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Early Medieval Small Lead Seals of "Drohiczyn Type" from Czermno: A Catalogue

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HAL Id: hal-03144449

https://hal-normandie-univ.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03144449

Submitted on 12 Mar 2021

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To cite this version:

Iwona Florkiewicz, Adrian Jusupović, Aleksandr Musin. Early Medieval Small Lead Seals of ”Dro-

hiczyn Type” from Czermno: A Catalogue. Florkiewicz I.; Jusupović A.; Musin A. The Sphinx

of Slavic sigillography: small lead seals of “Drohiczyn type” from Czermno. Material evidence =

Sfinks slowiańskiej sfragistyki: plomby „typu drohiczyńskiego” z Czermna. Podstawy materialowe,

6:2, pp.53-354, 2020, U Źródel Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej = Frühzeit Ostmitteleuropas, 978-3-

96023-362-6, 978-83-66463-28-8, 978-83-7996-809-1. �hal-03144449�

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EARLY MEDIEVAL SMALL LEAD SEALS OF “DROHICZYN TYPE”

FROM CZERMNO: A CATALOGUE

INTRODUCTION

Small lead seals of “Drohiczyn type”

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