CO N T E N TS

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��

� ��

�.� The origins of Generative syntax ��

�.� The Minimalist Program ��

�.� Distributed Morphology ��

�.� Summary ��

� ��

�.� Early approaches ��

�.� The Matrix Language-Frame model ��

�.� Generative approaches to ��

�.� �� approaches to ��

�.� �� versus borrowing ��

�.� Psycholinguistic and experimental approaches to

��

� ��

�.� Acceptability judgments ��

�.� Statistics ��

�.�.� Classic tests of significance ��

�.�.� Models ��

�.�.� E�ect size or p-values ��

� ��: �� (��) ��

�.� Introduction ��

�.� Kramer (��) ��

�.� Relevant gender systems ��

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xiv ��

�.�.� Romance: French ��

�.�.� Germanic: (Belgian) Dutch and English ��

�.� Discussion and conclusion ��

� ��: �� (��) ��

�.� Literature review ��

�.�.� Code-switching and ��

�.�.� Defaults in French and Belgian Dutch ��

�.� Testing Dutch-English �� .�.� Materials �� .�.� Procedure �� .�.� Results �� .�.� Discussion �� .� Testing English-French �� .�.� Materials �� .�.� Procedure �� .�.� Results �� .�.� Discussion �� .� Conclusion �� : �� (��) �� .� Introduction �� .� Verb Second ��

�.� Word order in the subordinate clause ��

�.� Putting the theory to the test ��

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�.�.� Predictions ��

�.�.� Results ��

�.� Discussion & suggestions for further research ��

�.�.� The �� interface condition ��

�.�.� The functional head constraint ��

�.�.� Feature Checking ��

�.�.� Feature Inheritance ��

�.� Conclusion ��

� ��

�.� Introduction ��

�.� Dutch: to adverb or not to adverb ��

�.� The adverb and code-switching ��

�.� Testing Dutch-English �� .�.� Stimulus-design �� .�.� Procedure �� .�.� Predictions �� .�.� Results �� .� Testing English-French �� .�.� Stimulus-design �� .�.� Procedure �� .�.� Predictions �� .�.� Results ��

�.� Discussion and conclusion ��

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xvi ��

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Figure �.� Schematic representation of the �� deriva-tion (adapted from Harley and Noyer��, p �) ��

Figure �.� The Minimalist Framework ��

Figure �.� Advertisement in Flanders ��

Figure �.� Overview of the ratings of the gender stim-uli per condition for Dutch-English ��

Figure �.� Dutch-English ��: mixed ��-asymmetry. Error bars represent the ��

Figure �.� Dutch-English ��: singular vs plural ��s. Error bars represent the ��

Figure �.� Dutch-English ��: determiner gender grouped by type of bilingual ��

Figure �.� Dutch-English ��: determiner gender grouped by gender of the �� of the noun ��

Figure �.� Dutch-English ��: determiner gender grouped by gender of the ��: Tussentaal speak-ers ��

Figure �.� Dutch-English ��: determiner gender grouped by type of bilingual: �� speakers ��

Figure �.� Overview of the ratings of the gender stim-uli per condition for English-French ��

Figure �.�� English-French ��: mixed ��-asymmetry ��

Figure �.�� English-French ��: singular vs plural ��s ��

Figure �.�� English-French ��: default gender grouped by type of bilingual ��

Figure �.�� English-French ��: gender of the �� grouped by type of bilingual ��

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Figure �.� Overview of the ratings of the verb second stimuli per condition ��

Figure �.� Overview of the ratings of the subordinate clause stimuli per condition ��

Figure �.� Results of the Dutch-English ��: adverbs ��

Figure �.� Overview of the ratings of the adverb stim-uli per condition: English-French ��

Figure c.� Dutch-English controls: early bilinguals ��

Figure c.� Dutch-English controls: late bilinguals ��

Figure c.� English-French controls: early bilinguals ��

Figure c.� English-French controls: late bilinguals ��

L I ST O F TA B L E S

Table �.� Likert scale consisting of � Likert items for the attitude object “love for ice cream” ��

Table �.� Gender assignment in Tamil, adapted from Corbett (��, table �.�) ��

Table �.� Gender assignment in Russian, adapted from Corbett (��, tables �.� and �.�) ��

Table �.� Spanish declension classes, adapted from Bermúdez-Otero (��, p �) ��

Table �.� Licencing conditions in Spanish, adapted from Kramer (��, table �.�) ��

Table �.� Gender agreement in French ��

Table �.� Overview of gender agreement in Belgian Dutch ��

Table �.� Licencing conditions in ��

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Table �.� Conditions for the Dutch-English gender stimuli ��

Table �.� Summary of the ratings of the gender stim-uli per condition for Dutch-English ��

Table �.� p-values for the pairwise comparison tests ��

Table �.� Ordinal model: Mixed-�� asymmetry in Dutch-English ��

Table �.� Ordinal model: Gender agreement strate-gies in Dutch-English ��

Table �.� Feature inventory of definite determiners in Dutch ��

Table �.� Conditions for the English-French gender stimuli ��

Table �.� Summary of the ratings of the gender stim-uli per condition for English-French ��

Table �.�� Ordinal model: Mixed-�� asymmetry in English-French ��

Table �.�� Ordinal model: Gender agreement strate-gies in English-French ��

Table �.� Examples sentences per condition: V� ��

Table �.� Summary of the ratings of the verb second stimuli per condition ��

Table �.� Main clause: Fixed e�ects for the ordinal mixed model ��

Table �.� Examples sentences per condition: sub-ordinate clause ��

Table �.� Summary of the ratings of the subordinate clause stimuli per condition ��

Table �.� Subordinate clause: Fixed e�ects for the ordinal mixed model ��

Table �.� Adverbs in Dutch-English ��: conditions ��

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Table �.� Adverbs in Dutch-English ��: Fixed e�ects for the ordinal mixed model ��

Table �.� Adverbs in English-French ��: conditions ��

Table �.� Summary of the ratings of the adverb stim-uli per condition: English-French ��

Table �.� Adverbs in English-French ��: Fixed e�ects for the ordinal mixed model ��

Table b.� List of Dutch-English stimuli for the gen-der agreement survey ��

Table b.� List of English-French stimuli for the gen-der agreement survey ��

Table b.� List of main clause stimuli for the verb second survey ��

Table b.� List of subordinate clause stimuli for the verb second survey ��

Table b.� List of Dutch-English stimuli for the ad-verb survey ��

Table b.� List of English-French stimuli for the ad-verb survey ��

Table c.� Dutch-English ��: conditions for the con-trol stimuli ��

Table c.� English-French ��: conditions for the con-trol stimuli ��

Table d.� Adverbs in ��: conditions ��

Table d.� t-test ��

Table d.� Wilcoxon rank sum test ��

Table d.� t-test ��