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READING AGAINST THE GRAIN ?

NATIONAL HISTORIOGRAPHIES IN THE HUMAN SCIENCES SEEN FROM AN OUTSIDER PERSPECTIVE

9-10 JUNE 2011

Venue: The University of Chicago Center in Paris 6, rue Thomas Mann; 75013 Paris

Organizers:Jacqueline Carroy (Paris), Lorraine Daston (Berlin), Wolf Feuerhahn (Paris), Jan Goldstein (Chicago), Andreas Mayer (Berlin)

Thursday, 9 June 2011

10h.-10h.30 Welcome and Introductory Remarks: Jacqueline Carroy, Jan Goldstein, Lorraine Daston

Morning Session

10h.30-11h.15 Kapil Raj, Constructing a National Identity in an Imperial Context : Sir William Jones (1746-1794) and the “Discovery” of Indo-European Languages

11h15-12h. Nathalie Richard, Readings, and uses of John Stuart Mill in France (c. 1850- c.

1900)

12h.-12h.15: Coffee break

12h.15-13h.: Commentary and Discussion Commentator: Lorraine Daston

Afternoon Session

14h.30-15h.15 Wolf Feuerhahn, Made in Germany ? The « Nationality » of E. Durkheim’s Sociology

15h.15-16h. Jan Goldstein, Neutralizing Freud: The Lycée Philosophy Class and the Reception of Psychoanalysis in France

16h.-16h.15: Coffee break

16h.15-17h.: Commentary and Discussion Commentator: Jacqueline Carroy

Friday, 10 June 2011

Morning Session

10h.30-11h.15 Alison Winter, The Reconstruction of Frederick Bartlett

11h15-12h. Christian Topalov, Bourdieu’s « science of science » and the reception of Anglo

« sociology of scientific knowledge » in late 20th c. France

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12h.-12h.15: Coffee break

12h.15.-13h.: Commentary and Discussion Commentator: Robert J. Richards

Afternoon Session

14h.30-16h. 30 Roundtable on Translation in the Human Sciences John Forrester

Jean-Pierre Lefebvre Andreas Mayer

Moderator: Fernando Vidal

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A

BSTRACTS

CONSTRUCTING A NATIONAL IDENTITY IN AN IMPERIAL CONTEXT :

SIR WILLIAM JONES (1746-1794) AND THE “DISCOVERY OF INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

Kapil Raj

(E.H.E.S.S., Centre Alexandre Koyré, Paris, France1)

In a discourse given to the Asiatic Society of Bengal in Calcutta February 1786, Sir William Jones made the startling proposition of the common origins of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek. The

“philologer's passage” in which he summed up his thesis has since been taken as the founding moment of “scientific linguistics” and comparative philology. In this talk I would like to focus on the overall socio-political context of the period and the specific construction of the argument in his speech to show that more than its place in disciplinary history, his discourse is to be understood in the broader search for an English national identity within the expanding British empire which already spread across most of the globe.

READINGS, AND USES OF JOHN STUART MILL IN FRANCE (C.1850- C.1900).

Nathalie Richard

(EA 127, Université Paris 1 – Panthéon – Sorbonne Centre Alexandre Koyré, Paris, France2)

Most of John Stuart Mill’s first French translations were issued between 1861 (first translation of The Principles of Political Economy) and 1875 (translation of the Three Essays on Religion). From Charles Périn’s 1850 article in Le Correspondant3 to Taine’s Le Positivisme anglais) : étude sur Stuart Mill (1864)4, and to Élie Halévy, La Formation du radicalisme politique (1901-1904), the work of the English philosopher was also commented upon by many French thinkers.

My paper will focus on the role played by specialized and general periodicals in the broadcasting of Mill’s philosophy in France. It will also study different French comments, dealing more specifically with the epistemological and political interpretations of some of Mill’s ideas. In the process, I shall try to highlight how Mill was adapted and transformed for a French audience, in the context of some major French intellectual and political debates on positivism and liberalism.

1 kapil.raj@ehess.fr (Centre Alexandre Koyré – 57, rue Cuvier – 75005 Paris)

2 nrichard@univ-paris1.fr (Université Paris 1 - 9, rue Malher - 75004 Paris – France).

3 Charles Périn, Du Socialisme dans les écrits des économistes : I – Harmonies économiques par M. F. Bastiat ; II – Principles of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill, Paris, Desoye, 1850 [extrait du Correspondant, 25 septembre 1850].

4 First published in the Revue des deux mondes in 1861.

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MADE IN GERMANY ?

