1
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Gofo d~r
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O – d ] n M [email protected]
; j f { l w s f / M Gofo d~r
k | s f l z t l d l t M @)^% k'; (December 2008)
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3
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T
he enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health as a fundamental right of every human being was enshrined in WHO’s Constitution over fifty years ago. In our daily work, WHO is striving to make this right a reality for everyone, paying particular attention to the poorest and most vulnerable.The human rights discourse provides us with an inspirational framework as well as a useful guide for analysis and action.
The United Nations human rights mechanisms provide important avenues towards increasing accountability for health.
Attention to human rights is growing worldwide. WHO is actively engaged in increasing its understanding of human rights in relation to health. We are learning from other United Nations agencies, the international community and other stakeholders.
It is in this context that WHO has launched the Health and Human Rights Publication Series. We have chosen 25 Questions and Answers as the first in this series, suggesting answers to key questions which explore the linkages between different aspects of health and human rights.
I hope this Q & A will provide guidance to a broad audience interested in the relationship between health and human rights.
F o r e w o r d
Gro Harlem Brundtland Geneva July 2002
5
df}lns :jtGqtf / dof{bfo'Qm hLjg x/]s dflg;sf]
hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn]
dflg;sf log} clwsf/x¿sf] j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt ub{5 . JolQmsf gful/s, ;fF:s[lts, cfly{s, /fhgLlts Pj+ ;fdflhs clwsf/x¿ g} dfgjclwsf/cGtu{t k5{g\ . oL clwsf/x¿sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / kl/k"lt{
ug]{ k|d'v bfloTj ;/sf/df /x]sf] x'G5 . oL c l w s f / x ¿ s f ] k | e f j s f / L s f o f { G j o g s f n f l u cGt/f{li6«o:t/df s}of}F sfg'gL ;+oGqsf] ljsf;
eO/x]sf] 5 . ;a}sf] cfwf/e"t ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo :jf:Yosf kxn'x¿nfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf] dxTjk"0f{
cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf /x]sf] cfly{s,
;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkqn] ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . :jf:Yo;Fu jftfj/0fsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ dflg;sf] afFRg kfpg]
clwsf/;Fu} ufF;]/ x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf s]xL lg0f{on] o;sf] pbfx/0f lbPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf klg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] o; dfGotfnfO{
cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
s'g} hdfgfdf /fhgLlts Pj+ gful/s clwsf/sf]
ljifodf s]lGb|t /x]sf] dfgjclwsf/sf] :j¿kn] clxn]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/sf] If]qsf cltl/Qm ;"rgf, :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f / ljsf;;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . oL clwsf/x¿
oyfy{df Ps csf{;Fu ;Da4 x'G5g\, k/:k/ ;xof]uL / ljZjJofkL x'G5g\ . To;}n] x/]s clwsf/nfO{
cnu /fv]/ x]g{ ldNb}g . h:t}– lhpg] xssf]
dfGotf t 5 t/ /f]huf/L jf :jf:Yosf] xs ePg
eg] lhpg] xssf] s'g} cy{ /xFb}g . dfgjclwsf/
x/]s ju{ / Joj;foL, x/]s pd]/, lnª\u, j0f{, wd{, efiff, pTklQ cflb ;a} ju{sf nflu geO{ gx'g]
clwsf/ ePsfn] x/]s lxtsf] ljrf/ ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 .
pRrtd k|fKo:t/sf] :jf:Yo ;a} dflg;sf] df}lns clwsf/ xf] eGg] oyfy{nfO{ ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gsf]
;+ljwfgdf ;g\ !($% df g} ;dfj]z ePsf] kfOG5 . clxn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] tTjfjwfgdf w]/}
dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ;lGwx¿, 3f]if0ffkqx¿ / lg0f{ox¿
hf/L ePsf 5g\ . clxn] tL ;lGwx¿åf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf clwsf/nfO{ ;+;f/sf ;a} vf;u/L ul/a /
;ª\s6fled'v ;d"xx¿sf] hLjg:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g k|of;/t 5 tfklg clxn];Dd g]kfnh:tf ul/a b]zx¿n] :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{ u/]sf k|of;x¿ eg] cToGt} ckof{Kt 5g\ . dfgjclwsf/sf] dxf;lGw sfof{Gjog ug{
/fli6«o sfg'g k|0ffnL g} e/kbf]{ dfWod dflgG5 . g]kfnsf] ;lGw P]gsf] bkmf ( cg';f/ g]kfnsf]
sfg'gadf]lhd ;lGw cg'df]bg ePkl5 pQm ;lGwn]
/fli6«o sfg'g;/x dfGotf kfpF5 . cg'df]bg u/]sf]
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cfwf/nfO{ lnP/ g]kfn sfg'gdf dfgjclwsf/
dxf;lGw;Fu aflemPsf jf lje]bk"0f{ k|fjwfgnfO{
g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cj}w 3f]if0ff u/]sf] ;d]t kfOG5 .
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df}lns xs k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} k|To]s gful/snfO{
/fHoaf6 sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd cfwf/e"t : j f : Y o ; ] j f l g M z ' N s k | f K t u g ] { d f } l n s clwsf/;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; df}lns clwsf/nfO{ d"t{¿k k|bfg ug{ jt{dfg tLgjif]{ cGtl/d of]hgfdf klg sfo{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . b]zsf]
u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qdf a:g] ul/a / ;LdfGts[t
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;]jf k|bfos, gLltlgdf{tf Pj+ u}/;/sf/L If]q ;a}nfO{
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/ :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ bfg jf ;'ljwfsf ¿kdf geO{ dfgjclwsf/sf ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg u/fpg] /
;f]sf] Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon]
Gofo d~råf/f ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gsf] ;xof]udf of] :jf:Yo / dfgjclwsf/ k'l:tsf (Manual) tof/
kfl/Psf] 5 .
o; k'l:tsfn] d'Votof ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿sf] cjwf/0ffaf/] k|sfz kfg]{ dfq k|of;
ug'{sf ;fy} gLltut, sfg'gL tyf sfo{qmd:t/df :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f tyf kl/k"lt{
ug{ p7fpg'kg]{ ljleGg sbdx¿sf ljifodf ;/n
¿kdf JofVof u/]sf] 5 . cª\u|]hLaf6 g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb ubf{ k|of]u ul/Psf k|fljlws zAbsf sf/0f sf/0f ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ a'‰g s]xL sl7g x'g ;Sg]
ePsfn] gLlt lgdf{tf, sfo{qmdsf of]hgfsf/x¿af6 :yfgLo:t/df o;sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;f]xL :yfg ljz]ifsf zAbx¿sf] ;xof]u lng' pko'Qm x'g]5 .
of] k'l:tsf ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gåf/f cª\u|]hL efiffdf ;g\ @))@ df k|sflzt "Twenty Five Ques- tions and Answers on Health and Human Rights"
sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb xf] . o;sf] k|sfzgsf nflu cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'ePsf]df ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g g]kfnsf jftfj/0fLo :jf:Yo
;Nnfxsf/ >L xfg x]lggHo"k|lt xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5f}F . ;fy} ljleGg ;Nnfx, ;'emfj tyf
;"rgf lbP/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g] :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfnoÙ jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnoÙ g]kfn :jf:Yo cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ / k|flS6sn PS;g g]kfnsf k|ltlglwHo"nfO{ klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F .
Gofo d~råf/f k|sflzt o; k'l:tsfn] ;fdflhs clwsf/cGtu{tsf :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/sf ;a} kIfnfO{
;d]6\g g;s] klg o; If]qdf s]xL of]ubfg eg] cjZo k'¥ofpg]5 . o;df ePsf sdLsdhf]/L cf}FNofO{ ;xof]u ul/lbg'x'g ;a}df xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}F .
Gofo d~r, @)^%
7 k[i7;ª\Vof
kl/R5]b ! M :jf:Yo / dfgjclwsf/sf dfGotf tyf dfkb08
k|Zg !– dfgjclwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
k|Zg @– cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf dfgjclwsf/nfO{ s;/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 <
k|Zg #– :jf:Yo / dfgjclwsf/aLr s] ;DaGw 5 <
k|Zg $– …:jf:Yoclwsf/Ú eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
k|Zg %– lje]blj?4sf] :jtGqtf;DaGwL l;4fGt :jf:Yo;Fu s;/L ;DalGwt 5 <
k|Zg ^– s'g cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL b:tfj]hn] ;/sf/L k|lta4tfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 <
k|Zg &– dfgjclwsf/sf nflu s'g cGt/f{li6«o cg'udg ;+oGq k|of]u ul/G5 <
k|Zg *– ;Lldt ;fwg ;|f]t ePsf ul/a /fi6«x¿n] wgL /fi6«x¿;/x dfgjclwsf/sf ;dfg dfkb08 s;/L kfng ug{ ;S5g\ <
k|Zg (– s] dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u;DaGwL bfloTj klg ;dflji6 5 <
k|Zg !)– ;dfhsf cGo kfqx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL bfloTj s]—s] x'g\ <
kl/R5]b @ M :jf:Yodf dfgjclwsf/ ;dfof]hg
k|Zg !!– clwsf/df cfwfl/t :jf:Yo k|0ffnL eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
k|Zg !@– hg:jf:Yodf dfgjclwsf/sf] yk dxTj s] 5 <
k|Zg !#– hg:jf:Yosf] /Iffsf nflu vf;—vf; dfgjclwsf/df aGb]h nufpg'k/]df s] x'G5 <
k|Zg !$– k|df0fdf cfwfl/t :jf:Yo ;"rgfdf dfgjclwsf/n] s:tf] k|efj kfg{ ;S5 <
k|Zg !%– :jf:Yo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ sfo{nfO{ dfgjclwsf/n] s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 <
k|Zg !^– :jf:Yo sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf aLr s] ;DaGw 5 <
k|Zg !&– ljleGg /fi6«x¿sf] :jf:Yol:yltsf] ljZn]if0fdf dfgjclwsf/nfO{ s;/L nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 <
kl/R5]b # M km/flsnf] kl/k|]Iodf :jf:Yo / dfgjclwsf/
k|Zg !*– g}lts l;4fGtx¿ dfgjclwsf/;Fu s;/L ;DalGwt 5g\ <
k|Zg !(– dfgjclwsf/sf l;4fGt ;dtf;Fu s;/L ;DalGwt 5g\ <
k|Zg @)– :jf:Yo / dfgjclwsf/sf l;4fGtnfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fdf s;/L nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 <
k|Zg @!– dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+j4{g / ;+/If0fdf ljZjJofkLs/0fn] s;/L k|efj kf5{ <
k|Zg @@– cGt/f{li6«o jfl0fHo sfg'gdf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] s;/L k|efj kf5{ <
k|Zg @#– clwsf/df cfwfl/t ljsf; cjwf/0ff eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
k|Zg @$– :jf:Yo ;xfotfsf] k|fjwfgsf lglDt dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g, z/0ffyL{ sfg'g / dfgjLo sfg'gn]
Ps—cfk;df s:tf] k|efj kf5{g\ <
k|Zg @%– ljleGg /fi6«x¿sf] :jf:Yo ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{;Fu dfgjclwsf/ s;/L ;DalGwt 5 <
ljifo—;"rL
9
/ df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ;+j4{g / ;+/If0f ug'{
/fHox¿sf] st{Jo xf] .Æ5
k|Zg @– cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf dfgjclwsf/nfO{
s;/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 <
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] b'Mvb kl/0ffdkl5 cGt/f{li6«o
;d'bfon] ljZjJofkL dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ffkq, !($*
kfl/t u¥of] . t/ 3f]if0ffkqsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{
afWofTds sfg'gdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ /fHox¿ tof/
ePs} a]nf zLto'4n] dfgjclwsf/nfO{ cf]e]mndf kf/L b'O{ cnu—cnu ;d"xdf w'j|Ls/0f u¥of] . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/n] k|fyldstf kfpg'kg]{ / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs clwsf/ s]jn cfsfª\Iffsf] ¿kdf x'g'kg]{ ts{ kfZrfTo d'n'sx¿n]
u/] eg] o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt vfgf, :jf:Yo tyf lzIff;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ klxnf] / gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ bf];|f] k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{
ts{ k"jL{ u'6n] /fv] . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;g\
! ( ^ ^ d f c f l y { s , ; f d f l h s / ; f F : s [ l t s clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw Pj+ gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw u/L b'O{ 5'§f5'§} ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ul/of] . To;} a]nfb]lv dfgjclwsf/nfO{ ;d]6]sf s}of}F ;lGw, 3f]if0ffkq / sfg'gL b:tfj]hx¿ kfl/t x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
c G t / f { l i 6 « o d f g j c l w s f / ; D a G w L ; l G w x ¿ cg'df]bg ug]{ ;/sf/x¿sf nflu afWofTds x'G5g\ .
