arXiv:math/0404494v2 [math.DG] 16 Sep 2005
XIANZHE DAI, KEFENG LIU, AND XIAONAN MA
Abstract. We study the asymptotic of the Bergman kernel of the spincDirac operator on high tensor powers of a line bundle.
1. Introduction
The Bergman kernel in the context of several complex variables (i.e. for pseudoconvex domains) has long been an important subject (cf, for example, [2]). Its analogue for complex projective manifolds is studied in [32], [29], [34], [16], [26], establishing the diagonal asymptotic expansion for high powers of an ample line bundle. Moreover, the coefficients in the asymptotic expansion encode geometric information of the underlying complex projective manifolds. This asymptotic expansion plays a crucial role in the recent work of [22] where the existence of K¨ahler metrics with constant scalar curvature is shown to be closely related to Chow-Mumford stability.
Borthwick and Uribe [10], Shiffman and Zelditch [30] were the first ones to study the corresponding symplectic versions. Note that they use the almost holomorphic sections based on a construction of Boutet de Monvel–Guillemin [12] of a first order pseudodif- ferential operator Db associated to the line bundle L on a compact symplectic mani- fold, which mimic the ∂b operator on the circle bundle in the holomorphic case. The Szeg¨o kernels are well defined modulo smooth operators on the associated circle bundle, even though Db is neither canonically defined nor unique (Actually, Boutet de Monvel–
Guillemin define first the Szeg¨o kernels, then construct the operator Dp from the Szeg¨o kernels). Moreover, in the holomorphic case, the Szeg¨o kernels are exactly (modulo smooth operators) the Szeg¨o kernel associated to the holomorphic sections by Boutet de Monvel-Sj¨ostrand [13]. In the very important paper [30], Shiffman and Zelditch also gave a simple way to construct first the Szeg¨o kernels, then the operatorDb from the construc- tion of Boutet de Monvel–Guillemin [12], and in [30, Theorem 1], they studied the near diagonal asymptotic expansion and small ball Gaussian estimate (for d(x, y) ≤ C/√p where p is the power of the line bundle L). On the other hand, in the holomorphic setting, in [19], Christ (and Lindholm in [25]) proved an Agmon type estimate for the Szeg¨o kernel on C1, but they did not treat the asymptotic expansions.
In this paper, we establish the full off-diagonal asymptotic expansion and Agmon es- timate for the Bergman kernel of the spinc Dirac operator associated to high powers of an ample line bundle in the general context of symplectic manifolds and orbifolds (Cf.
Theorem 3.18; note the important factors on the right hand side of the estimate (3.119)
1
which make our estimate uniform for Z and Z′). Our motivations are to extend Don- aldson’s work [22] to orbifolds and to understand the relationship between heat kernel, index formula and stability. Moreover, the spinc Dirac operator is a natural geomet- ric operator associated to the symplectic structure. As a result the coefficients in the asymptotic expansion are naturally polynomials of the curvatures and their derivatives.
Let (X, ω) be a compact symplectic manifold of real dimension 2n. Assume that there exists a Hermitian line bundle L over X endowed with a Hermitian connection
∇L with the property that √2π−1RL= ω, where RL = (∇L)2 is the curvature of (L,∇L).
Let (E, hE) be a Hermitian vector bundle on X with Hermitian connection ∇E and its curvature RE.
Let gT X be a Riemannian metric on X. Let J : T X −→ T X be the skew–adjoint linear map which satisfies the relation
ω(u, v) =gT X(Ju, v) (1.1)
for u, v ∈ T X. Let J be an almost complex structure which is separately compatible with gT X and ω, and ω(·, J·) defines a metric on T X. Then J commutes with J and
−JJ∈End(T X) is positive, thus−JJ= (−J2)1/2. Let∇T X be the Levi-Civita connec- tion on (T X, gT X) with curvatureRT X, and ∇T X induces a natural connection ∇det on det(T(1,0)X) with curvature Rdet (cf. Section 2). The spinc Dirac operator Dp acts on Ω0,•(X, Lp⊗E) =Ln
q=0Ω0,q(X, Lp ⊗E), the direct sum of spaces of (0, q)–forms with values in Lp⊗E.
