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An experience with Mathematica in the field of economics of the environment: DIAM

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HAL Id: halshs-00007465

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00007465

Submitted on 21 Dec 2005

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An experience with Mathematica in the field of

economics of the environment: DIAM

Minh Ha-Duong, Pierre Matarasso

To cite this version:

Minh Ha-Duong, Pierre Matarasso. An experience with Mathematica in the field of economics of the environment: DIAM. Innovation in Mathematics: Proceedings of the Second International Mathemat-ica Symposium, ed. by Veikko Keränen and Peter Mitic and A. Hietamäki, 1997. �halshs-00007465�

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