:jf:Yo / dfgjclwsf/sf dfGotf Pj+ dfkb08
k|Zg !– dfgjclwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
dfgjclwsf/x¿ 1—
cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08åf/f k|Tofe"t ul/G5g\
sfg'gL ¿kdf ;+/lIft x'G5g\
dfgj hfltsf] dof{bfdfly hf]8 lbG5g\
JolQm tyf ;d"xsf] /Iff u5{g\
/fHo / /fHo ;~rfnsx¿nfO{ afWo agfpF5g\
kG5fpg jf vf]:g ;lsGg
cGof]Gofl>t / cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g\
ljZjJofkL x'G5g\2
df}lns :jtGqtf / dfgj dof{bfdf x:tIf]k ug]{vfnsf sfo{x¿af6 JolQm tyf ;d"xsf] /Iff ub}{
dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gn] j}wflgs ¿kd} dfgjclwsf/sf]
k|Tofel"t u5{ .3 dfgjclwsf/cGtu{t gful/s,
;fF:s[lts, cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs clwsf/x¿
kb{5g\ . dfgjclwsf/n] d'VotM JolQm / /fHoaLrsf]
;DaGw;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Gbe{df
;/sf/sf] bfloTj ;fdfGotof ;Ddfg ug]{, ;+/If0f ug]{ / axfnL ug]{h:tf l;4fGtcGtu{t kb{5 .4 æ;a} dfgjclwsf/ ljZjJofkL, cljefHo, cGof]Gofl>t / cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon]
lgikIf tyf ;dfg 9ª\un] / Psgf;n] plQs}
dxTjsf ;fy dfgjclwsf/nfO{ ljZjJofkL ¿kd}
nfu" ug'{k5{ . /fli6«o tyf If]qLo ljlzi6tf / ljljw P]ltxfl;s, ;fF:s[lts tyf wfld{s k[i7e"ldsf]
dxTjnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} cfk\mgf /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fF:s[lts k|0ffnLsf] kjf{x gu/L ;a} dfgjclwsf/
kl/R5]b
! !
1 Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC); The United Nations System and Human Rights: Guidelines and Information for the Resident Coordinator System; ap- proved on behalf of the ACC by the Consultative Committee on Programme and Opera- tional Questions (CCPOQ) at its 16th Session, Geneva, March 2000.
2 This means that they apply to everyone everywhere.
3 Human Rights: A Basic Handbook for UN Staff issued by the Office of the High Com- missioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and the United Nations Staff College Project, 1999, p.3.
4 In turn, the obligation to fulfil contains obligations to facilitate, provide and promote (Section II.33, footnote 23 of General Comment 14 on the right to the highest attainable standard of health adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in May 2000), (E/C.12/2000/4, CESCR dated 4 July 2000).
5 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted at the World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna, 14-25 June 1993, paragraph 5, (United Nations General As- sembly document A / CONF. 137/23).
3f]if0ffkqx¿ afWofTds geP klg ltgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf w]/} dfGotf / dfkb08n] To:tf l;4fGtnfO{ k|ltlalDat u5{g\, hf] k/Dk/fut cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gdf afWofTds x'G5g\ .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;Dd]ngx¿n] 3f]if0ffkq / sfof{Gjog sfo{qmd (Programmes of Action)
h:tf u}/afWofTds ;j{;Ddt gLltut b:tfj]hx¿
tof/ u5{g\ .
æhgtfn] slxNo} klg dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkstfsf af/]df u'gf;f] u/]gg\ g t dfgjclwsf/nfO{ klZrdL jf pQ/Lo /fi6«x¿åf/f nflbPsf] af]emsf] ¿kdf lnP . o:tf] ug]{ t k|foM pgLx¿s} g]tf x'Gy] .Æ
sf]kmL cGgfg k"j{dxf;lrj, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3
k|Zg #– :jf:Yo / dfgjclwsf/aLr s] ;DaGw 5 <
:jf:Yo / dfgjclwsf/aLr ulx/f] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw 5 .
dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3g jf o;k|lt lbOg'kg]{
Wofgsf] cefjn]] :jf:Yo;DaGwL uDeL/ b'ikl/0ffd lgDTofpg ;S5 .6
:jf:YogLlt / sfo{qmd s;/L th'{df jf sfof{Gjog ul/G5 eGg] s'/fn]] dfgjclwsf/sf]
;+j4{g jf pNnª\3g ug{ ;S5 .
dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / axfnL ug{
sbd rfn]sf] cj:yfdf ;ª\s6fled'vtf (Vul-
nerability) / sd;n (ill) :jf:Yosf] k|efjnfO{
36fpg ;lsG5 .
d f g j c l w s f / ; D a G w L b : t f j ] h x ¿ d f x / ] s clwsf/sf] :jLsfo{ dfGotfnfO{ k"0f{¿k]0f :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 . :jf:Yoclwsf/ / lje]blj¿4sf]
:jtGqtf;DaGwL dfGotfsf ljj/0fx¿ qmdzM k|Zg $ / % df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . :jf:Yo;Fu
;fGble{s s]xL d'Vo clwsf/sf] :jLsfo{
dfGotfnfO{ k|:6Øfpg dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL b:tfj]hx¿df k|of]u ul/Psf] efiffsf pbfx/0fx¿
lgDg 5g\—
oftgf M s;}nfO{ oftgfsf nflu jf q"m/, cdfgjLo jf lgDg:t/Lo Jojxf/ jf ;hfosf nflu afWo u/fOg]5}g . ljz]if u/L :j}lR5s :jLs[ltlagf s;}nfO{
klg cf}ifwLhGo jf j}1flgs k/LIf0fsf nflu afWo u/fOg]5}g .7
afnaflnsflj¿4 lx+;f M ;a}vfn] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s lx+;f, rf]6k6s jf b'¿kof]u, pk]Iff jf pk]Iffk"0f{ Jojxf/, s'Jojxf/ jf of}g b'Jo{jxf/
nufotsf zf]if0faf6 afnaflnsfsf] /Iff ug{ pko'Qm sfg'gL, k|zf;lgs, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs pkfox¿
cjnDag ul/g]5 .8
xflgsf/s k/Dk/fut rng M afnaflnsfsf]
:jf:YonfO{ xflg ug]{ k/Dk/fut rngnfO{ lgd"{n ug{ k|efjsf/L / pko'Qm pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/g]5g\ .9
;xeflutf M ===;lqmo, lgMz'Ns / cy{k"0f{
;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ .10
6 Mann J, Gostin L, Gruskin S, Brennan T, Lazzarini Z, and Fineberg HV, "Health and Human Rights," Health and Human Rights: An International Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1994.
7 Article 7, ICCPR. The prohibition of torture is also articulated in other human rights instruments, including the CAT and article 37 of the CRC.
8 Article 19, CRC. The prohibition of violence against women is also articulated in the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, 1993.
9 Article 24, CRC. The prohibition of harmful traditional practices against women is also articulated in the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, and General Recommendation 24 on Women and Health of the Committee on the Elimina- tion of all forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1999.
10 Article 2, Declaration on the Right to Development, 1986. The right to participation is also articulated in other human rights instruments, including article 25 of the ICCPR, article 15 of the ICESCR, article 5 of CERD, articles 7, 8, 13 and 14 of CEDAW, and articles 3, 9 and 12 of the CRC.
11
:jf:Yo / dfgjclwsf/aLr ;DaGwsf pbfx/0fx¿
;"rgf M ;a}vfn] ;"rgf tyf ljrf/sf] vf]hL ug]{, k|fKt ug]{ / cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ :jtGqtf .11 uf]kgLotfM :j]R5frf/L jf u}/sfg'gL tj/n] s;}sf]
uf]kgLotfdf x:tIf]k ul/g] 5}g .12
j}1flgs pGglt M ;a} JolQmnfO{ j}1flgs pGglt / o;sf] pkof]uaf6 nfe lng] clwsf/ x'g]5 .13 lzIff M afn:jf:Yo / kf]if0f,14 :tgkfgsf kmfObf,
;kmf—;'U3/ (Hygiene), jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO, b'3{6gf/f]syfd h:tf cfwf/e"t 1fgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] vfnsf] lzIffdf kx'Frnufotsf] lzIff;DaGwL clwsf/ .15
vfgf / kf]if0f M k|To]s JolQmsf] kof{Kt vfgf vfg kfpg] clwsf/ / k|To]s JolQmsf] ef]saf6 5'6sf/f kfpg] df}lns clwsf/ .16
hLjg:t/ M k|To]s JolQmsf] kof{Kt vfgf, sk8f, cfjf;, :jf:Yof]krf/ / cfjZos ;fdflhs
; ] j f ; l x t s f ] p k o ' Q m h L j g : t / l g j f { x u g ] { clwsf/ .17
;fdflhs ; '/Iff;DaGwL clwsf/ M k | T o ] s J o l Q m s f ] ; f d f l h s l a d f ; l x t s f ] ; f d f l h s
;'/Iff;DaGwL clwsf/ .18
ljz]if u/L dfgl;s ckfª\Utfaf6 kLl8t JolQmx¿
lje]bsf] hf]lvddf k5{g\ . pko'Qm pkrf/ / x]/rfx pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] Ifdtfdf ckfª\utfn] gsf/fTds k|efj kf5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm dfgl;s c:j:ytf;Fu ufFl;Psf] nf~5gfsf sf/0f hLjgsf cGo w]/} kIfdf
;d]t pgLx¿n] lje]bk"0f{ Jojxf/ ;xg'kg]{ x'G5 .