THE « NATIONALITY » OF EMILE DURKHEIMS SOCIOLOGY

Wolf Feuerhahn

(CNRS, Centre Alexandre Koyré5)

In a series of articles published between 1905 and 1907 in the Revue néo-scolastique, a professor of Law at the University of Louvain, Simon Deploige, scrutinizes the references of Emile Durkheim’s Works and concludes : « if it is still not demonstrated that sociology wasn’t « born in France », it is established that it didn’t « remain an essentially French science ». The work of Mr Durkheim, currently its most eminent representative, is made in Germany » (Simon Deploige, « Le Conflit de la Morale et de la Sociologie. (Suite). », Revue néo-scolastique, XIIIeme année, 1906, 151). Deploying quotations from German academics (Wagner, Schmoller, Schaeffle), Deploige attempts in particular to establish the German origin of Durkheim’s social realism, which asserts that the social whole is irreducible to the sum of the individuals. In the years following the Dreyfus Affair, this assertion was far from being politically innocent, but it could appear plausible as Durkheim was one of the mediators of German science in France, particularly through his journal, L’Année sociologique.

Durkheim responded by asserting the French nationality of his scientific practice.

Confronted by the discourse of scientists on the subject of themselves or their colleagues, the historian of science has to situate his own narration. It assumes a radical historization of Deploige’s and Durkheim’s careers and positions, in addition to the national labels. My point is to show that Durkheim’s commitment in promoting certain German works in France is neither simply a sign of his « foreigness » nor of his « foreign openness », but is deeply linked with his belonging to the very peculiar French philosophical tradition of that time and with the evolution of the representation of German science in France between 1870 and 1914.

Nowadays, historians of science are once again asking questions about the nationality of scientific activities and I would like to show, utilizing this example, the role of importation context in the international trade of ideas.

NEUTRALIZING FREUD:

THE LYCÉE PHILOSOPHY CLASS AND THE RECEPTION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS IN FRANCE

Jan Goldstein

(Department of History, University of Chicago6)

One of the perennial puzzles in the history of the transnational diffusion of ideas is the generally cool welcome the French accorded to Freudian psychoanalysis during the first two- thirds of the twentieth century before it was effectively “repackaged” by Lacan. This paper attempts to shed new light on that puzzle by looking at the psychological theory taught in France on a vast scale in the changing philosophy curriculum of the lycée. For this purpose I will examine, among other sources, the pedagogical manuals used in teaching philosophy from the beginning of the Third Republic through the Second World War. I plan to test the hypothesis that a persistent philosophical preference for a unified self, or moi, derived from the 19th-century Cousinian heritage, was able to assimilate new materials coming from the

5 wolf.feuerhahn@damesme.cnrs.fr (Centre Alexandre Koyré – 57, rue Cuvier – 75005 Paris)

6 jegoldst@uchicago.edu (Department of History, The University of Chicago, 1126 E. 59th Street, Mailbox 116, Chicago, IL 60637)

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study of hypnosis and mental pathology, and eventually even readings from Freud himself, in such a way as effectively to neutralize the revolutionary implications of psychoanalysis.

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF FREDERICK BARTLETT

Alison Winter

(Department of History, University of Chicago7)

This paper examines the rereading – and, arguably, the transformation – in the America of the 1970s and 1980s of a landmark psychological text from another time and place: Frederick Bartlett’s Remembering (1932). Bartlett’s name now stands for a warning that memory therefore cannot measure up to the ideal of faithful record keeping that we would often like to ascribe to it. He has become a central authority in many fields that attempt to link testimony to action, not least those of forensic and legal psychology. But Bartlett believed that memories changed dramatically over time, but he did not infer that this made memories themselves false, or bad. On the contrary, this quality made them all the more useful, because it allowed them to adapt appropriately to new contexts. his work was reinterpreted and put to new uses later in the

century, in the service of a new kind of memory research was developing in America. But American readers now obscured what had originally been a quasi-anthropological account of meaning being made and remade. Remembering became a warning against trusting to the fidelity of individual memories. And its author, paradoxically, became the remembered authority on which the insistence on their infidelity depended. This paper will tell how his theory of reconstruction was itself reconstructed to serve such different ends.

BOURDIEUS « SCIENCE OF SCIENCE » AND THE RECEPTION OF ANGLO « SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE » IN LATE 20TH C.FRANCE

Christian Topalov (CNRS and EHESS, Paris8)

Among French sociologists of the late 20th c., Pierre Bourdieu looms large. He ambitioned to build a comprehensive theory which would be both a realistic view of society and a reflexive view on knowledge about it – an approach which was lately labeled « science of science. » When the British and American pathbreaking historical and sociological works and manifestos that gathered around the « SSK school » were introduced in France (early 1980s) their meaning was modified by this new localization. It is striking that Bourdieu ignored them in spite of an arguable convergence of intellectual stances for historicization of knowledge and reflexivity.