Let{Sip}di=1p (dp = dim KerDp) be any orthonormal basis of KerDp with respect to the inner product (2.2). We define the diagonal of the Bergman kernel of Dp (the distortion function) by
Bp(x) =
dp
X
i=1
Sip(x)⊗(Sip(x))∗ ∈End(Λ(T∗(0,1)X)⊗E)x
(1.2)
Clearly Bp(x) does not depend on the choice of {Sip}. We denote by IC⊗E the pro- jection from Λ(T∗(0,1)X)⊗E onto C⊗E under the decomposition Λ(T∗(0,1)X) = C⊕ Λ>0(T∗(0,1)X). Let detJ be the determinant function of Jx ∈ End(TxX), and |J| = (−J2)1/2 ∈End(TxX). A simple corollary of Theorem 3.18′ is:
Theorem 1.1. There exist smooth coefficients br(x) ∈ End(Λ(T∗(0,1)X)⊗E)x which are polynomials in RT X, Rdet, RE (and RL) and their derivatives with order ≤ 2r−1 (resp. 2r) and reciprocals of linear combinations of eigenvalues of J at x, and b0 = (detJ)1/2IC⊗E, such that for anyk, l∈N, there exists Ck,l >0 such that for any x∈X, p∈N,
Bp(x)− Xk
r=0
br(x)pn−rCl ≤Ck,lpn−k−1. (1.3)
Moreover, the expansion is uniform in that for any k, l ∈ N, there is an integer s such that if all data (gT X, hL, ∇L, hE, ∇E) run over a set which are bounded in Cs and with gT X bounded below, there exists the constant Ck, l independent of gT X, and theCl-norm in (1.3) includes also the derivatives on the parameters.
We also study the asymptotic expansion of the corresponding heat kernel and relates it to that of the Bergman kernel. Let exp(−upDp2)(x, x′) be the smooth kernel of exp(−upD2p) with respect to the Riemannian volume form dvX(x′). We introduce in (2.4), ωd(x) ∈ End(Λ(Tx∗(0,1)X)).
Theorem 1.2. There exist smooth sectionsbr,u of End(Λ(T∗(0,1)X)⊗E) onX which are polynomials in RT X, Rdet, RE (and RL) and their derivatives with order ≤2r−1 (resp.
2r) and functions on the eigenvalues of J at x, and b0,u =
det(1−e−4πu||J| J|)1/2
e−4πuωd, such that for each u > 0 fixed, we have the asymptotic expansion in the sense of (1.3) as p→ ∞,
exp(−u
pDp2)(x, x) = Xk r=0
br,u(x)pn−r+O(pn−k−1).
(1.4)
Moreover, there exists c > 0 such that as u→+∞, br,u(x) =br(x) +O(e−cu).
(1.5)
Note that the coefficient b0,u in Theorem 1.2 was first obtained in [4, (f)]. Theorems 1.1, 1.2 give us a way to compute the coefficient br(x), as it is relatively easy to compute br,u(x) (cf. (3.107), (3.125)). As an example, we compute b1 which plays an important role in Donaldson’s recent work [22]. Note if (X, ω) is K¨ahler andJ =J, then Bp(x)∈ C∞(X,End(E)) forp large enough, thus br(x)∈End(E)x.
Theorem 1.3. If (X, ω)is K¨ahler and J=J, then there exist smooth functions br(x)∈ End(E)x such that we have (1.3), and br are polynomials in RT X, RE and their deriva- tives with order ≤2r−1 at x. Moreover,
b0 = IdE, b1 = 1 4π
h√
−1X
i
RE(ei, Jei) + 1 2rXIdE
i. (1.6)
hererX is the scalar curvature of(X, gT X), and{ei}is an orthonormal basis of(X, gT X).
Theorem 1.3 was essentially obtained in [26], [33] by applying the peak section trick, and in [16], [34] and [17] by applying the Boutet de Monvel-Sj¨ostrand parametrix for the Szeg¨o kernel [13]. We refer the reader to [22], [33] for its interesting applications.
Our proof of Theorems 1.1, 1.2 is inspired by local Index Theory, especially by [7,§11], and we derive Theorem 1.1 from Theorem 1.2. In particular, with the help of the heat kernel, we get the full off-diagonal asymptotic expansion for the Bergman kernel and the Agmon estimate for the remainder term of the asymptotic expansion (Cf. Theorem
3.18). And when (X, ω) is a K¨ahler manifold, J =J onX and E =C, we recover [30, Theorem 1] if we restrict Theorem 3.18′ to|Z|,|Z′|< C/√p.
One of the advantages of our method is that it can be easily generalized to the orbifold situation, and indeed, in (4.25), we deduce the explicit asymptotic expansion near the singular set of the orbifold.
Theorem 1.4. If (X, ω) is a symplectic orbifold with the singular set X′, and L, E are corresponding proper orbifold vector bundles on X as in Theorem 1.1. Then there exist smooth coefficients br(x) ∈ End(Λ(T∗(0,1)X)⊗E)x with b0 = (detJ)1/2IC⊗E, and br(x) are polynomials in RT X, Rdet, RE (and RL) and their derivatives with order ≤ 2r−1 (resp. 2r) and reciprocals of linear combinations of eigenvalues of J at x, such that for any k, l∈N, there exist Ck,l >0, N ∈N such that for any x∈X, p∈N,
(1.7) 1
pnBp(x)− Xk r=0
br(x)p−rCl ≤ Ck,l
p−k−1+pl/2(1 +√pd(x, X′))Ne−C√pd(x,X′) . Moreover if the orbifold (X, ω) is K¨ahler, J =J and the proper orbifold vector bundles E, L are holomorphic on X, then br(x) ∈ End(E)x and br(x) are polynomials in RT X, RE and their derivatives with order ≤2r−1 at x.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we recall a result on the spectral gap of the spinc Dirac operator [28]. In Section 3, we localizes the problem by finite propagation speed and use the rescaling in local index theorem to prove Theorems 1.1, 1.2. In Section 4, we compute the coefficients of the asymptotic expansion and explain how to generalize our method to the orbifold situation.