;f] Jojxf/n] pgLx¿sf] /f]huf/L, kof{Kt cfjf;, lzIff cflbsf] clwsf/df c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . dfgl;s /f]uLx¿sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;ª\sNkn]
dfgl;s c:j:ytfsf] cfwf/df ul/g] lje]bnfO{
lgif]w u/]sf] 5 .19
k|Zg $– :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/ eGgfn] s]
a'lemG5 <
æ:jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/sf] cy{ :j:y x'g] clwsf/
xf]Og . o;sf] cy{ ;|f]t gePsf ul/a ;/sf/x¿n]
dxFuf] :jf:Yo;]jfsf] Joj:yf ug}{k5{ eGg] klg xf]Og . o;n] t ;/sf/ / ;/sf/L kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 To:tf gLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfsf] ck]Iff u5{, h;n] oyfzL3|
;a}nfO{ :jf:Yo;]jf k'¥ofpg ;s "g\ . o:tf ] :jf:Yo;]jf ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfdnfO{ dfggclwsf/sdL{
tyf hg:jf:y Joj;foLx¿n] r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ .Æ
d]/L /laG;g
;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qm
k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] pRrtd :jf:Yo:t/sf] clwsf/
(right to the highest attainable standard of health)
nfO{ ;j{k|yd ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gsf] ;+ljwfg,
!($^20 df k|ltlalDat ul/Psf] lyof] / cfNdf
11 Article 19, ICCPR. The right to information is also articulated in other human rights instruments, including articles 10, 14 and 16 of the CEDAW, and articles 13, 17 and 24 of the CRC.
12 Article 17, ICCPR. The right to privacy is also articulated in other human rights instruments, including article 16 of CEDAW, and article 40 of the CRC.
13 Article 15, ICESCR.
14 Article 13, ICESCR. The right to education is also articulated in other human rights instruments, including article 5 of CERD, articles 10 and 16 of CEDAW, and articles 19, 24, 28 and 33 of the CRC.
15 Article 24, CRC.
16 Article 11, ICESCR. The right to food is also articulated in other human rights instru- ments, including article 12 of CEDAW, and article 27 of the CRC.
17 Article 25 UDHR and article 11 ICESCR.
18 Article 9, ICESCR. The right to social security is also articulated in other human rights instruments, including article 5 of CERD, articles 11, 13 and 14 of CEDAW, and article 26 of the CRC.
19 18 February 1992, UN General Assembly Resolution on the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care, Principle 1 (A/RES/46).
20 Basic Documents, Forty-third Edition, Geneva, World Health Organization, 2001. The Constitution was adopted by the International Health Conference in 1946.
cf6f 3f]if0ffkq, !(&* df k'gn{]vg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L g} ;g\ !((*21 df ;DkGg ljZj :jf:Yo dxf;efn] of] clwsf/nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] . o;nfO{ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo b:tfj]hx¿df klg :ki6tfsf ;fy dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .22
cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gdf pNn]lvt k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] pRrtd :jf:Yo:t/sf] clwsf/n]
pQm clwsf/sf] pkef]unfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sg]
dfkb08, ;+:yf, sfg'g / pko'Qm jftfj/0fh:tf
;fdflhs Joj:yf x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] bfaL u5{ . :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/sf] ;a}eGbf cflwsfl/s JofVof cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw (ICESCR) sf] wf/f !@ df ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;g\ @))@ sf] d];Dddf !$%
/fi6«n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf lyP . ;g\ @))) sf] d]
dlxgfdf ;f] cg'aGwsf] cg'udg ug]{ cfly{s,
;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;ldltn ] :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/;DaGwL ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL kfl/t u¥of] .23 ;fdfGo l6Kk0fLn] clwsf/ ljz]ifsf] k|s[lt tyf a]xf]/f / cg'df]bg ug]{ kIf /fHo (State Party)
sf] bfloTjnfO{ k|:6Øfpg] sfd u5{ . ;fdfGo l6Kk0fLn]
vfgf, cfjf;, sfd, lzIff, ;xeflutf, j}1flgs pGgltaf6 x'g] nfesf] pkef]uÙ afFRg], lje]bxLgtf,
;dfgtf, oftgflgif]w, uf]kgLotfÙ ;"rgfdf kx'Fr /
;ª\3—;ª\u7g vf]Ng], e]nf x'g] / cfjfudg ug]{
:jtGqtfh:tf cGo dfgjclwsf/sf] k|flKt;Fu :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/sf] 3lgi6 ;DaGw /x]sf] /
;f]xL k|flKtdf cfl>t klg /x]sf] tYonfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;ldltn] :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ ;dfj]zL
clwsf/sf ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ;f] JofVofcg';f/
:jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/n] ;fdlos (Timely) tyf plrt :jf:Yof]krf/nfO{ dfq g;d]6L :jR5 tyf
;'/lIft vfg]kfgL, kof{Kt ;/;kmfO, ;'/lIft vfB, kf]if0f tyf cfjf;sf] kof{Kt cfk"lt{, :j:y k];fut tyf jftfj/0fLo cj:yf / of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo;lxtsf] :jf:Yo lzIff / ;"rgfdf kx'Frh:tf :jf:Yosf dxTjk"0f{ ;"rsx¿nfO{ klg ;d]6\5 .
:jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/
:jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;fdfGo l6Kk0fLn] lgDg rf/j6f cfwf/ to u/]sf] 5–24
- s _ p k n A w t f M s f o { / t h g : j f : Y o t y f :jf:Yof]krf/ ;]jf, ;'ljwf, ;fdu|L tyf sfo{qmd kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw x'g'k5{ .25
-v_ kx'Fr M /fHosf] If]qflwsf/cGtu{t pknAw ;a}
:jf:Yo ;'ljwf, ;fdu|L tyf ;]jfdf ljgfe]befj
;a}sf] kx'Fr x'g'k5{ . ;f] kx'Frsf lgDg rf/
cGt/;DalGwt cfofd 5g\—
21 WHA51.7, annex.
22 The human right to health is recognized in numerous international instruments. Article 25(1) of the UDHR affirms that "everyone has a right to a standard of living adequate for the health of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services." The ICESCR provides the most comprehensive article on the right to health in international human rights law. According to article 12(1) of the Covenant, States Parties recognize "the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health", while article 12(2) enumer- ates, by way of illustration, a number of "steps to be taken by the States Parties … to achieve the full realization of this right". Additionally, the right to health is recognized, inter alia, in the CERDs of 1963, the CEDAW of 1979 and in the CRC of 1989. Several regional human rights instruments also recognize the right to health, such as the European Social Charter of 1961 as revised, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Rights of 1981 and the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1988 (the Protocol entered into force in 1999). Similarly, the right to health has been proclaimed by the Commission on Human Rights and further elaborated in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action of 1993 and other international instruments.
23 General Comment 14.
24 General Comment 14.
25 This should include the underlying determinants of health, such as safe and potable drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities, hospitals, clinics and other health- related buildings, trained medical and professional personnel receiving domestically competitive salaries and essential drugs as defined by the WHO Action Programme on Essential Drugs.
13 lje]bxLgtf26
ef}lts kx'Fr27
cfly{s kx'Fr28 (Affordability) ;"rgfdf kx'Fr29
-u_ :jLsfo{tf M ;a} :jf:Yo ;'ljwf, ;fdu|L tyf
;]jf lrlsT;sLo g}ltstf (Medical Ethics) sf]
b[li6n] ;Ddfghgs, ;fF:s[lts b[li6n] pko'Qm / n}ª\lus tyf hLjgrqmLo cfjZostfk|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'g'k5{ . o:tf s'/fsf] tof/L ;DalGwt JolQmx¿sf]
uf]kgLotfsf] ;Ddfg / :jf:Yo ;'wf/sf nflu ul/g'k5{ .
-3_ u'0f:t/ M ;a} :jf:Yo ;'ljwf, ;fdu|L / ;]jf j}1flgs tyf lrlsT;sLo b[li6n] pko'Qm / :t/Lo x'g'k5{ .30
tnsf] /]vflrqn] :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ug]{ b]zsf] pbfx/0f k|:t't ub{5 .
Source: Eleanor D. Kinney, The International Human Right to Health: What Does This Mean For Our Nation And World¿ Indiana Law Review, Vol. 34, page 1465, 2001.
k|Zg %– lje]blj¿4sf] :jtGqtf;DaGwL l;4fGt :jf:Yo;Fu s;/L ;DalGwt 5 <
;dfhsf ;ª\s6fled'v (Vulnerable) tyf ;LdfGts[t
;d"xn] :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] cg'lrt ef/
af]Sg'k/]sf] 5 . k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 9ª\un] ul/g]
lje]bn] dfgjclwsf/sf df}lns l;4fGtsf] pNnª\3g u5{ . oxL lje]b g} sdhf]/ :jf:Yo cj:yf l;h{gf ug]{ d'Vo sf/s tTj x'g hfG5 . ckof{Kt :jf:Yo sfo{qmd / :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;Lldt kx'Frsf sf/0f lje]b b]vfk5{ .
lje]b :jo+ ljleGg hl6n :j¿kdf b]vfk5{ / :jf:Yodf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 9ª\un] k|efj kf5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu dlxnflj¿4 lx+;f pGd"ng;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkqn] dlxnflj¿4 lx+;f / P]ltxfl;s ¿kd}
dlxnf / k'¿ifsf]] c;dfg clwsf/ ;DaGw;Fu hf]l8Psf]
k'li6 u5{ .31
lje]bdf aGb]h nufpg'sf] cy{ leGgtfnfO{ :jLsf/
ug'{x'Gg eGg] xf]Og . s]jn km/s Jojxf/ / ;dfg ljj/0fnfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] x]g{ g;Sbfsf] c;kmntfsf]
k'i6\ofOF ;dfhdf x'g] c;Gt'ngnfO{ ;'wfg]{ clek|fo af]s]sf lgikIf tyf plrt cfwf/df cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . :jf:Yo / :jf:Yof]krf/sf] ;DaGwdf lje]bxLgtfsf cfwf/ qmdzM ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . oL cfwf/nfO{
o ; / L ; ª \ I f ] k L s / 0 f u l / P s f ] 5 M æ : j f : Y o , :jf:Yof]krf/, :jf:Yosf dxTjk"0f{ ;"rs / ltgsf]
k|flKtsf nflu ;fwg / clwsf/sf] kx'Frdf hflt, j0f{, lnª\u, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlts jf cGo cf:yf, /fli6«otf jf ;fdflhs d"n, ;DklQ, hGd, zf/Ll/s j f d f g l ; s c k f ª \ u t f , : j f : Y o c j : y f
26 Health facilities, goods and services must be accessible to all, in law and in fact, without discrimination on any of the prohibited grounds.
27 Health facilities, goods and services must be within safe physical reach for all sections of the population, especially vulnerable or marginalized groups, such as ethnic minori- ties and indigenous populations, women, children, adolescents, older persons, per- sons with disabilities and persons with HIV/AIDS, including in rural areas.
28 Health facilities, goods and services must be affordable for all. Payment for health-care services, as well as services related to the underlying determinants of health, has to be based on the principle of equity, ensuring that these services, whether privately or publicly provided, are affordable for all.
