Measuring energy poverty: uncovering the multiple dimensions of energy poverty

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Preprint submitted on 16 Oct 2018

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Measuring energy poverty: uncovering the multiple

dimensions of energy poverty

Audrey Berry

To cite this version:

Audrey Berry. Measuring energy poverty: uncovering the multiple dimensions of energy poverty. 2018.

�hal-01896838�

DOCUMENTS DE TRAVAIL / WORKING PAPERS

N 2018-69

Measuring energy poverty:

uncovering the multiple

dimensions of energy poverty

Audrey Berry

∗

Energy supply • Electricity • Naturel gas • Heating oil • Gasoline • Diesel, etc. Energy services • Lighting • Heating/cooling • Refrigerating • Traveling, etc. Secondary capabilities • Washing clothes • Preparing food • Visiting the doctor, shopping, commuting, etc. Basic capabilities • Good health • Well-being • Quality of life • Social inclusion, etc. Improve access to clean and affordable energy for all

Improve the efficiency of infrastructure, buildings, vehicles and appliances Modify norms and adapt consumption practices Provide for specific

needs and support alternatives to energy

H =

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Dimension Indicator Disadvantaged if Weight

Restriction

Indoor temperature <19°C

Or < 20°C if [age 65, age 7 or disable] 1/10

Felt cold Yes, if among 5 reasons* 1/10

Housing

conditions Dwelling energy performance

>330 kWh/M2/year

(Energy certificate if available, or actual consumption) 1/5

Equipment

Energy efficiency of appliances

>1 appliance with energy label A, B, C or more, less than 5 years old, among:

washing machine, dryer, dishwasher, refrigerator, combined refrigerator and freezer.

1/15 Presence of a temperature

control system No 1/15

Type of heating Used as main or regular backup heater:chimney OR heating cooker OR mobile appliances OR no means of heating.

1/15

Energy spending Energy expenditure ratio > 2x national median (=0,09%) 1/5

Standard of living Disposable income per UC < Decile 4 1/5

* The five reasons for feeling cold are:1/ Insufficient heating system, 2/ Failure of the heating system,

3/ Restriction of heating due to cost, 4/ Poor insulation, 5/ Power disconnection due to unpaid bills .

! T ra n s po rt

Dimension Indicator Disadvantaged if Weight

Restriction

Restriction of car use

(among households using cars)

Yes, if results in a reduction in travelled

distance 1/10

Difficulty in meeting fuel costs

(among households using cars) Yes 1/10

Mobility conditions

Alternative to car

(among households using cars) No, for commuting 1/10

Access to public transport No stop near the dwelling (<600m or _{<10 min by foot).} 1/10

Equipment Car energy efficiency _{(among households using cars)} Fiscal power >5 1/5

Energy spending Fuel expenditure ratio _{(among households using cars)} > 2x national median (=0,08%) 1/5

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Incidence (% population) Intensity (% of disadvantages)

Threshold of energy poverty

Incidence housing (H) Intensity housing (A) Incidence transport (H) Intensity transport (A)

Energy poverty

threshold = 40% Severe energy povertythreshold = 50%

17,7% 20,6% 30,9% 7,4% 8,9% 11,0% 17,3% 2,6% 0,0% 5,0% 10,0% 15,0% 20,0% 25,0% 30,0% 35,0%

For housing For transport At least one sector Both sectors

Sh ar e o f p o p u la ti o n (% )