The results of this paper have been announced in [20].
Aknowledgements. We thank Professors Jean-Michel Bismut, Jean-Michel Bony and Johannes Sj¨ostrand for useful conversations. We also thank Xiaowei Wang for useful discussions, and Laurent Charles for sending us his paper. Finally, the authors acknowl- edge useful comments and suggestions from the referee which help improve the paper and clarify the relationship with some previous work.
2. The spectral gap of the spinc Dirac operator
The almost complex structure J induces a splitting TRX ⊗R C = T(1,0)X⊕T(0,1)X, where T(1,0)X and T(0,1)X are the eigenbundles of J corresponding to the eigenvalues
√−1 and −√
−1 respectively. Let T∗(1,0)X and T∗(0,1)X be the corresponding dual bundles. For any v ∈ T X with decomposition v = v1,0 + v0,1 ∈ T(1,0)X ⊕ T(0,1)X, let v∗1,0 ∈ T∗(0,1)X be the metric dual of v1,0. Then c(v) = √
2(v∗1,0 ∧ −iv0,1) defines the Clifford action of v on Λ(T∗(0,1)X), where ∧ and i denote the exterior and interior product respectively. Set
(2.1) µ0 = inf
u∈Tx(1,0)X, x∈X
RLx(u, u)/|u|2gT X >0.
Let ∇T X be the Levi-Civita connection of the metric gT X. By [24, pp.397–398], ∇T X induces canonically a Clifford connection ∇Cliff on Λ(T∗(0,1)X) (cf. also [28, §2]). Let
∇Ep be the connection onEp = Λ(T∗(0,1)X)⊗Lp⊗E induced by ∇Cliff, ∇L and ∇E. Leth iEpbe the metric onEp induced bygT X,hLandhE. LetdvX be the Riemannian volume form of (T X, gT X). The L2–scalar product on Ω0,•(X, Lp ⊗E), the space of smooth sections of Ep, is given by
(2.2) hs1, s2i=
Z
Xhs1(x), s2(x)iEpdvX(x).
We denote the corresponding norm with k·kL2. Let{ei}i be an orthonormal basis ofT X. Definition 2.1. The spinc Dirac operator Dp is defined by
(2.3) Dp =
X2n j=1
c(ej)∇Eejp : Ω0,•(X, Lp⊗E)−→Ω0,•(X, Lp⊗E).
Dp is a formally self–adjoint, first order elliptic differential operator on Ω0,•(X, Lp⊗E), which interchanges Ω0,even(X, Lp⊗E) and Ω0,odd(X, Lp ⊗E).
We denote by PT(1,0)X the projection from TRX ⊗R C to T(1,0)X. Let ∇T(1,0)X = PT(1,0)X∇T XPT(1,0)X be the Hermitian connection onT(1,0)X induced by∇T X with cur- vature RT(1,0)X. Let ∇det(T(1,0)X) be the connection on det(T(1,0)X) induced by ∇T(1,0)X with curvature Rdet= Tr[RT(1,0)X]. Let {wi} be an orthonormal frame of (T(1,0)X, gT X).
Set
ωd=−X
l,m
RL(wl, wm)wm∧ iwl, τ(x) =X
j
RL(wj, wj). (2.4)
Let rX be the scalar curvature of (T X, gT X), and c(R) =X
l<m
RE +12Trh
RT(1,0)Xi
(el, em)c(el)c(em).
Then the Lichnerowicz formula [3, Theorem 3.52] (cf. [28, Theorem 2.2]) for Dp2 is (2.5) Dp2 = ∇Ep∗
∇Ep−2pωd−pτ +14rX +c(R), If A is any operator, we denote by Spec(A) the spectrum ofA.
The following simple result was obtained in [28, Theorems 1.1, 2.5] by applying the Lichnerowicz formula (cf. also [8, Theorem 1] in the holomorphic case).
Theorem 2.2. There exists CL >0 such that for any p∈N and any s ∈Ω>0(X, Lp⊗ E) = L
q>1Ω0,q(X, Lp⊗E),
(2.6) kDpsk2L2 >(2pµ0−CL)ksk2L2. Moreover SpecD2p ⊂ {0} ∪[2pµ0−CL,+∞[.