29 Accessibility includes the right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas con- cerning health issues. However, accessibility of information should not impair the right to have personal health data treated with confidentiality.
30 This requires, inter alia, skilled medical personnel, scientifically approved and unex- pired drugs and hospital equipment, safe and potable water and adequate sanitation.
31 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, 85th plenary meeting, 20 December 1993, (A/RES/48/104), preamble.
-PrcfO{eL÷P8\;nufot_, of}g cled'vLs/0f, gful/s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs jf cGo x}l;otsf] cfwf/df s'g} klg e]befj ul/g] 5}g .ÚÚ32
æhg:jf:Yo cEof; nfk/afxL jf c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f x'g] lje]bsf] df/df k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu k|d'v efiffdf 6]lnlehgsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] ;Gb]z
;a} hg;d'bfodf ;dfg ¿kn] k'U5 eGg] …cg'dfgÚ afXo lqmofsnfkx¿ -cfp6l/r PlS6lel6h_ n]
u5{g\ jf vf; ;d"xx¿nfO{ clåtLo ¿kdf ;fGble{s x'g]] :jf:Yo ;d:of -h:t}– :tg SofG;/ jf l;sn
;]n_ nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ljZn]if0fn] …la;{G5Ú jf ljleGg hg;d"xx¿sf] jf:tljs k|ltlqmof IfdtfnfO{ ;d:ofn]
…a]jf:tfÚ u5{ . nfk/afxLhGo lje]b olt JofKt 5 ls dfgjclwsf/sf] clek'li6 / ;'lglZrttfsf]
k|df0fkq gx'Fbfsf] cj:yf;Dd hg:jf:Yosf ;a}
gLlt / sfo{qmdnfO{ lje]bsf/L g} dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .ÚÚ
hf]gfyg dfg33
lb xfl:6ª\; ;]G6/ l/kf]6{
cª\s @&, ;ª\Vof # d]–h'g !((&
k|Zg ^– s'g cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL b:tfj]hn] ;/sf/L k|lta4tfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 <
s'g} klg dfgjclwsf/ ;lGwsf] kIf aGg] jf gaGg]
lg0f{o ug{ ;/sf/x¿ :jtGq 5g\ . t/ kIf aGg]
lg0f{o ul/;s]kl5 ;DalGwt ;lGwsf k|fjwfgcg'¿k sfd ug{ pgLx¿ k|lta4 x'G5g\ . k|d'v cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ ;lGwx¿, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf
;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw !(^^
/ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw !(^^ n] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq
!($* sf] ljifonfO{ yk lj:tf/ u/]sf 5g\ / o;sf] kIf ag]sf ;/sf/x¿nfO{ sfg'gL ¿kd}
afWofTds bfloTj ls6fg u/]sf 5g\ . ;du|df oL
b:tfj]hnfO{ k|foM …cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ kq
(bills)' elgG5 .
oL d"n b:tfj]hdf cfwfl/t x'Fb} cGo cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ ;lGwx¿ cNk;ª\Vos hflt34, dlxnf35 / afnaflnsf36h:tf lglb{i6 ;d"x jf ju{ jf o f t g f37h : t f ; j f n x ¿ d f s ] l G b | t 5 g \ . dfgjclwsf/sf] dfGotf, cfbz{ / 9fFrfnfO{ x]bf{
: j f : Y o ; D a G w L d f g j c l w s f / s f ] k | o f ] u s f ] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ;a} dfgjclwsf/ ;du|tfdf g} x]l/g'k5{ .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljZj ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t 3f]if0ffkqx¿ / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog of]hgfx¿, h:t}–
dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ng -leogf, !(^#_, hg;ª\Vof / ljsf;;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng -sfo/f], !(($_, ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu ljZj lzv/ ;Dd]ng -sf]k]gx]ug, !((%_, dlxnf;DaGwL rf}yf] ljZj ;Dd]ng -a]Olhª, !((%_, hfltjfb, hftLo lje]b, ljb]zLk|lt 3[0ff / c;lxi0f'tflj¿4 ljZj ;Dd]ng -8/ag, @))!_ n] ;/sf/nfO{
dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL gLlt k|of]u ug{ / o;sf k|fjwfgx¿ kfng ug{ dfu{bz{g u5{g\ .
cfh ljZjsf] x/]s /fi6« :jf:Yoclwsf/ / :jf:YonfO{
cfjZoskg]{ cj:yf;Fu ;Da4 s}of}F clwsf/nufot :jf:YohGo clwsf/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sDtLdf Pp6f dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ;lGwsf] kIfw/ ag]]sf] 5 .
k|Zg &– dfgjclwsf/sf nflu s'g cGt/f{li6«o cg'udg ;+oGq k|of]u ul/G5 <
k|d'v dfgjclwsf/ ;lGwx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg
;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] tTjfjwfgdf o;}cGtu{t ul7t :jtGq lj1x¿ /x]sf ;lGw cg'udg PsfOx¿n]
u5{g\ . ;a} 5j6f k|d'v dfgjclwsf/ ;lGw cg'udg ug{ 5'§f5'§} PsfO 5g\ . /fHo kIfaf6 k|fKt d f g j c l w s f / k | l t j ] b g s f ] ; d L I f f u g { /
32 General Comment 14.
33 The Hastings Center Report, Volume 27, No.3, May-June 1997, p. 9.
34 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1963.
35 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979.
36 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989.
37 Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984.
15
dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL bfloTj k"/f ug]{ ljifodf
…/rgfTds ;+jfbÚ ug{ oL cg'udg PsfOsf] lgoldt a}7s a:5 . kf/blz{tfsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'Fb}
;/sf/n]] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cfk\mgf] k|ult k|ltj]bg
;lGw cg'udg PsfOnfO{ pknAw u/fpg'k5{ / cfk\mgf hgtfnfO{ klg ;j{;'ne ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .
oL k|ltj]bgx¿n] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ;jfndf /fli6«o ax;nfO{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb}, gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+nUgtf / ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ / ;/sf/L gLltsf]
;"Id hgk/LIf0f k|lqmofnfO{ k|j4{g ub}{ pTk|]/ssf]
¿kdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ . ;qsf] cGTodf
;lGw cg'udg PsfOn]] dfgjclwsf/sf] l:ylt
;/sf/n] s;/L ;'wfg{ ;S5 eGg]af/] cfk\mgf] clGtd /fo ;'emfj lbG5 . /fHo kIf / cg'udg PsfOaLr x'g] ;+jfbnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ ljZj :jf:Yo
; ª \ u 7 g h : t f l j z ] i f 1 t f k | f K t l g o f ] u x ¿ n ] :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;fGble{s ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLdf dfgjclwsf/ cg'udg ug]{ cGo ;+oGqx¿df dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u / dfgjclwsf/ k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f pk–cfof]u kb{5g\ . oL lgsfon] ljifout dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ;jfnx¿
-h:t}– dlxnflj¿4 lx+;f, afnaflnsf a]rlavg, xflgsf/s k/Dk/fut rng / oftgf_ jf lglb{i6 /fi6«x¿sf] cg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ ljz]if k|ltj]bs, :jtGq ljz]if1 / sfo{ut ;d"xnfO{ lgo'Qm u5{g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ k|0ffnLsf] cu'jfO ug{ ;g\ !(($ df dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] kb l;h{gf ul/Psf] xf] . pRrfo'Qmsf] clwsf/ If]qdf lgDg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ lqmofsnfkx¿ k5{g\— cg'udg, k|j4{g,
;+/If0f / ;dGjo . o;afx]s ljBdfg If]qLo cGt/;/sf/L If]qLo ;ª\u7gx¿leq If]qLo:t/sf Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . clk|msL Pstf ;ª\u7gdf
cfa4x¿sf nflu dfgjclwsf/ tyf hgflwsf/
clk|msL a8fkq g} clk|msL If]qLo dfgjclwsf/
b:tfj]h xf] . o;/L g} cd]l/sfsf nflu cd]l/sL /fHo ;ª\u7gleq} cd]l/sL dfgjclwsf/ dxf;lGwdf cfwfl/t If]qLo dfgjclwsf/ ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o'/f]kdf dfgjclwsf/ k|0ffnL o'/f]k]nL kl/ifb\sf] Ps cª\u alg;s]sf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/
tyf df}lns :jtGqtf ;+/If0f;DaGwL o'/f]k]nL dxf;lGw / o'/f]k]nL ;fdflhs a8fkq38 k|d'v dfgjclwsf/
b:tfj]hx¿ x'g\ . kGw| ;b:oLo o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3n]
dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL lj:t[t lgodx¿sf] ;"rL tof/
u/]sf] 5 / dfgjclwsf/nfO{ cfk\mgf] ;femf j}b]lzs gLltdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cnfjf %% ;b:oLo o'/f]k]nL ;'/Iff / ;xof]u ;ª\u7g;Fu 5'§} ;+oGq /
;Demf}tf 5g\ . Pl;of k|zfGt If]qdf If]qLo dfgjclwsf/ ;+oGqsf] ;DefJo Joj:yfsf nflu oxfFsf ;/sf/x¿;Fu lj:t[t k/fdz{ hf/L 5 . kfg–cd]l/sL :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g÷ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g / cGt/cd]l/sL dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u -cd]l/sL dfgjclwsf/ dxf;lGw ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ bfloTj af]s]sf]
lgsfo_ aLr dfgl;s ckfª\ux¿sf] clwsf/sf nflu ePsf] ;xsfo{ cGt/f{li6«o cg'udg ;+oGqleq ljz]if1tfk|fKt lgsfox¿n] lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] k|d'v e"ldsfsf] pbfx/0f xf] . kfg–cd]l/sL :jf:Yo
; ª \ u 7 g ÷ l j Z j : j f : Y o ; ª \ u 7 g n ] c d ] l / s L dfgjclwsf/ dxf;lGw / dfgl;s ckfª\ux¿sf clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08sf] cfwf/df dflg;sf] clwsf/ tyf st{Jo;DaGwL cd]l/sL 3f]if0ffkqsf] JofVof ug{ k|fljlws ;Nnfx / ;xof]u k|bfg u5{ . cGt/cd]l/sL dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un]
oL dfkb08nfO{ ;fGble{s j}olQms ljj/0fx¿sf]
clGtd k|ltj]bg / /fli6«o k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z u5{ . oxL k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k cGt/cd]l/sL dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] dfgl;s la/fdLx¿sf clwsf/
k|j4{g / ;+/If0fsf nflu l;kmfl/; hf/L u/]sf] 5 -@* km]a|'c/L @))!_ .39
38 http://conventions.coe.int/ Treaty/EN/CadreListe Traites.htm.