I wish to make sense of this missed encounter and use it as an analyzer both of the configuration of French sociology in that period and of Bourdieu's sociology of science. I will argue that « SSK » was rapted for a good while by its first importers Latour and Callon who ised it as a means for redefining society as a fluid network of actors, so comforting an

7 awinter@midway.uchicago.edu (Department of History, The University of Chicago, 1126 E. 59th Street, Mailbox 116, Chicago, IL 60637)

8 Christian.Topalov@ehess.fr (Centre Maurice Halbwachs, École Normale Supérieure 48 boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris)

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influential French reading of the also recently imported « symbolic interactionism ». At the very same time, from Homo Academicus (1984) onwards, « science of science » was devised as means of protecting true science (i.e. Bourdieu's) from any consistent historicization.

Native and imported theories being weapons in academic competition and taking their local color or meanings from it, there is no point in deploring that they should have interacted in other ways than they did.

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A

BSTRACTS

CONSTRUCTING A NATIONAL IDENTITY IN AN IMPERIAL CONTEXT :

SIR WILLIAM JONES (1746-1794) AND THE “DISCOVERY OF INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

Kapil Raj

(E.H.E.S.S., Centre Alexandre Koyré, Paris, France9)

In a discourse given to the Asiatic Society of Bengal in Calcutta February 1786, Sir William Jones made the startling proposition of the common origins of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek. The

“philologer's passage” in which he summed up his thesis has since been taken as the founding moment of “scientific linguistics” and comparative philology. In this talk I would like to focus on the overall socio-political context of the period and the specific construction of the argument in his speech to show that more than its place in disciplinary history, his discourse is to be understood in the broader search for an English national identity within the expanding British empire which already spread across most of the globe.

READINGS, AND USES OF JOHN STUART MILL IN FRANCE (C.1850- C.1900).

Nathalie Richard

(EA 127, Université Paris 1 – Panthéon – Sorbonne Centre Alexandre Koyré, Paris, France10)

Most of John Stuart Mill’s first French translations were issued between 1861 (first translation of The Principles of Political Economy) and 1875 (translation of the Three Essays on Religion). From Charles Périn’s 1850 article in Le Correspondant11 to Taine’s Le Positivisme anglais) : étude sur Stuart Mill (1864)12, and to Élie Halévy, La Formation du radicalisme politique (1901-1904), the work of the English philosopher was also commented upon by many French thinkers.

My paper will focus on the role played by specialized and general periodicals in the broadcasting of Mill’s philosophy in France. It will also study different French comments, dealing more specifically with the epistemological and political interpretations of some of Mill’s ideas. In the process, I shall try to highlight how Mill was adapted and transformed for a French audience, in the context of some major French intellectual and political debates on positivism and liberalism.

9 kapil.raj@ehess.fr (Centre Alexandre Koyré – 57, rue Cuvier – 75005 Paris)

10 nrichard@univ-paris1.fr (Université Paris 1 - 9, rue Malher - 75004 Paris – France).

11 Charles Périn, Du Socialisme dans les écrits des économistes : I – Harmonies économiques par M. F. Bastiat ; II – Principles of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill, Paris, Desoye, 1850 [extrait du Correspondant, 25 septembre 1850].

12 First published in the Revue des deux mondes in 1861.

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MADE IN GERMANY ?

THE « NATIONALITY » OF EMILE DURKHEIMS SOCIOLOGY

Wolf Feuerhahn

(CNRS, Centre Alexandre Koyré13)

In a series of articles published between 1905 and 1907 in the Revue néo-scolastique, a professor of Law at the University of Louvain, Simon Deploige, scrutinizes the references of Emile Durkheim’s Works and concludes : « if it is still not demonstrated that sociology wasn’t « born in France », it is established that it didn’t « remain an essentially French science ». The work of Mr Durkheim, currently its most eminent representative, is made in Germany » (Simon Deploige, « Le Conflit de la Morale et de la Sociologie. (Suite). », Revue néo-scolastique, XIIIeme année, 1906, 151). Deploying quotations from German academics (Wagner, Schmoller, Schaeffle), Deploige attempts in particular to establish the German origin of Durkheim’s social realism, which asserts that the social whole is irreducible to the sum of the individuals. In the years following the Dreyfus Affair, this assertion was far from being politically innocent, but it could appear plausible as Durkheim was one of the mediators of German science in France, particularly through his journal, L’Année sociologique.

Durkheim responded by asserting the French nationality of his scientific practice.