3. Bergman kernel
In this Section, we will study the uniform estimate with its derivatives on t = √1p of the heat kernel and the Bergman kernel of Dp2 asp→ ∞. The first difficulty is that the space Ω0,•(X, Lp⊗E) depends on p. To overcome this, we will localize the problem to a problem on R2n. Now, after rescaling, another substantial difficulty appears, which is the lack of the usual elliptic estimate on R2n for the rescaled Dirac operator. Thus we introduce a family of Sobolev norms defined by the rescaled connection on Lp, then we can extend the functional analysis technique developed in [7, §11], and in this way, we can even get the estimate on its derivatives on t= √1p.
This section is organized as follows. In Section 3.1, we establish the fact that the asymptotic expansion of Bp(x) is local on X. In Section 3.2, we derive an asymptotic expansion of Dp in normal coordinate. In Section 3.3, we study the uniform estimate with its derivatives on t of the heat kernel and the Bergman kernel associated to the rescaled operator Lt2 from D2p. In Theorem 3.16, we estimate uniformly the remainder term of the Taylor expansion of e−uLt2 for u ≥ u0 > 0, t ∈ [0,1]. In Section 3.4, we identify Jr,u the coefficient of the Taylor expansion of e−uLt2 with the Volterra expansion of the heat kernel, thus giving us a way to compute the coefficient bj in Theorem 1.1. In Section 3.4, we prove Theorems 1.1, 1.2.
3.1. Localization of the problem. Let aX be the injectivity radius of (X, gT X), and ε ∈ (0, aX/4). We denote by BX(x, ǫ) and BTxX(0, ǫ) the open balls in X and TxX with center x and radius ǫ, respectively. Then the map TxX ∋ Z → expXx(Z) ∈ X is a diffeomorphism from BTxX(0, ǫ) on BX(x, ǫ) for ǫ ≤ aX. From now on, we identify BTxX(0, ǫ) withBX(x, ǫ) for ǫ≤aX.
Let f :R→[0,1] be a smooth even function such that f(v) =
1 for |v| ≤ε/2, 0 for |v| ≥ε.
(3.1) Set
F(a) = Z +∞
−∞
f(v)dv−1Z +∞
−∞
eivaf(v)dv.
(3.2)
Then F(a) lies in Schwartz space S(R) and F(0) = 1.
LetPp be the orthogonal projection from Ω0,•(X, Lp⊗E) on KerDp, and letPp(x, x′), F(Dp)(x, x′) (x, x′ ∈X), be the smooth kernels ofPp,F(Dp) with respect to the volume form dvX(x′). The kernel Pp(x, x′) is called the Bergman kernel of Dp. By (1.2),
Bp(x) =Pp(x, x).
(3.3)
Proposition 3.1. For any l, m∈N, ε > 0, there exists Cl,m,ε >0 such that for p≥ 1, x, x′ ∈X,
|F(Dp)(x, x′)−Pp(x, x′)|Cm(X×X) ≤Cl,m,εp−l, (3.4)
|Pp(x, x′)|Cm(X×X) ≤Cl,m,εp−l ifd(x, x′)≥ε.
Here the Cm norm is induced by ∇L,∇E and ∇Cliff. Proof. Fora ∈R, set
φp(a) = 1[√pµ0,+∞[(|a|)F(a).
(3.5)
Then by Theorem 2.2, for p > CL/µ0,
F(Dp)−Pp =φp(Dp).
(3.6)
By (3.2), for any m∈N there exists Cm >0 such that sup
a∈R|a|m|F(a)| ≤Cm. (3.7)
AsX is compact, there exist{xi}ri=1 such that{Ui =BX(xi, ε)}ri=1 is a covering ofX.
We identify BTxiX(0, ε) with BX(xi, ε) by geodesic as above. We identify (T X)Z,(Ep)Z
for Z ∈BTxiX(0, ε) toTxiX,(Ep)xi by parallel transport with respect to the connections
∇T X, ∇Ep along the curve γZ : [0,1] ∋ u → expXxi(uZ). Let {ei}i be an orthonormal basis of TxiX. Let eei(Z) be the parallel transport of ei with respect to ∇T X along the above curve. Let ΓE,ΓL,ΓCliff be the corresponding connection forms of ∇E, ∇L and
∇Cliff with respect to any fixed frame for E, L, Λ(T∗(0,1)X) which is parallel along the curve γZ under the trivialization on Ui.
Denote by ∇U the ordinary differentiation operator onTxiX in the direction U. Then Dp =X
j
c(eej)
∇eej+pΓL(eej) + ΓCliff(eej) + ΓE(eej) . (3.8)
Let {ϕi} be a partition of unity subordinate to {Ui}. For l ∈ N, we define a Sobolev norm on the l-th Sobolev space Hl(X, Ep) by
ksk2Hpl =X
i
Xl k=0
X2n i1···ik=1
k∇ei1 · · · ∇eik(ϕis)k2L2
(3.9)
Then by (3.8), there exists C >0 such that for p≥1, s∈H1(X, Ep), kskH1p ≤C(kDpskL2 +pkskL2).