39 This recommendation was included in the IACHR annual report (2001), constituting the first time the latter has devoted a section to mental disability rights.
k|Zg *– ;Lldt ;fwg ;|f]t ePsf ul/a /fi6«x¿n]
wgL /fi6«x¿;/x dfgjclwsf/sf ;dfg dfkb08 s;/L kfngf ug{ ;S5g\ <
dfgjclwsf/sf] k"0f{ cg'e"lts/0fsf nflu rflng]
kfOnf cfzoo'Qm tyf d"t{ x'g'k5{ / ;/sf/sf]
dfgjclwsf/k|ltsf] k|lta4tf k"/f ug]{lt/ oyf;Dej :ki6 ¿kdf nlIft x'g'k5{ .40 o;sf nflu pko'Qm sfg'gL pkfosf] cjnDag, Goflos pkrf/sf] k|fjwfg / k | z f ; l g s , c f l y { s , z } l I f s / ; f d f l h s pkfox¿nufot ;a} pko'Qm pkfo k|of]u ul/g'k5{ . oL sbd rfNg s'g} vf; lsl;dsf] ;/sf/ jf cfly{s k|0ffnL] jf k|ltaGwsf] cfjZostf kb}{g . dfgjclwsf/sf] …pQ/f]Q/ cg'e"tLs/0fÚ41 sf]
l;4fGtn] oyf;Dej rfF8f] / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nIolt/ nDsg bfloTj l;h {gf u5{ . pQm cg'e"tLs/0fdf pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] ;Lldttf afwfsf]
¿kdf b]vfk/] klg ;DkGg / ljkGg b'j} /fi6«x¿n]
dfgjclwsf/sf] k"0f{ cg'e"tLs/0flt/ lg/Gt/
nlDs/x]sf] k|ult b]vfpg'k5{ . hfgLhfgL ckgfOg]
s'g} klg k|ltufdL tl/sf jf ;DalGwt dfgjclwsf/
;lGwdf pNn]v ePsf ljifoljk/Lt x'g] lqmofsnfkk|lt ljz]if Wofg lbOg'k5{ . ;Dk"0f{ dfgjclwsf/
;lGwx¿sf k|fjwfgsf] cg'e"tLs/0fnfO{ ;Da4 kIfn]
;|f]tsf] ;DefJotfsf] s;Ldf ;d]t k'li6 ug'{k5{ / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL bfloTj kfng ug]{ l;nl;nfdf /fHo kIfsf] cIfdtf jf clgR5f s] lyof] ;f]af/]
k|:6 kfg'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ qmddf csf]{ k|ltj]bg cjlw;Dddf xfl;n ul/g'kg]{
oyfy{k/as nIox¿ k|bfg ug{ ;ldlt tyf /fHo kIfn] ;"rs tyf /fli6«o:t/ -a]Grdfs{_ klxrfg ub{5g\ .
k|Zg (– s] dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gdf cGt/f{li6«o
;xof]u;DaGwL bfloTj klg ;dflji6 5 <
cf}nf], Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\; / 6L=aL= /f]ux¿sf o:tf pbfx/0f x'g\ h;n] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿sf] cy{tGqdf 7"nf] ef/ yf]kb}{ clt ljkGg hg;d'bfox¿df sxfnLnfUbf] k|efj kf5{g\ . dfgjclwsf/sf k|rlnt k|fjwfg /fHosf] clwsf/ If]qleqsf JolQm / ;d"x;Fu
;DalGwt eP tfklg dfgjclwsf/sf b:tfj]hdf pNn]lvt …/fHosf ;|f]tx¿Ú n] cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotf / ;xof]u;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo a8fkqsf] wf/f %% / %^ cg';f/ ljsf; / dfgjclwsf/sf] cg'e"tLs/0fsf nflu ul/g'kg]{ ;xof]u u g ] { ; a } / f i 6 « x ¿ s f ] b f l o T j x f ] . o ; / L g } ljsf;clwsf/ 3f]if0ffkqn]42 ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtf, cGt/lge{/tf / kf/:kl/s lxtdf cfwfl/t cGt/f{li6«o
;xfotf tyf ;xof]udf ;~rfng x'g] ;lqmo sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbG5 .43 o;afx]s cfly{s,
;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw !(^^ n] cg'aGwsf] k|To]s /fHo kIfnfO{
dfgjclwsf/sf] pQ/f]Q/ k"0f{ cg'e"tLs/0fsf nflu cfk\mgf] lghL ;|f]t / cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotf tyf
;xof]u -ljz]if u/L cfly{s tyf k|fljlws_ cTolws dfqfdf kl/rfng ug{sf nflu sbd rfNg hf]8 lbG5 .44
o;} cjwf/0ffcg'¿k …cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]usf] 9fFrfÚ n] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ x]bf{ :jf:Yo If]qnfO{ dWogh/ u/L x]l/g'kg]{ s'/f l:jsf/]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ljz]if1tfk|fKt lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{
dfgjclwsf/ ;lGwx¿df dfGotf k|bfg ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwn] o;/L hf]8 l b G 5 – … … c l w s f / x f l ; n u g { c G t / f { l i 6 « o sfof{Gjog===h:tf tl/sfx¿ ;d]6\5===k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ / ;DalGwt ;/sf/x¿;Fu ldnL cfof]hg ul/g] k/fdz{ / cWoog k|of]hgsf nflu If]qLo a}7s tyf k|fljlws a}7s cfof]hgf ug]{ .ÚÚ45
40 ICESCR General Comment 3 on the nature of States Parties obligations, adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Fifth Session 1990 (E/1991/
23).
41 ICESCR, Article 2 (1).
42 Adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 41/128 of 4 December 1986.
43 Declaration on the Right to Development, Article 3, adopted by General Assembly resolution 41/128 of 4 December 1986.
44 ICESCR, Article 2.
45 ICESCR, Article 23.
17
k|Zg !)– ;dfhsf cGo kfqx¿sf] ;DaGwdf
;/sf/sf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL bfloTj s]—s]
x'g\ <
;/sf/sf] e"ldsf / pQ/bfloTjn] u}/;/sf/L kfqx¿
-:jf:Yo ladf sDkgLx¿ cflb_ dflysf]] a9\bf]
lge{/tfnfO{ klg ;d]6\g] x'Fbf cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;]jf / ;+/rgfdf ;ª\s6fled'v ;d"xx¿sf]
kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ ;/sf/L] :jf:Yo k|0ffnLn]
;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;~hfnx¿ / cGo ;+oGqx¿nfO{
;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{
/fHosf] bfloTjsf] cy{ cfk\mgf] clwsf/ If]qleqsf u}/;/sf/L kfqx¿n] dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcg'¿k sfd u5{g\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg' xf] . :jf:Yof]krf/, :t/Lo ;"rgf / ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfaf6 s;}nfO{ jl~rt ul/Pdf ;f]sf]
pkrf/sf] Joj:yfdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ P]g sfg'g, gLlt / cGo pkfo cjnDag ub}{ t];|f kIfx¿
dfgjclwsf/sf dfkb08cg'¿k ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ ;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf] . hgtfsf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL c l w s f / , ; " r g f s f ] x s / c ¿ ; f G b l e { s dfgjclwsf/sf k|fjwfgsf] pNnª\3g x'g glbg
;'tL{ pBf]unfO{ lgodg ug'{ ;/sf/sf] bfloTjsf]
Ps pbfx/0f xf] .
;ª\ul7t tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;Gbe{df46 cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/sf dfGotf / dfkb08nfO{
k|ltlalDat ug]{ :j}lR5s ;+lxtfx¿ a9\b} uPsf 5g\ . lghL If]qdf dfgjclwsf/k|lt a9\bf] Wofgsf sf/0f Joj;fo sfo{;"rLdf dfgjclwsf/n] pkNnf]
:yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 . o;/L g} ljleGg Joj;fon]
c f k \ m g f ] b } l g s l q m o f s n f k ; ~ r f n g d f dfgjclwsf/sf ;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ug{
;'¿ u/]sf 5g\ .47
46 In the area of humanitarian assistance, for example, the Sphere Project’s (draft) Char- ter on Minimum Humanitarian Standards in Disaster Relief provides a comprehensive catalogue of technical standards for NGO and other international relief workers on matters such as food, nutrition, water and sanitation, based upon international human rights law.
47 http: // www.unglobalcompact.org.
19
k|Zg !!– clwsf/df cfwfl/t :jf:Yo k|0ffnL eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
clwsf/df cfwfl/t :jf:Yo k|0ffnLn] b]xfosf k|lqmof a'emfpF5—
:jf:Yo ljsf;sf nflu dfgjclwsf/nfO{ 9fFrf -k|m]djs{_ sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{48
: j f : Y o g L l t , s f o { q m d j f s f g ' g n ] dfgjclwsf/df kfg]{ k|efjsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L
;Daf]wg ug]{
D f f g j c l w s f / n f O { / f h g L l t s , c f l y { s /
;fdflhsnufot ;a} If]qsf :jf:Yo gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] l8hfOg, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf] cleGg cfofd agfpg]
oL k|lqmof nfu" ubf{ Wofg k'¥ofOg'kg]{ d"n s'/fx¿
lgDg 5g\—
Dffgj dof{bfsf] /Iff ug]{
;dfhsf clt ;ª\s6fled'v hg;d"xx¿df Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ .49 cyf{t\ gLlt, sfo{qmd / / 0 f g L l t a f 6 k | e f l j t e P s f a f n a f l n s f , lszf]/lszf]/L, dlxnf, k'?if, cflbjf;L, hghftL, /fli6«o, hftLo, wfld{s, eflifs cNk;ª\Vos
;d"x, cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt JolQm, z/0ffyL{, cfk|jf;L / a;fOF ;/]sf JolQmÙ j[4j[4f, ckfª\u, s}bLÙ cfly{s b[li6n] ;'ljwfljxLg JolQm jf cGo lsl;dn] ;LdfGts[t jf ;ª\s6fled'v
;d"xsf] ljz]iftf klxrfGg] / cfjZos sfo{ ug]{
:jf:Yodf dfgjclwsf/ ;dfof]hg
sfg'g / Jojxf/df s'g} klg e]befj gu/L
;dfhsf ljz]if u/L clt ;ª\s6fled'v / l;dfGts[t tKsfsf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg :jf:Yo k|0ffnL ;'lglZrt ug]{
h}ljs, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts tTjx¿n] dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] :jf:Yodf k|efj kfg{ dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Ng] x'Fbf oL leGgtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
xf]l;of/Lk"j{s gLlt tyf sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{ :jLsfb}{ n}ª\lus b[li6sf]0f k|of]u ug]{
clwsf/df cfwfl/t :jf:Yo k|0ffnLn] ;DalGwt hg;d"xsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{]{ dfGotf /fV5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu afnaflnsf;DaGwL ;a}
ultljlwdf afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf lgb]{zs l;4fGt nfu" ul/g'k5{ . oL l;4fGtn] lgDg s'/f
;d]6\5g\—
afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtdf hf]8 lbOg'k5{
afnaflnsfsf ljrf/sf] plrt sb/
ul/g'k5{
:jf:Yo sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{
tl/sfdf ;dfgtf / lje]bxLgtf ;'lglZrt ug]{
d " n l j e ] b k Q f n u f p g : j f : Y o ; D a G w L tYofª\snfO{ 5'§Øfpg]
lg0f{ok|lqmofdf :jf:Yo gLlt jf sfo{qmdsf nfeflGjt ;d"xsf] :jtGq, cy{k"0f{ / k|efjsf/L
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{
48 See Question 3 for an explanation of the links between health and human rights.
49 Many are spelt out in specific human rights instruments, such as the International Labour Organisation Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Inde-
pendent Countries (No. 169, 1989) and the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (1990).
kl/R5]b
@ @
lzIff;DaGwL clwsf/ / :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;jfnaf/]
;"rgf tyf ljrf/ vf]Hg], k|fKt ug]{ / cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ clwsf/sf] k|j4{g / ;+/If0f ug]{ . t/
;"rgfsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ s;}sf] klg uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ xgg ug'{ x'Gg . o;sf]
c y { : j f : Y o ; D a G w L J o l Q m u t h f g s f / L uf]kgLotfsf ;fy x]l/g'k5{ eGg] xf] .
Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\;, dfgl;s c:j:ytf / zf/Ll/s ckfª\utfsf] ;Gbe{df dfgjclwsf/k|lt ul/Psf]
;Ddfgn] o:tf ;d:ofsf] /f]syfd / pkrf/df pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] s'/f :ki6 ePsf] 5 . o;/L g} j}olQms dof{bf tyf uf]kgLotfk|ltsf]]
;Ddfgn] a9L ;+j]bgzLn tyf dfofn' x]/rfxnfO{
;xhLs/0f u5{ . nf~5gf / lje]bn] /f]u tyf ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmnfO{ lgsf] kfg{ lrlsT;sLo tyf hg:jf:Yo k|of;nfO{ ljkmn t'NofpF5g\ .50
:jf:Yo gLlt jf sfo{qmdn] s'g} clwsf/sf]
cEof; jf pkef]unfO{ clGtd pkfosf ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt ug]{ / …l;/fs';f l;4fGt (Siracusa
Principle)Ú df k|ltlalDat x/]s k|fjwfgnfO{ k"/f u/]sf] v08df dfq ;Lldt ug]{ sfd sfg'g;Ddt ePsf] dfGg]51
:jf:Yo gLlt, sfg'g / sfo{qmdsf] dfgjclwsf/
k|efjnfO{ jfl~5t hg:jf:Yo p2]Zox¿;Fu} /fVg], /fd|f] hg:jf:Yo glthf / dfgjclwsf/sf] k|j4{g Pj+ ;+/If0fsf aLr ;jf]{Qd ;Gt'ng ;'lglZrt ug]{
:jf:Yo gLlt, sfo{qmd jf sfg'gdf dfgjclwsf/
s;/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 eGg]af/] k|sfz kfg{
c G t / f { l i 6 « o d f g j c l w s f / s f d f G o t f / dfkb08;Fu :ki6 ;DaGw b]vfpg]
k | f K t u g { ; l s g ] p R r t d : j f : Y o : t /s f ] pknlAwnfO{ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] :ki6 clGtd nIo agfpg]
dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / kl/k"lt{ ug'{kg]{
;/sf/sf] bfloTjnfO{ :ki6 kfg]{
: j f : Y o I f ] q d f d f g j c l w s f / s f ] p Q / f ] Q / cg'e"tLs/0fsf] cg'udg ;'lglZrt ug{ Go"gtd u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f tyf ;"rsx¿ klxrfg ug]{
sfo{qmdsf ;a} r/0fdf :jf:Yodf kf/blz{tf tyf hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpg]
zlQm c;Gt'ngnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf lglDt cNk;ª\Vos, cfk|jf;L / cfGtl/s ¿kdf
…cnf]slk|oÚ ePsf ;d"xnfO{ ax';ª\Vosaf6 x'g ;Sg] vt/faf6 hf]ufpg ;'/Iffsf k|fjwfgx¿
;dfj]z ug]{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/sf] xgg ePdf To;sf] axfnLsf nflu cfjZos ;+oGq ;dfj]z ug]{ .
clwsf/df cfwfl/t k|0ffnLsf ;DefJo cjojx¿
:jf:Yoclwsf/
;"rgf n}ª\lustf dfgj dof{bf kf/blz{tf
l;/fs';f l;4fGt
Go"gtd u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f / ;"rs hjfkmb]lxtf
/Ifs
;dfgtf / lje]blj?4 :jtGqtf lj:t[t tYofª\s ljZn]if0f
;ª\s6fled'v ;d"xk|lt Wofg
;xeflutf uf]kgLotf lzIffclwsf/
hg:jf:Yosf] nIo / dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0fsf aLr cg's"n ;Gt'ng
kx'Fr
d"t{ ;/sf/L bfloTj
:ki6;Fu dfgjclwsf/ ufFl;Psf]
50 Eds. Mann J, Gruskin S, Grodin M, Annas G, Health and Human Rights: A Reader, (Routledge, 1999), Introduction, para. 4.
51 The Siracusa principles on the limitation and derogation provisions in the international covenant on civil and political rights. UN Doc. E/CN.4/1985/4, Annex.
21
k|Zg !@– hg:jf:Yodf dfgjclwsf/sf] yk dxTj s] 5 <
;dli6df dfgjclwsf/n] hg:jf:Yo If]qnfO{ lgDg s'/f k|bfg ub}{ yk kmfObf k'¥ofpg ;S5—
k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] pRrtd :jf:Yo:t/nfO{ bof jf s[kfsf ¿kdf geO{ …dfgjclwsf/sf] ¿kdfÚ :ki6 dfGotf
:jf:Yo gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] l8hfOg, sfof{Gjog / d"Nofª\sgdf dfgjclwsf/ k|0ffnL k|of]u ub}{
:jf:Yo glthfnfO{ a9fpg] ljlw -6'n_
;fy{s tyf ;lqmo ;xefuLsf ¿kdf ;+nUg
;ª\s6fled'v / ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g]
:jf:Yo …;zQmLs/0fÚ /0fgLlt
:jf:Yosf lgwf{/snfO{ klxrfg ug{, ljZn]if0f / ;Daf]wg ug{ pkof]uL 9fFrf -k|m]djs{_, zAbe08f/
/ dfu{bz{g
;/sf/sf] :jf:Yo If]qsf] sfo{;Dkfbg n]vfhf]vf ug{ dfkb08
:jf:Yok|lt ;/sf/sf] a9]sf] hjfkmb]lxtf
;/sf/, cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yf, cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo ;+:yf;Fu hgjsfnt tyf ;xof]u / gful/s ;dfhsf ;fGble{s kfq;Fu ;fem]bf/L ljsf;sf nflu alnof] cflwsfl/s cfwf/
dfgjclwsf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] :jf:Yosf] cg'e"tLs/0fnfO{
cg'udg ug{ ljBdfg cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGq52
:jLsfo{ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf tyf dfkb08 -pbfx/0fsf nflu cjwf/0ff / hg;d"xsf kl/efiff_
;a} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo lqmofsnfkdf /fHo kIfx¿nfO{ dfu{bz{g
ljZn]if0f / ;fem]bf/Lsf nflu km/flsnf] bfo/f
k|Zg !#– hg:jf:Yosf] /Iffsf nflu vf;—
vf; dfgjclwsf/df aGb]h nufpg'k/]df s]
x'G5 <
oftgf tyf bf;Tjlj?4 :jtGqtf / ljrf/, ljj]s tyf wd{sf] :jtGqtfh:tf s}of}F dfgjclwsf/
5g\, h;df s'g} klg kl/l:yltdf aGb]h nufpg
;lsGg . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ b:tfj]hx¿df Joj:yf ul/Psf ;Lldt ug]{ / x6fpg] bkmfn]
vf;—vf; ;dodf dfgjclwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt ug'{kg]{
cfjZostfnfO{ eg] l:jsf/]sf 5g\ . dfgjclwsf/sf]
pkef]unfO{ ;Lldt ug{ slxn]sfxLF ;/sf/x¿n]
hg:jf:YonfO{ Ps cfwf/sf ¿kdf k|of]u u5{g\ . dfgjclwsf/df aGb]h nufpg cfjZos ePsf]
lgSof{]n ug{ l;/fs';f l;4fGtleqsf kfFrj6} cfwf/
k"/f ul/Psf] x'g'k5 { / hg:jf:Yosf] /Iffy{
dfgjclwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt ug}{kg]{ cj:yfdf klg o:tf]
k|ltaGw ;Lldt cjlwsf nflu dfq x'g]5 . l;/fs';f l;4fGt
d f g j c l w s f / d f l y a G b ] h
hg:jf:Yosf] nIo xfl;n ug{ clGtd pkfosf]
¿kdf dfq dfgjclwsf/dfly x:tIf]k ug{ ;lsg]5 . o : t f ] x : t I f ] k s f ] l ; / f s ' ; f l ; 4 f G t e l g g ] dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gdf kl/eflift lgDg ;a}
kl/l:yltnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;s]sf] v08df dfq cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{ ;lsg]5—
aGb]h sfg'gadf]lhd nufOPsf] 5
aGb]h cfdlxtsf] j}wflgs p2]Zosf vflt/
nufOPsf] 5
k|hftflGqs ;dfhdf p2]Zo xfl;n ug{
aGb]h nufpg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5
pQm p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu of]eGbf sd bvnsf/L / aGb]hsf/L cGo pkfo 5}gg\
aGb]h :j]R5frf/L 9ª\u -cyf{t\ gfhfoh jf lje]bk"0f{ tj/_ n] nflbPsf] 5}g
52 See Question 7.
Oaf]nf jf 6L=aL=h:tf uDeL/ ;?jf /f]uaf6 :jf:Yosf]
/Iff ug{ Sjf/]G6fOg jf k[ysLs/0fsf] Joj:yf ubf{
c f j f u d g s f ] : j t G q t f d f l y x ' g ] x : t I f ] k clwsf/dflysf] aGb]hsf] pbfx/0f xf] . vf;—vf;
kl/l:yltdf hgsNof0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{] o:tf]
aGb]hnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gcGtu{t j}wflgs dflgG5 .53 o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt /fli6«o
; ' / I f f / c f d J o j : y f s f o d u g ] { a x f g f d f Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\; ;ª\qmldt JolQmx¿nfO{ y'g5]s ug]{ jf lxF8\8'n ug{ glbg] / ;/sf/lj/f]wL xf] eg]/
:jf:Yof]krf/af6 jl~rt u/fpg] jf ;ªqmldt /f]ulj?4 vf]k nufpgdf k|ltaGw nufpg]h:tf sfo{ x'G5g\ eg] o:tf sfo{sf] j}wflgstfsf] k'li6 ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{ bfloTj x'G5 .54
k|Zg !$– k|df0fdf cfwfl/t :jf:Yo ;"rgfdf dfgjclwsf/n] s:tf] k|efj kfg{ ;S5 <
cGt/f{li6«o:t/d} :jLsfo{ dfgjclwsf/nfO{ hGdfpg]
k|lqmofsf] ;'?jft bafak"0f{ jf:tljstfsf] w/ftndf x ' G 5 . p b f x / 0 f s f n f l u c f l b j f ; L s f ]55 clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o 3f]if0ffkqsf] ljsf;
/fhgLlts ;xeflutf, :jf:Yo / lzIffnufotsf clwsf/sf] k"0f{ pkef]u ug]{ dfgjclwsf/af6 jl~rt of] hflt ;ª\s6fled'v / ;LdfGts[t ;d"x xf] eGg]
dfGotfaf6 ;'? x'G5 . cyf{t\ dfgjclwsf/sf dfGotf tyf dfkb08sf] :yfkgf g} dfgjclwsf/ Ps uDeL/
;d:of xf] / o;nfO{ ;/sf/n] ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{
eGg] dfGotfsf] k|df0f xf] . t;y{ :jf:Yo;Fu ufFl;Psf hl6n r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgftkm{
cf}FNofpFb} dfgjclwsf/sf dfGotf tyf dfkb08n]
k|df0f ;ª\sngnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu k/Dk/fut z}nLsf] 7Ls ljk/Lt a]Unf—a]Un}
¿kdf ;"rgf /fVgfn] cflbjf;L / hghflt
;d"xx¿lj?4sf] hftLo lje]b kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . oxL lje]bnfO{ oL ;d"xsf] ;du| sdhf]/ :jf:Yo x}l;otsf] d"n lgwf{/s dflgG5 . /fhgLlts
;+j]bgzLntf, h;n] ljleGg hg;d"x;Fu s;/L Jojxf/ ul/G5 / h'g xb;Dd dfgjclwsf/sf]
:jfut ul/g'kg]{ xf] ;f] xb;Dd gePsf] b]vfpg dfgjclwsf/nfO{ cfwf/ agfpF5, ;"rgf ;ª\sngsf nflu cu|ufdL pkfo xf] .