MEPI & EER

11,7%

8,9%

4,3%

11,5%

6,2%

2,4%

Housing

Transport

Housing

Transport

EER EER

Income _0,31 Income _0,13

Energy expenditure ratio 1,00 Fuel expenditure ratio 1,00

Feeling cold 0,05 Restriction of car use 0,13

Indoor temperature _0,03 Difficulty in meeting fuel costs _0,22

Dwelling energy performance _0,23 Car energy efficiency _0,00

Energy efficiency of appliances (0,05) Alternative to car 0,28

Presence of a temperature control system 0,00 Access to public transport 0,08

Type of heating 0,02 MEPI transport 0,58

MEPI housing _0,69

Housing Non energy poor Energy poor Total Non energy poor Energy poor Total

Non income poor 76% 11% 87% Non income poor 87% 13% 87%

Income poor 6% 7% 13% Income poor 46% 54% 13%

Total 82% 18% 100% Total 82% 18% 100%

Transport

Non energy

poor Energy poor Total Non energy poor Energy poor Total

Non income poor 72% 15% 87% Non income poor 83% 17% 87%

Income poor 7% 6% 13% Income poor 55% 45% 13%

Total 79% 21% 100% Total 79% 21% 100%

47% 47% 44% 13% 13% 11% 12% 8% 7% 4% 15% 31% 24% 26% 29% 24% 12% 10% 9% 10% 24% 21% 22% 19% 22% 26% 28% 22% 57% 46% 40% 12% 5% 8% 5% 5% 3% 1% 15% 23% 17% 16% 16% 16% 16% 21% 29% 10% 20% 19% 23% 17% 15% 18% 28% 17% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Decile 1 Decile 2 Decile 3 Decile 4 Decile 5 Decile 6 Decile 7 Decile 8 Decile 9 Decile 10 Urban poles Sparsely populated areas <30 years old 30-40 years old 40-50 years old 50-60 years old 60-70 years old 70-80 years old >80 years old Paris H1a (excluding Paris) H1b H1c H2a H2b H2c H2d H3

Incidence of energy poverty

(% of sub-population)

Housing Transport

Income Energy expenditure ratio Felt cold Indoor temperature Dwelling energy performance Energy ef ficiency of _appliances Temperature control system Type of heating

Income

Fuel

expenditure

ratio

Restriction of car use

Di

fficulty in

meeting fuel

costs

Car energy efficiency

No

alternative to

car

No access to public transport

Total population 29% 14% 14% 23% 19% 22% 25% 13% 30% 16% 18% 12% 15% 33% 25% D1 100% 45% 21% 27% 20% 20% 36% 12% 100% 29% 20% 18% 15% 17% 19% D2 100% 25% 22% 27% 20% 23% 34% 13% 100% 22% 23% 21% 16% 28% 23% D3 100% 24% 18% 23% 23% 20% 24% 13% 100% 16% 22% 17% 15% 27% 28% D4 0% 16% 16% 21% 22% 21% 27% 16% 0% 21% 24% 14% 16% 35% 24% D5 0% 10% 13% 24% 16% 24% 26% 15% 0% 17% 18% 13% 16% 35% 24% D6 0% 9% 15% 24% 22% 22% 25% 16% 0% 17% 17% 12% 14% 41% 32% D7 0% 5% 10% 22% 18% 22% 24% 13% 0% 13% 15% 8% 17% 39% 27% D8 0% 5% 9% 19% 16% 21% 24% 12% 0% 12% 19% 6% 11% 39% 26% D9 0% 3% 9% 22% 20% 22% 19% 11% 0% 9% 12% 4% 15% 37% 25% D10 0% 1% 6% 19% 18% 20% 15% 9% 0% 3% 9% 4% 15% 30% 23% Urban poles 30% 11% 15% 23% 15% 22% 27% 8% 30% 12% 14% 10% 15% 25% 12%

Sparsely populated areas

28% 19% 12% 23% 28% 22% 21% 24% 28% 25% 26% 15% 15% 48% 53% Paris 22% 6% 18% 22% 18% 19% 34% 4% 30% 16% 18% 12% 15% 33% 25%

H1a (exc. Paris)