(3.10)
Let Q be a differential operator of order m ∈ N with scalar principal symbol and with compact support in Ui, then
[Dp, Q] =X
j
p[c(eej)ΓL(eej), Q] +X
j
hc(eej)
∇eej + ΓCliff(eej) + ΓE(eej) , Qi (3.11)
which are differential operators of order m−1, m respectively. By (3.10), (3.11), kQskHp1 ≤C(kDpQskL2 +pkQskL2)
(3.12)
≤C(kQDpskL2 +pkskHpm).
From (3.12), for m∈N, there exists Cm′ >0 such that for p≥1, kskHpm+1 ≤Cm′ (kDpskHpm+pkskHpm).
(3.13) This means
kskHpm+1 ≤Cm′
m+1X
j=0
pm+1−jkDpjskL2. (3.14)
Moreover from hDpm′φp(Dp)Qs, s′i= hs, Q∗φp(Dp)Dpm′s′i, (3.5) and (3.7), we know that for l, m′ ∈N, there exists Cl,m′ >0 such that for p≥1,
kDpm′φp(Dp)QskL2 ≤Cl,m′p−l+mkskL2. (3.15)
We deduce from (3.14) and (3.15) that if P, Q are differential operators of order m, m′ with compact support in Ui,Uj respectively, then for any l >0, there existsCl>0 such that for p≥1,
kP φp(Dp)QskL2 ≤Clp−lkskL2. (3.16)
On Ui ×Uj, by using Sobolev inequality and (3.6), we get the first inequality of (3.4).
By the finite propagation speed of solutions of hyperbolic equations [15], [18], [14,
§7.8], [31, §4.4], F(Dp)(x, x′) only depends on the restriction of Dp to BX(x, ε), and is zero if d(x, x′)≥ε. Thus we get the second inequality of (3.4). The proof of Proposition
3.1 is complete.
From Proposition 3.1 and the finite propagation speed as above, we know that the asymptotic of Pp(x, x′) as p→ ∞ is localized on a neighborhood ofx.
To compare the coefficients of the expansion ofPp(x, x′) with the heat kernel expansion of exp(−upDp2) in Theorem 1.2, we will use again the finite propagation speed to localize the problem.
Definition 3.2. For u >0, a∈C, set Gu(a) =
Z +∞
−∞
eivaexp(−v2 2 )f(√
uv) dv
√2π, (3.17)
Hu(a) = Z +∞
−∞
eivaexp(−v2
2u)(1−f(v)) dv
√2πu.
The functionsGu(a), Hu(a) are even holomorphic functions. The restrictions ofGu, Hu
to Rlie in the Schwartz space S(R). Clearly, Gup(
ru
pDp) +Hup(Dp) = exp(− u 2pDp2).
(3.18)
Let Gu
p(q
u
pDp)(x, x′), Hu
p(Dp)(x, x′) (x, x′ ∈ X) be the smooth kernels associated to Gup(qu
pDp), Hup(Dp) calculated with respect to the volume formdvX(x′).
Proposition 3.3. For any m ∈ N, u0 >0, ε > 0, there exists C > 0 such that for any x, x′ ∈X, p∈N, u≥u0,
Hu
p(Dp)(x, x′)Cm ≤Cp2m+2n+2exp(−ε2p 8u).
(3.19)
Proof. By (3.17), for any m∈N there exists Cm >0 (which depends on ε) such that sup
a∈R|a|m|Hu(a)| ≤Cmexp(−ε2 8u).
(3.20)
As (3.16), we deduce from (3.14) and (3.20) that if P, Q are differential operators of order m, m′ with compact support in Ui, Uj respectively, then there exists C > 0 such that for p≥1, u≥u0,
kP Hu
p(Dp)QskL2 ≤Cpm+m′exp(−ε2p
8u)kskL2. (3.21)
On Ui ×Uj, by using Sobolev inequality, we get our Proposition 3.3.
Using (3.17) and finite propagation speed [14, §7.8], [31, §4.4], it is clear that for x, x′ ∈ X, Gup(qu
pDp)(x, x′) only depends on the restriction of Dp to BX(x, ε), and is zero if d(x, x′)≥ε.
3.2. Rescaling and a Taylor expansion of the operator Dp. Now we fix x0 ∈X.
We identify LZ, EZ and (Ep)Z for Z ∈ BTx0X(0, ε) to Lx0, Ex0 and (Ep)x0 by parallel transport with respect to the connections ∇L,∇E and ∇Ep along the curve γZ : [0,1]∋ u → expXx0(uZ). Let {ei}i be an oriented orthonormal basis of Tx0X. We also denote by {ei}i the dual basis of {ei}. Let eei(Z) be the parallel transport of ei with respect to
∇T X along the above curve.
Now, for ε >0 small enough, we will extend the geometric objects on BTx0X(0, ε) to R2n ≃ Tx0X (here we identify (Z1,· · · , Z2n) ∈ R2n to P
iZiei ∈ Tx0X) such that Dp is the restriction of a spinc Dirac operator on R2n associated to a Hermitian line bundle with positive curvature. In this way, we can replace X by R2n.
