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A cloth seal from Tournai found at Czermno in the European context

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HAL Id: hal-03144398

https://hal-normandie-univ.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03144398

Submitted on 4 Mar 2021

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European context

Aleksandr Musin, Sergej Toropov, Anna Lozhkina

To cite this version:

Aleksandr Musin, Sergej Toropov, Anna Lozhkina. A cloth seal from Tournai found at Czermno in the European context. Florkiewicz I., Jusupović A., Musin A., The Sphinx of Slavic sigillography: small lead seals of “Drohiczyn type” from Czermno. Material evidence = Sfinks slowiańskiej sfragistyki:

plomby „typu drohiczyńskiego” z Czermna. Podstawy materialowe, 6:2, pp.354-424, 2020, U Źródel

Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej = Frühzeit Ostmitteleuropas, 978-3-96023-362-6, 978-83-66463-28-8,

978-83-7996-809-1. �hal-03144398�

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A CLOTH SEAL OF TOURNAI FOUND AT CZERMNO (POLAND) IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT

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