:jf:Yo ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug]{ tl/sf;Fu dfgjclwsf/
;fGble{s x'G5 eGg] l;4fGt a9L :jLsfo{ 5 . o;n] ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug]{ tl/sfx¿sf] 5gf]6nfO{
;d]6\5 . tl/sfdf uf ]kgLotf, ;xeflutf / lje]bxLgtfh:tf dfgjclwsf/k|ltsf] ;Ddfg s;/L
;'lglZrt ug]{ eGg] ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . ljleGg hg;d"xnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿
;xof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu cflbjf;L / hghfltnfO{56 klxrfg ug{ / cGo hg;d"xaf6 pgLx¿nfO{ 5'§Øfpg cflbjf;L tyf hghflt;DaGwL cfO{=Pn=cf]= dxf;lGwn] cflwsfl/s cfwf/ k|bfg u5{ . JolQmx¿af6 ;ª\sng ul/g] :jf:Yocj:yf -h:t}—
Pr=cfO{=eL= ;ª\qmd0f, SofG;/ jf cfg'j+lzs u8a8L_
jf Jojxf/ -h:t}— of}g cled'vLs/0f, dlb/f ;]jg jf cGo xflgsf/s j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u_ af/]sf] lghL
;"rgfnfO{ ;/s/n] b'?kof]u ug]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 lsgeg] of] ;"rgf hfgL ghfgL c¿ s;}nfO{ pknAw u/fOG5 .57
; " r s x ¿
:jf:Yo, dfgjclwsf/ tyf dfgj ljsf;sf
;"rsx¿;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo lgof]ux¿n]
u/]sf sfdn] ;femf sfo{;"rL tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . ;"rsx¿sf] l8hfOg, tof/L, k|of]u / n]vfhf]vf ug{sf lglDt ;femf 9fFrf -sdg k|m]djs{_ ;'lglZrt ug{ lj:t[t ;dGjosf]
cfjZostf k5{ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf;
sfo{qmdsf] ;femf b]z:t/Lo d"Nofª\sg -;L=;L=P=_
sfo{bnn] ;"rsaf/] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . o;n]
53 Gruskin S and Tarantola D in Ed. Retels R, Mc Ewen J, Beaglehole R, Tanaka H, Oxford Textbook of Public Health, Fourth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (in press).
54 General Comment 14, paragraphs 28-29.
55 The open-ended intersessional Working Group on the draft declaration was estab- lished in 1995 in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/32 and Economic and Social Council resolution 1995/32. The Working Group has the sole purpose of elaborating a draft declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples, consid-
ering the draft contained in the annex to resolution 1994/45 of 26 August 1994 entitled draft "United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples". The draft is being prepared for consideration and adoption by the General Assembly during the International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People.
56 The International Labour Organisation Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (Convention 169) adopted by the International Labour Organisation on 27 June 1989.
57 Gruskin S and Tarantola D (refer to footnote 49).
23
;"rsnfO{ cljl5Gg ¿kdf gfKg ;lsg] / u'0ffTds jf kl/df0ffTds ;"rgf lbg ;Sg] rn jf dfkg egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
log} ;femf b]z:t/Lo d"Nofª\sg ;"rsx¿sf]
9fFrfdf dfgjclwsf/nfO{ PsLs[t ul/of] . 9fFrfn]
;/n ljsf; ;"rsx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{lt/
8f]¥ofof] . oL ;"rs …s] xf]Ú gfKg l8hfOg ul/Psf x'g\ . logn] a]Grdfs{ jf nIonfO{ ;d]6\b}gg\ g t …s] x'g'kg]{Ú jf …slxn]Ú h:tf k|Zgsf] lglZrt pQ/ g} lbG5g\ lsgeg] lognfO{ b]zljz]ifsf]
;xeflutfTds /fli6«o k|lqmofx¿df pko'Qm tj/n]
ljsf; ug]{ ul/G5 .58
æ h j f k m b ] l x t f s f ] ; + : s [ l t l ; h { g f u g { / dfgjclwsf/sf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;"rgf tyf tYofª\s dxTjk"0f{ ljlw -6'n_ x'g\ .Æ
dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)))59
k|Zg !%– :jf:Yo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ sfo{nfO{
dfgjclwsf/n] s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 <
lje]bxLgtfh:tf dfgjclwsf/sf l;4fGtdf Wofg lbg]] xf] eg] ;ª\s6fled'v ;d"xx¿;Fu k[ys\ Jojxf/
u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL ;d"xleq x'g] /f]ux¿sf] cleJo~hg, cfj[lQ / s7f]/tfk|ltsf] ;/sf/L pbf;Lgtf km/s Jojxf/sf] Ps pbfx/0f xf] . dfgjclwsf/sf dfGotf tyf dfkb08n] ;ª\s6fled'v / ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿sf :jf:Yo;DaGwL cfjZostfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug{ cfwf/
klg k|bfg u5{g\ . dfgjclwsf/n] clt ;ª\s6fled'v dflgg] ;dfhsf ;d"x -h:t}— cflbjf;L hghflt, z/0ffyL{, a;fOF ;/]sf / wfld{s, /fli6«o tyf hftLo cNk;ª\Vos_ df Wofg s]lGb|t u5{ / :jf:Yo gLlt, sfo{qmd th'{df tyf :jf:Yo k|0ffnL k|lqmof -h:t}—
:jf:Yo gLlt, /0fgLlt / dfkb08af6 k|efljtx¿sf]]
lg0f{ok|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/_ nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{sf lglDt ;xof]u ug{ lglb{i6 dfgjclwsf/ cl3
;f5{ .
ljZj :jf:Yo k|ltj]bg @)))
ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gsf ] :jf:Yo k|0ffnL sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg 9fFrfk|df0fdf cfwfl/t :jf:Yo gd'gf tof/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljZj :jf:Yo
;ª\u7gn] ljZj :jf:Yo k|ltj]bg @))) df :jf:Yo k|0ffnL sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsx¿sf] ljsf;
u¥of] . oL ;"rssf d"n cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿
b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\—
:jf:Yo k|0ffnLsf ;Ldfx¿nfO{ k|:6Øfpg]
k|d'v ;fdflhs nIox¿ xfl;n ug{ / :jf:Yo k|0ffnL / cGo k|0ffnLsf aLr s;/L cGt/lqmof x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{
l j Q L o o f ] u b f g d f : j f : Y o , t T k / t f / lgikIftfnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ / gfKg]
:jf:Yo k|0ffnLsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;'wfg{ ljleGg gLltn] s;/L of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5g\ ;f] b]vfpg]60 ljz]ifu/L :jf:Yo k|0ffnLsf] tTk/tfsf] ;DaGwdf ljleGg lqmofsnfksf kl/efiffnfO{ :j¿k lbFb}
dfgjclwsf/sf dfGotf tyf dfkb08nfO{
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
k|Zg !^– :jf:Yo sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf aLr s] ;DaGw 5 <
:jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/sf] k|j4{g / ;+/If0f ;'lglZrt ug{ :jf:Yo sfg'g dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ x'g ;S5 . :jf:Yo sfg'gsf] 9fFrf tof/ ubf{ / ;dLIff ubf{
dfgjclwsf/n] ;f] sfg'gsf] k|efjsfl/tf / p k o ' Q m t f n f O { d f g j c l w s f / t y f h g : j f : Y o nIocg'¿k lgwf{/0f ug{ pkof]uL ljlw -6'n_ k|bfg u5{ . o;} ;Gbe{df Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\;sf sf/0f w]/}
d'n'sn] Sjf/]G6fOg / k[ysLs/0f -cfO;f]n];g_
;DaGwL sfg'gnufot cfk\mgf hg:jf:Yo sfg'gnfO{
k'gM ;dLIff ug'{k/]sf] 5 .61
58 See Mokhiber, C. G. "Toward a Measure of Dignity: Indicators for Rights-Based De- velopment". Session I-PL 4, Montreux, 4-8 September 2000.
59 United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2000, (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 10.
60 The World Health Report 2000 Health Systems: Improving Performance.
61 Gostin L, Burris S, and Lazzarini Z, "The Law and the Public’s Health: A Study of Infectious Disease Law in the United States", Columbia Law Review, Vol. 99, No.1, (1999).
dxfdf/L tyf cGo cj:yfsf af/]df kof{K t hfgsf/Llagf g} s'g} vf; ;d"xk|lt hfgLhfgL nlIft k|ltaGwfTds sfg'g / gLltn] dfgjclwsf/sf
;/f]sf/sf s}of}F ljifonfO{ lgDTofpF5 . t/ o;}
;Gbe{df vf; ;d"xsf dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo /
;DkGgtfsf nflu c:j}lR5s aGWofs/0f gLlt / Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\; /f]syfdsf nflu ;dlnª\uL d}y'gnfO{ ck/fw 3f]lift ug]{{ ck|fs[lts d}y'g;DaGwL sfg'gsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{ ;lsG5 .62
dfgjclwsf/ bfloTjcg'¿k x'g] /fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt / sfg'g agfpg ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . o;n] :jf:Yo sfg'g / gLltn]
dfgjclwsf/ pNNfª\3g ug]{ gug]{ / pNNfª\3g x'Fbf pkrf/sf] pkfo pknAw u/fpg] gu/fpg]] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{sf lglDt ;dLIff ug{ ljlwx¿ ;d]6\5 .
k|Zg !&– ljleGg /fi6«x¿sf] :jf:Yol:yltsf]
ljZn]if0fdf dfgjclwsf/nfO{ s;/L nfu" ug{
;lsG5 <
d f g j c l w s f / k | l t s f ] a 9 \ b f ] r f ; f ] n ] d ' n ' s s f ] kfl/l:ylts :jf:Yo ljZn]if0fsf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf]
agfpg ;S5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k gofF ;fem]bf/x¿
klxrfGg ;lhnf] x'G5 . Wofg lbg'kg]{ gofF If]qx¿df /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfo{of]hgfsf :jf:Yo cjoj / /fli6«o :jf:Yo /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfdf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;dfof]hg k5{g\ . :jf:Yo;DaGwL
dfgjclwsf/ bfloTj ;/sf/df lglxt ePsf]
kl/k|]Iodf :jf:Yo Pj+ dfgjclwsf/sf nIo :jf:Yo;Fu k|uf9 ;DaGw /fVg] To:tf /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f gLlt Pj+ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{
h;nfO{ :jf:Yo If]qeGbf aflx/} lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsof];\ .