First of all, we denote L0, E0 the trivial bundles Lx0, Ex0 on X0 = R2n. And we still denote by ∇L,∇E, hL etc. the connections and metrics on L0, E0 on BTx0X(0,4ε) induced by the above identification. Then hL, hE is identified with the constant metrics hL0 =hLx0, hE0 =hEx0. Let R=P
iZiei =Z be the radial vector field on R2n. Let ρ:R→[0,1] be a smooth even function such that
ρ(v) = 1 if |v|<2; ρ(v) = 0 if |v|>4.
(3.22)
Let ϕε : R2n → R2n is the map defined by ϕε(Z) = ρ(|Z|/ε)Z. Let gT X0(Z) = gT X(ϕε(Z)), J0(Z) = J(ϕε(Z)) be the metric and almost complex structure on X0.
Let ∇E0 = ϕ∗ε∇E, then ∇E0 is the extension of ∇E on BTx0X(0, ε). Let ∇L0 be the Hermitian connection on (L0, hL0) defined by
∇L0|Z =ϕ∗ε∇L+ 1
2(1−ρ2(|Z|/ε))RLx0(R,·).
(3.23)
Then we calculate easily that its curvature RL0 = (∇L0)2 is (3.24) RL0(Z) = ϕ∗εRL+ 1
2d
(1−ρ2(|Z|/ε))RLx0(R,·)
=
1−ρ2(|Z|/ε)
RLx0 +ρ2(|Z|/ε)RϕLε(Z)
−(ρρ′)(|Z|/ε)X
i
Ziei ε|Z| ∧
RLx0(R,·)−RLϕε(Z)(R,·) . Thus RL0 is positive in the sense of (2.1) for ε small enough, and the corresponding constant µ0 forRL0 is bigger than 45µ0. From now on, we fix ε as above.
Let T∗(0,1)X0 be the anti-holomorphic cotangent bundle of (X0, J0). Since J0(Z) = J(ϕε(Z)), TZ,J∗(0,1)0 X0 is naturally identified with Tϕ∗(0,1)ε(Z),JX0 (obviously, here the second subscript indicates the almost complex structure with respect to which the splitting is done). Let ∇Cliff0 be the Clifford connection on Λ(T∗(0,1)X0) induced by the Levi-Civita connection ∇T X0 on (X0, gT X0). Let RE0, RT X0, RCliff0 be the corresponding curvatures on E0, T X0 and Λ(T∗(0,1)X0).
We identify Λ(T∗(0,1)X0)Z with Λ(Tx∗0(0,1)X) by identifying first Λ(T∗(0,1)X0)Z with Λ(Tϕ∗(0,1)ε(Z),JX0), which in turn is identified with Λ(Tx∗0(0,1)X) by using parallel transport along u → uϕε(Z) with respect to ∇Cliff0. We also trivialize Λ(T∗(0,1)X0) in this way.
LetSL be an unit vector of Lx0. UsingSL and the above discussion, we get an isometry E0,p:= Λ(T∗(0,1)X0)⊗E0⊗Lp0 ≃(Λ(T∗(0,1)X)⊗E)x0 =:Ex0.
Let DXp0 (resp. ∇E0,p) be the Dirac operator on X0 (resp. the connection on E0,p) associated to the above data by the construction in Section 2. By the argument in [28, p. 656-657], we know that Theorem 2.2 still holds for DpX0. In particular, there exists C > 0 such that
Spec(DXp0)2 ⊂ {0} ∪[8
5pµ0−C,+∞[.
(3.25)
LetPp0be the orthogonal projection from Ω0,•(X0, Lp0⊗E0)≃C∞(X0,Ex0) on KerDpX0, and let Pp0(x, x′) be the smooth kernel of Pp0 with respect to the volume formdvX0(x′).
Proposition 3.4. For any l, m ∈ N, there exists Cl,m > 0 such that for x, x′ ∈ BTx0X(0, ε),
(Pp0−Pp)(x, x′)Cm ≤Cl,mp−l. (3.26)
Proof. Using (3.2) and (3.25), we know that Pp0 −F(Dp) verifies also (3.4) for x, x′ ∈
BTx0X(0, ε), thus we get (3.26).
To be complete, we prove the following result in [3, Proposition 1.28].