31% 18% 16% 25% 22% 29% 15% 16% 31% 20% 26% 16% 15% 41% 22% H1b 28% 17% 13% 15% 23% 24% 19% 14% 29% 17% 16% 13% 13% 35% 30% H1c 26% 18% 12% 19% 29% 18% 23% 15% 26% 17% 19% 11% 13% 40% 35% H2a 30% 11% 12% 40% 13% 20% 18% 17% 30% 13% 22% 10% 13% 33% 26% H2b 26% 13% 10% 25% 15% 23% 26% 14% 26% 20% 20% 12% 14% 39% 27% H2c 32% 15% 11% 24% 19% 21% 32% 19% 32% 17% 20% 12% 15% 34% 50% H2d 47% 16% 18% 22% 25% 12% 34% 15% 48% 14% 24% 13% 19% 23% 33% H3 37% 12% 15% 20% 9% 19% 33% 11% 37% 17% 11% 11% 19% 34% 21% <30 years old 30% 10% 18% 24% 16% 30% 26% 13% 38% 24% 10% 13% 16% 33% 13% 30-40 years old 33% 11% 17% 17% 16% 26% 22% 14% 31% 24% 18% 17% 15% 49% 20% 40-50 years old 28% 12% 14% 18% 17% 21% 27% 14% 34% 20% 23% 15% 15% 53% 24% 50-60 years old 23% 14% 9% 29% 23% 15% 23% 15% 28% 18% 22% 14% 16% 46% 25% 60-70 years old 24% 19% 8% 37% 28% 15% 27% 12% 23% 9% 19% 8% 14% 14% 30% 70-80 years old 35% 11% 19% 19% 15% 30% 28% 8% 24% 4% 17% 6% 14% 4% 33% >80 years old 30% 30% 8% 23% 31% 8% 26% 13% 30% 2% 9% 3% 16% 1% 38% Owner 19% 12% 7% 23% 22% 21% 21% 17% 19% 15% 19% 9% 15% 38% 33% Renter 44% 15% 24% 22% 15% 23% 32% 8% 45% 17% 17% 16% 15% 27% 13% Single 31% 23% 17% 25% 22% 14% 30% 10% 32% 15% 13% 9% 15% 15% 22% Single parent 64% 32% 23% 21% 15% 25% 35% 13% 65% 19% 19% 15% 11% 31% 15% Couple 19% 11% 9% 23% 22% 20% 23% 14% 20% 13% 20% 10% 15% 27% 30%

Couple with children

32% 7% 14% 20% 16% 30% 22% 16% 33% 20% 21% 16% 15% 57% 25% Housing T ransport V

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29% 14% 14% 23% 20% 22% 25% 13% 14% 12% 6% 7% 10% 4% 6% 4% 8% 7% 3% 4% 6% 2% 3% 2% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Income Energy

expenditure ratio Felt cold temperature Indoor Dwelling energy performance efficiency of Energy appliances

Temperature

control system Type of heating

% o f h o u se h o ld s d is d va n ta g ed

30%

_29%

25%

_25%

6%

_6%

7%

8%

21%

23%

3%

3%

4%

4%

3%

3%

Severe energy poverty (k= 50%) % c o n tr ib u ti o n to e n er g y p o ve rty Type of heating

Temperature control system Energy efficiency of appliances Dwelling energy performance Indoor temperature

Felt cold

Energy expenditure ratio Income

30% 16% 18% 12% 15% 33% 25% 14% 12% 9% 7% 8% 12% 9% 8% 8% 6% _5% 4% 7% 5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Income Fuel expenditure ratio

Restriction of car use

Difficulty in meeting fuel costs

Car energy efficiency No alternative to car No access to public transport % o f h o u se h o ld s d is d va n ta g ed

27%

_25%

23%

26%

8%

9%

7%

8%

15%

13%

12%

11%

9%

8%

Severe energy poverty (k= 50%) % c o n tr ib u ti o n to e n er g y p o ve rty

No access to public transport No alternative to car Car energy efficiency Difficulty in meeting fuel costs Restriction of car use Fuel expenditure ratio Income

- 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40

Decile 1 Decile 2 Decile 3 Decile 4 Decile 5 Decile 6 Decile 7 Decile 8 Decile 9 Decile 10

L ev el o f MEPI (= In ci de nce x In te nsi ty) Housing Transport

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Intensity

Incidence

Housing

Transport

D1

D2

D3

D1

D2

D3