Confronted by the discourse of scientists on the subject of themselves or their colleagues, the historian of science has to situate his own narration. It assumes a radical historization of Deploige’s and Durkheim’s careers and positions, in addition to the national labels. My point is to show that Durkheim’s commitment in promoting certain German works in France is neither simply a sign of his « foreigness » nor of his « foreign openness », but is deeply linked with his belonging to the very peculiar French philosophical tradition of that time and with the evolution of the representation of German science in France between 1870 and 1914.

Nowadays, historians of science are once again asking questions about the nationality of scientific activities and I would like to show, utilizing this example, the role of importation context in the international trade of ideas.

NEUTRALIZING FREUD:

THE LYCÉE PHILOSOPHY CLASS AND THE RECEPTION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS IN FRANCE

Jan Goldstein

(Department of History, University of Chicago14)

One of the perennial puzzles in the history of the transnational diffusion of ideas is the generally cool welcome the French accorded to Freudian psychoanalysis during the first two- thirds of the twentieth century before it was effectively “repackaged” by Lacan. This paper attempts to shed new light on that puzzle by looking at the psychological theory taught in France on a vast scale in the changing philosophy curriculum of the lycée. For this purpose I will examine, among other sources, the pedagogical manuals used in teaching philosophy from the beginning of the Third Republic through the Second World War. I plan to test the hypothesis that a persistent philosophical preference for a unified self, or moi, derived from the 19th-century Cousinian heritage, was able to assimilate new materials coming from the

13 wolf.feuerhahn@damesme.cnrs.fr (Centre Alexandre Koyré – 57, rue Cuvier – 75005 Paris)

14 jegoldst@uchicago.edu (Department of History, The University of Chicago, 1126 E. 59th Street, Mailbox 116, Chicago, IL 60637)

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study of hypnosis and mental pathology, and eventually even readings from Freud himself, in such a way as effectively to neutralize the revolutionary implications of psychoanalysis.

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF FREDERICK BARTLETT

Alison Winter

(Department of History, University of Chicago15)

This paper examines the rereading – and, arguably, the transformation – in the America of the 1970s and 1980s of a landmark psychological text from another time and place: Frederick Bartlett’s Remembering (1932). Bartlett’s name now stands for a warning that memory therefore cannot measure up to the ideal of faithful record keeping that we would often like to ascribe to it. He has become a central authority in many fields that attempt to link testimony to action, not least those of forensic and legal psychology. But Bartlett believed that memories changed dramatically over time, but he did not infer that this made memories themselves false, or bad. On the contrary, this quality made them all the more useful, because it allowed them to adapt appropriately to new contexts. his work was reinterpreted and put to new uses later in the

century, in the service of a new kind of memory research was developing in America. But American readers now obscured what had originally been a quasi-anthropological account of meaning being made and remade. Remembering became a warning against trusting to the fidelity of individual memories. And its author, paradoxically, became the remembered authority on which the insistence on their infidelity depended. This paper will tell how his theory of reconstruction was itself reconstructed to serve such different ends.

BOURDIEUS « SCIENCE OF SCIENCE » AND THE RECEPTION OF ANGLO « SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE » IN LATE 20TH C.FRANCE

Christian Topalov (CNRS and EHESS, Paris16)

Among French sociologists of the late 20th c., Pierre Bourdieu looms large. He ambitioned to build a comprehensive theory which would be both a realistic view of society and a reflexive view on knowledge about it – an approach which was lately labeled « science of science. » When the British and American pathbreaking historical and sociological works and manifestos that gathered around the « SSK school » were introduced in France (early 1980s) their meaning was modified by this new localization. It is striking that Bourdieu ignored them in spite of an arguable convergence of intellectual stances for historicization of knowledge and reflexivity.

I wish to make sense of this missed encounter and use it as an analyzer both of the configuration of French sociology in that period and of Bourdieu's sociology of science. I will argue that « SSK » was rapted for a good while by its first importers Latour and Callon who ised it as a means for redefining society as a fluid network of actors, so comforting an

15 awinter@midway.uchicago.edu (Department of History, The University of Chicago, 1126 E. 59th Street, Mailbox 116, Chicago, IL 60637)

16 Christian.Topalov@ehess.fr (Centre Maurice Halbwachs, École Normale Supérieure 48 boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris)

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influential French reading of the also recently imported « symbolic interactionism ». At the very same time, from Homo Academicus (1984) onwards, « science of science » was devised as means of protecting true science (i.e. Bourdieu's) from any consistent historicization.

Native and imported theories being weapons in academic competition and taking their local color or meanings from it, there is no point in deploring that they should have interacted in other ways than they did.

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