Lemma 3.5. The Taylor expansion of eei(Z) with respect to the basis {ei} to order r is a polynomial of the Taylor expansion of the coefficients of RT X to order r−2. Moreover we have
e
ei(Z) =ei− 1 6
X
j
RT Xx0 (R, ei)R, ej
ej + X
|α|≥3
∂α
∂Zαeei
(0)Zα α!. (3.27)
Proof. Let ΓT X be the connection form of ∇T X with respect to the frame {eei} of T X. Let∂i =∇ei be the partial derivatives along ei. By the definition of our fixed frame, we have iRΓT X = 0. As in [3, (1.12)],
LRΓT X = [iR, d]ΓT X =iR(dΓT X+ ΓT X∧ΓT X) = iRRT X. (3.28)
Let Θ(Z) = (θij(Z))2ni,j=1 be the 2n×2n-matrix such that ei =X
j
θij(Z)eej(Z), eej(Z) = (Θ(Z)−1)kjek. (3.29)
Set θj(Z) =P
iθij(Z)ei and θ =X
j
ej⊗ej =X
j
θjeej ∈T∗X⊗T X.
(3.30)
As ∇T X is torsion free,∇T Xθ= 0, thus the R2n-valued one-formθ = (θj(Z)) satisfies the structure equation,
dθ+ ΓT X∧θ = 0.
(3.31)
Observe first that (cf. [3, Proposition 1.27]) R=X
j
Zjeej(Z), iRθ=X
j
Zjej =R. (3.32)
Substituting (3.32) and (LR−1)R = 0, into the identity iR(dθ+ ΓT X ∧θ) = 0, we obtain
(LR−1)LRθ= (LR−1)(dR+ ΓT XR) = (LRΓT X)R= (iRRT X)R. (3.33)
Using (3.32) once more gives
iej(LR−1)LRθi(Z) =
RT X(R, ej)R,eei (Z).
(3.34)
Thus X
|α|≥1
(|α|2+|α|)(∂αθji)(0)Zα α! =
RT X(R, ej)R,eei (Z).
(3.35)
Now by (3.29) and θij(x0) = δij, (3.35) determines the Taylor expansion of θij(Z) to order m in terms of the Taylor expansion of RT X to order m−2. And
(Θ−1)ij =δij − 1 6
RT Xx0 (R, ei)R, ej
+O(|Z|3).
(3.36)
By (3.29), (3.36), we get (3.27).
For s∈C∞(R2n,Ex0) and Z ∈R2n, fort = √1p, set
(Sts)(Z) = s(Z/t), ∇t=St−1t∇E0,pSt, (3.37)
Dt=St−1tDpX0St, Lt2 =St−1t2DpX0,2St.
Denote by ∇U the ordinary differentiation operator on Tx0X in the direction U. If α = (α1,· · · , α2n) is a multi-index, set Zα =Z1α1· · ·Z2nα2n. Set
O0 =X
j
c(ej)
∇ej+ 1
2RLx0(Z, ej) . (3.38)
Theorem 3.6. There exist Bi,r (resp. Ai,r, resp. Ci,r) (r∈N, i∈ {1,· · · ,2n}) homoge- neous polynomials in Z of degreer with coefficients polynomials inRT X, Rdet, RE (resp.
RT X, resp. RL, RT X) and their derivatives at x0 to order r−1 (resp. r−2, resp. r−1, r−2) such that if we denote by
Or = X2n
i=1
c(ei)
Ai,r∇ei+Bi,r−1 +Ci,r+1 , (3.39)
then
Dt=O0+ Xm r=1
trOr+O(tm+1).
(3.40)
Moreover, there exists m′ ∈Nsuch that for any k ∈N, t ≤1, |tZ| ≤ε, the derivatives of order ≤k of the coefficients of the operator O(tm+1)are dominated by Ctm+1(1 +|Z|)m′. Proof. By the definition of ∇Cliff, eej, forZ ∈R2n, |Z| ≤ε,
[∇CliffZ , c(eej)(Z)] = c(∇T XZ eej)(Z) = 0.
(3.41)
Thus we know that under our trivialization, for Z ∈R2n, |Z| ≤ε, c(eej)(Z) =c(ej).
(3.42)
We identify (det(T(1,0)X))Z for Z ∈BTx0X(0, ε) to (det(T(1,0)X))x0 by parallel trans- port with respect to the connection∇det(T(1,0)X) along the curveγZ. Let ΓE, Γdetand ΓL be the connection forms of∇E,∇det(T(1,0)X) and ∇Lwith respect to any fixed frames for E, det(T(1,0)X) and L which are parallel along the curve γZ under our trivialization on BTx0X(0, ε). Then the corresponding connection form of Λ(T∗(0,1)X) is
ΓCliff= 1 4
ΓT Xeek,eel
c(eek)c(eel) + 1 2Γdet. (3.43)
Now for Γ• = ΓE,ΓL or Γdet and R• =RE, RL orRdet respectively, by the definition of our fixed frame, we have as in (3.28)
iRΓ• = 0, LRΓ• = [iR, d]Γ• =iR(dΓ•+ Γ•∧Γ•) =iRR•. (3.44)
Expanding the Taylor’s series of both sides of (3.44) at Z = 0, we obtain X
α
(|α|+ 1)(∂αΓ•)x0(ej)Zα
α! =X
α
(∂αR•)x0(R, ej)Zα α!. (3.45)
By equating coefficients of Zα on both sides, we see from this formula X
|α|=r
(∂αΓ•)x0(ej)Zα
α! = 1 r+ 1
X
|α|=r−1
(∂αR•)x0(R, ej)Zα (3.46) α!
