020-2049) Stics & Biljou using simulated data

Annual rainfall

Deciduous Vine Wheat Grass

Conifer Sunflower . Irrigated Corn

Conclusions for

« Large aquifer-dependent irrigation systems

• At catchment level, recharge depends on the combination of rainfed and irrigated systems

• The amount of water necessary to maintain the water table level will

determine the capability of irrigation in

terms of % of irrigated crops (acreage)

Some ideas to improve the recharge capacity

Increase the % area cultivated with rainfed crops

• Within irrigated crops,

increase the % area cultivated with deficit irrigated crops

• Within rainfed crops,

increase the % area cultivated with winter crops

River

-dependent Irrigation systems

* (or associated aquifers)

• .

drainage ETa

Irrigation

Rain

River Reservoirs

Rivers or water tables associated with rivers

We are and we will be facing the question of

« time of irrigation »:Water demand is high while water supply is at a

minimum!

How can we improve water management at catchment basin level?

Two ways:

- Improving practices

- Changing cropping patterns

Rivers or water tables associated with rivers

Two reasons why a diversified

cropping system pattern improves

water management at catchment basin level:

1: The total amount of water demand decreases

2: Water demand is distributed

throughout the irrigation season

Irrigation water demand (total amount and time of occurrence) for irrigated Corn monocultureand a rotation ( iC, diW,rR,diW)

at 12 locations in France,(2020 – 2049, ARPEGE,TT,STICS )

MONOCULTURE

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Avignon Toulouse

StEtienne Lusignan

Colmar Dijon

Bordeaux Mons

Versailles Rennes

Clermont

m³ per 1 ha august

july april-june

FP

ROTATION

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Avignon Toulouse

StEtienne Dijon

Lusignan Colmar

Mons Versailles

Bordeaux Rennes

Clermont

m³ per 3 ha august

july april-june

FP

ROTATION

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Avignon Toulouse

StEtienne Dijon

Lusignan Colmar

Mons Versailles

Bordeaux august

july april-june

FP

MONOCULTURE

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Avignon Toulouse

StEtienne Lusignan

Colmar Dijon

Bordeaux Mons

Versailles august

jul y april-june

FP

Conclusion

Whatever the irrigation system, In addition to improving practices

It is worthwhile to improve the matching of cropping systems to water supply at

catchment level

Diversifying cropping systems will help:

- to equilibrate the annual water balance of large aquifers

- to better distribute water demand throughout

the year

Thank you for your attention

Climate change will produce a decrease in rainfall over French territory, especially in western France. Cropping systems pattern is a key factor

in water resources management at catchment basin level.

In the frame of the ANR French project “Climator”, we have undertaken an analysis of the relationship between rainfall and the annual supply of water to the aquifers under several cropping systems and ecosystems.

This was performed through crop modelling using agroclimatic data provided either by measurements at 12 experimental sites in France (1971-2000) or by using regionalised outputs of the French climatological model Arpege (2021-2050 and 2071-2100). The simulations highlight the important differences in aquifers recharge between cropping systems

(rainfed vsirrigated but also winter vsspring crops and annual crops vsperennial vegetation). For the 12 sites, they also give an estimate of the decrease with time of the annual recharge under each cropping system (at least 2/3 of rain decrease). In the driest locations, that decrease may lead to a partial change in cropping systems pattern in order to match the total water demand at catchment level.

Such change could be devoted either to increase annual recharge when irrigation water is pumped from large aquifers or to reduce summer water demand when irrigation water comes from rivers.

Both cases are illustrated.

Matching supply to irrigation demand?

or ……….irrigation demand to supply?

1- Matching supply to demand

(when it is possible: dams, …)

2- Matching demand to supply

- either by reducing water provided to crops and improving cultural practices

- or by reducing the water demand at

catchment level by changing the cropping

system

Irrigation water demand (total amount and time of occurrence) for irrigated Corn monoculture and a rotation ( iC, diW,rR,diW)

at 12 locations in France,(1970 – 1999, STICS )

MONOCULTURE

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Avignon Toulouse

Dijon Lusignan

Colmar StEtienne

Bordeaux Versailles

Rennes Mons

Clermont

m³ per 1 ha august

july april-june

PR

ROTATION

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Avignon Toulouse

Dijon Lusignan

StEtienne Colmar

Bordeaux Rennes

Versailles Mons

Clermont

m³ per 3 ha august

jul y april-june

PR

ROTATION

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Avignon Toulouse

Dijon Lusignan

StEtienne Colmar

Bordeaux Rennes

Versailles august

july april-june

PR

MONOCULTURE

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Avignon Toulouse

Dijon Lusignan

Colmar StEtienne

Bordeaux Versailles august

july april-june

PR

Irrigation water demand (total amount and time of occurrence) for irrigated Corn monocultureand a rotation ( iC, diW,rR,diW)

at 12 locations in France,(2020 – 2049, ARPEGE,TT,STICS )

MONOCULTURE

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Avignon Toulouse

StEtienne Lusignan

Colmar Dijon

Bordeaux Mons

Versailles Rennes

Clermont

m³ per 1 ha august

july april-june

FP

ROTATION

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Avignon Toulouse

StEtienne Dijon

Lusignan Colmar

Mons Versailles

Bordeaux Rennes

Clermont

m³ per 3 ha august

july april-june

FP

ROTATION

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Avignon Toulouse

StEtienne Dijon

Lusignan Colmar

Mons Versailles

Bordeaux august

july april-june

FP

MONOCULTURE

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Avignon Toulouse

StEtienne Lusignan

Colmar Dijon

Bordeaux Mons

Versailles august

jul y april-june

FP