;ª\s6fled'v ;d"xx¿df lbOg] hf]8n] oL ;d"xsf]
cj:yfdf /fli6«o sfg'g / ljsf; gLltn] s;/L k|efj kf5{g\, logsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtsf] /If ug{ s'g—
s 'g ; +:yfn] sfd u5 {g\ / gful/s ;dfh cfGbf]ngx¿n] logsf] k|ltlglwTj s;/L u5{g\ eGg]lt/
Wofg cfslif{t u5{ . cGTodf, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dfgjclwsf/ ;lGw cg'udg PsfOnfO{ a'emfOPsf]
k|ltj]bg tyf k|ltj]bgdf ;f] PsfOn] u/]sf] l6Kk0fL / gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx¿sf] ljrf/ dgg ul/g'kg]{
cGo ;jfn x'g\ .
o;sf] Jofjxfl/s cy{ /fli6«o txdf :jf:Yo dGqfnoafx]s Gofo dGqfno / dfgjclwsf/sf]
bfloTj af]s]sf dlxnf, afnaflnsf, lzIff, ;dfh sNof0f, cy{h:tf dGqfno / :jtGq dfgjclwsf/
cfof]u;Fu sfd ug]{ eGg] x'g ;S5 . ljZj :jf:Yo Ph]G8fnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg dfgjclwsf/df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo lgof]ux¿ / cGo cGt/;/sf/L ;ª\3—
;+:yfx¿, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/jfbL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/jfbL
; + : y f x ¿ , p h ' / L ; ' G g ] c l w s [ t x ¿ , / f l i 6 « o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, dfgjclwsf/jfbL a'l4hLjLx¿
/ cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg¿ klg kmnbfoL ;fem]bf/ x'g\ .
62 Gruskin S and Tarantola D, refer to footnote 48.
25
k|Zg !*– g}lts l;4fGt -OlyS;_ x¿
dfgjclwsf/;Fu s;/L ;DalGwt 5g\ <
g}lts l;4fGtx¿ JolQm / ;dfhsf cfr/0f Jojxf/;DaGwL dfGotf x'g\ . g}ltstfsf] kl/b[Zodf hl6ntfsf sf/0f aGg ;Sg] oL g}lts dfGotf wd{,
;fF:s[lts k/Dk/f / lrGtgdgg h:tf w]/} ;|f]taf6 c f P s f x ' g \ . d f G o k | 0 f f n L s f ¿ k d f g } l t s l;4fGtx¿df bfloTj tyf st{Jo, ;bfrf/, sfdsf]
glthf tyf kl/0ffddf d"No tyf pbf/tfsf] dfkb08, lgikIftfsf] dfkb08 / ;|f]t ljlgof]hg, b08 / k'/:sf/df Gofoh:tf w]/} cjwf/0ff k|of]u ul/G5g\ . dfgjclwsf/n] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL b:tfj]hx¿df cleJoQm cGt/f{li6«o:t/d} ;xdltk|fKt l;4fGt / dfGonfO{ hgfpF5 . oL cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/
l;4fGt / dfGotf cfwf/e"t ;jfnx¿df ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf aLr ePsf uxg / bL3{sfnLg 5nkmnsf glthf x'g\ . csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{ ;/sf/x¿n]
;xdlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdfkm{t dfgjclwsf/sf] l;h{gf u5{g\ .
g}ltstf;DaGwL sfd ubf{ dfgjclwsf/sf] dfGotf / dfkb08nfO{ ;f/tTjsf ¿kdf dfq glnO{
g}ltstf;DaGwL ax; / ts{k|lqmofsf] ;Gbe{df klg lng'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} vf; ;d"x;Fu
;/f]sf/ /fVg] g}ltstf;DaGwL ljifodf lg0f{o ug{' cufl8 ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] ;xeflutf x'g' clgjfo{
x'G5 . ljz]ifu/L g}ltstf Jojxf/sf] To:tf] If]qdf pkof]uL x'G5, hxfF dfgjclwsf/n] :ki6 hjfkm lbFb}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu dfgj Snf]lgªh:tf dfgjclwsf/ nfu" gul/Psf jf ljwfga4 gul/Psf gofF tyf pbLodfg If]qx¿df g}ltstfsf] cfwf/nfO{
pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
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;dtfsf] cy{ s] xf] eg] dflg;sf] ;fdflhs x}l;ot ljz]ifeGbf klg cfjZostfn] ;DkGgtfnfO{ rflxg]
cj;/x¿sf] ljt/0fnfO{ dfu{bz{g u5{ .63 o;sf]
cy{ d"n ;fdflhs s'/Lltx¿;Fu Jojl:yt ¿kdf
;+nUg :jf:Yodf / :jf:Yosf k|d'v lgwf{/sdf b]lvg] c;dfgtfnfO{ x6fpg' xf] . :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf :jf:Yosf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ax;leq
;dtfsf] l;4fGtn] lgikIftfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ nlIft Ps dxTjk"0f{ u}/Goflos ;fdfGo gLltut zAbsf]
sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . o;/L g} pknAw :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr, pkef]u Ifdtf / :jLsfo{tfh:tf gLltut
;jfn ;dfj]z ug{ klg of] l;4fGt k|of]u ul/Psf]
5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ b:tfj]hx¿df
;dfhsf ;ª\s6fled'v / ;'ljwfljxLg ;d"xdf s]lGb|t ul/Psf] Wofgn] ;dtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;an t'NofpF5 . o;/L g} cGt/f{li6«o:t/df clwsf/sf] cg'e"lt ug{
/ cGt/;/sf/L ;DaGwnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cGt/f{li6«o
;xof]unfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ dfgclwsf/ b:tfj]hx¿
vf;u/L ljsf; clwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo 3f]if0fkqn] ;dtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u5{g\ .64
k|Zg @)– :jf:Yo / dfgjclwsf/sf l;4fGtnfO{
ul/aL lgjf/0fdf s;/L nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 <
c:j:ytf, ckfª\utf, a'9Øf}nL jf hLljsf]kfh{gsf]
cefj x'g] cGo cj:yfdf cfjZos ;fdflhs ;]jf / ;'/Iff clwsf/nufot :j:Yo tyf ;DkGgtfsf nflu pko'Qm hLjg:t/sf] clwsf/ dfgjclwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .65 …cfly{s,
;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;ldltn] pko'Qm
63 Equity in Health and Health Care: A WHO/SIDA Initiative, WHO, Geneva, 1996.
64 Declaration on the Right to Development, 4 December 1986, (A/RES/41/128).
65 Article 25 UDHR (1948).
kl/R5]b
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ljBdfg jf bL3{sfnLg clwsf/xLgtfsf] dfgjLo cj:yfÚ nfO{ ul/aL egL] kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .66 cfk\mgf] hLjgnfO{ /fd|/L ;dfNg ;s"g\ eGg] x]t'n]
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kQf nufpg' ljsf; Joj;foLx¿ / gLlt tyf cEof;sf nflu r'gf}tL xf] .67
sfg'gL xs k|bfg ub}{{ dfgjclwsf/n] JolQm tyf
;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f u5{ . oxL xs ;/sf/sf nflu sfg'gL bfloTj aG5 . dfgjclwsf/n]
ul/ax¿sf] clwsf/xLgtfnfO{ Go"g ub}{ clwsf/sf]
;dfg ljt/0f / pkef]udf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . : j f : Y o c l w s f / h : t f c f l y { s t y f ; f d f l h s clwsf/sf ¿kdf dfgjclwsf/n] dfGotfnfO{ k|j4{g ub}{ o;sf] dxTj a9fPsf 5g\ . oL clwsf/ g}
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg aGg ;S5g\ . dfgjclwsf/ k|0ffnLn] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] /0fgLlt th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf nflu ul/ax¿sf]
;lqmo / ;';"lrt ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbG5 . hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf, k|hftGq / ;'zf;g ul/aL tyf c:j:ytfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ cTofjZos cjoj x'g\ . sfg'gL clwsf/ tyf bfloTjn] /fli6«o txdf k|efjsf/L sfg'gL pkrf/ / k|zf;lgs Pj+ /fhgLlts hjfkmb]lxtf ;+oGqsf] dfu u5{g\ eg] cGt/f{li6«o txdf dfgjclwsf/ cg'udgsf] dfu u5{g\ .68 ;du|df sfg'g, gLlt tyf sfo{qmdh:tf k4ltsf] dfu ub}{
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu dfgjclwsf/n] ;jf{ª\UL0f 9fFrf k|bfg u5{ .
ckfª\utf ul/aLsf] sf/0f aGg ;S5 eg] ul/aL]
ckfª\utfsf nflu hf]lvdk"0f{ sf/s tTj aGg
;S5 . dfgjclwsf/n] ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmsf nflu lje]bxLgtf / ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug{
sfg'gL 9fFrf k|bfg u5{ . o;/L dfgjclwsf/k|ltsf]
tbf¿stfn] czQmnfO{ ul/a x'gaf6 /f]Sg]
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ul/aL / ckfª\utfnfO{ Ps b'irqmn] hf]8]sf]
tYo cf}FNofpF5 . k|ltj]bgdf s] klg ts{ ul/G5 eg] ckfª\u JolQmsf] ul/aLsf cfwf/e"t sf/0f
;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts alxis/0f xf] . alxis/0fsf] xb gf6sLo x'G5—
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s'kf]if0f / ckof{Kt ;/;kmfOsf sf/0f ljZjsf b; s/f]8 dflg; /f]syfd ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf /f]uaf6 u|l;t x'g k'u]sf 5g\
clk|msf / Pl;ofdf ljBdfg &)% afn cGwf]kg / %)% >j0f sdhf]/L /f]syfd ug{ jf pkrf/ ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf 5g\o:tf sdhf]/Ln] lje]b, alxis/0f / yk ul/aLlt/
8f]¥ofpF5g\ . ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmsf nflu cj;/ ;dLs/0f;DaGwL dfgs lgodx¿nfO{
;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf ;a} ;b:o /fi6«n] cg'df]bg u/]]sf 5g\ . sfg'gL ¿kdf afWosf/L geP klg oL lgodn] w]/} ;/sf/nfO{ ckfª\ux¿sf nflu 5'§} sfg'g Nofpg k|f]T;flxt u/]sf 5g\ .69
66 "Poverty and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", statement adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on 4 May, 2001 (E/C.12/2001/10), paragraph 8.
67 Voices of the Poor: Crying Out for Change, Chapter 7, ’Social Ill-being: Left Out and Pushed Down’, World Bank 2000, page 235.
68 Human rights and poverty reduction strategies: A discussion paper, prepared by Pro- fessor Paul Hunt, Professor Manfred Nowak, Professor Siddiq Osmani for the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (February 2002).
69 Disability, Poverty and Development, Department for International Development (DFID), ID21 Highlights, January 2002.