Especially,
∂iΓ•x0(ej) = 1
2R•x0(ei, ej).
(3.47)
Furthermore, it follows that the Taylor coefficients of Γ•(ej)(Z) at x0 to order r are determined by those of R• to order r−1.
By (3.38), (3.42), for t= 1/√p, for |Z| ≤√pε, then
∇t|Z =∇+ (tΓCliff+tΓE +1
tΓL)(tZ), (3.48)
Dt= X2n
j=1
c(ej)∇t,eej(tZ)|Z.
By Lemma 3.5, (3.46) and (3.48), we get our Theorem.
3.3. Uniform estimate on the heat kernel and the Bergman kernel. Recall that the operators Lt2, ∇t were defined in (3.37). We also denote by h, i0,L2 and k k0,L2 the scalar product and the L2 norm on C∞(X0,Ex0) induced by gT X0, hE0 as in (2.2).
Let dvT X be the Riemannian volume form on (Tx0X, gTx0X). Let κ(Z) be the smooth positive function defined by the equation
dvX0(Z) =κ(Z)dvT X(Z), (3.49)
with k(0) = 1. For s∈C∞(Tx0X,Ex0), set ksk2t,0 =
Z
R2n|s(Z)|2hΛ(T∗(0,1)X0)⊗E0(tZ)dvX0(tZ) =t−2nkStsk20,L2, (3.50)
ksk2t,m = Xm
l=0
X2n i1,···,il=1
k∇t,ei1 · · · ∇t,eilsk2t,0.
We denote by hs′, sit,0 the inner product on C∞(X0,Ex0) corresponding tok k2t,0. Let Htm be the Sobolev space of ordermwith normk kt,m. LetHt−1be the Sobolev space of order−1 and letk kt,−1be the norm onHt−1defined bykskt,−1= sup06=s′∈Ht1| hs, s′it,0|/ks′kt,1. If A ∈L(Hm, Hm′) (m, m′ ∈ Z), we denote by kAkm,mt ′ the norm of A with respect to the norms k kt,m and k kt,m′.
Then Lt2 is a formally self adjoint elliptic operator with respect to k k2t,0, and is a smooth family of operators with parameter x0 ∈X.
Theorem 3.7. There exist constants C1, C2, C3 > 0 such that for t ∈]0,1] and any s, s′ ∈C∞
0 (R2n,Ex0),
Lt2s, s
t,0 ≥C1ksk2t,1−C2ksk2t,0, (3.51)
|
Lt2s, s′
t,0| ≤C3kskt,1ks′kt,1. Proof. Now from (2.5),
DpX0,2s, s
0,L2 =k∇E0,psk20,L2 +
−2pωd−pτ +14rX +c(R) s, s
0,L2. (3.52)
Thus from (3.37), (3.50), and (3.52), Lt2s, s
t,0 =k∇tsk2t,0+D
−2St−1ωd−St−1τ +t42St−1rX +t2St−1c(R) s, sE
t,0. (3.53)
From (3.53), we get (3.51).
Letδ be the counterclockwise oriented circle in Cof center 0 and radius µ0/4, and let
∆ be the oriented path in C which goes parallel to the real axis from +∞+i to µ20 +i then parallel to the imaginary axis to µ20 −i and the parallel to the real axis to +∞ −i.
By (3.25), (3.37), for t small enough,
Spec Lt2 ⊂ {0} ∪[µ0,+∞[.
(3.54)
Thus (λ−Lt2)−1 exists for λ∈δ∪∆.
Theorem 3.8. There exists C >0 such that fort ∈]0,1], λ ∈δ∪∆, and x0 ∈X, k(λ−Lt2)−1k0,0t ≤C,
(3.55)
k(λ−Lt2)−1k−t1,1 ≤C(1 +|λ|2).
Proof. The first inequality of (3.55) is from (3.54). Now, by (3.51), for λ0 ∈ R, λ0 ≤
−2C2, (λ0−Lt2)−1 exists, and we have k(λ0−Lt2)−1k−t1,1 ≤ C11. Now, (λ−Lt2)−1 = (λ0−Lt2)−1−(λ−λ0)(λ−Lt2)−1(λ0−Lt2)−1. (3.56)
Thus for λ∈δ∪∆, from (3.56), we get k(λ−Lt2)−1k−t1,0 ≤ 1
C1
1 + 4
µ0|λ−λ0|
. (3.57)
Now we change the last two factors in (3.56), and apply (3.57), we get k(λ−Lt2)−1k−t1,1 ≤ 1
C1 + |λ−λ0| C12
1 + 4
µ0|λ−λ0| (3.58)
≤C(1 +|λ|2).
The proof of our Theorem is complete.
